Vocabulary

1. to apprehend - задерживать, арестовывать

2. retribution – возмездие, воздаяние, кара

3. to mitigate – смягчать, ослаблять, умерять

4. rehabilitation – восстановление в правах; реабилитация

5. deterrence – удержание (от враждебных действий), устрашение, отпугивание

6. restitution – реституция, восстановление первоначального правового положения

7. misdeed – злодеяние

8. misconduct – дурное поведение, проступок

9. sin – грех

10. harm – вред, ущерб

11. inmate – заключенный (в тюрьме), жилец, обитатель (приюта), больной (в больнице)

12. to suspend – приостанавливать, откладывать, вешать, подвешивать

13. multiple – многократный, имеющий много отделов, частей; составной

14. parole – честное слово; обещание; free on parole – освобождать под честное слово

Task 1. Read and translate the text.

Criminology

Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.

The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behaviour and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.

Criminology originated in the late 18^th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There arose as a consequence what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanise penal institutions. During the 19^th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Because they held that criminals were shaped by their environment, positivists emphasised case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the ‘social defence’ movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.

Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offences, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.

Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.

Task 2. Find in the text all sentences, connected with the word “Criminology” and translate them.

Task 3. Find in the text the English equivalents for the following:

1. криминология рассматривает природу и причины преступлений

2. изучение обстоятельств правонарушения по материалам дела

3.криминология опирается на открытия других наук

4. проблемы задержания преступников

5. проблемы предотвращения преступлений

6. применение на практике

7. исправительные учреждения

8. установить причины преступности

9. выработать действующие принципы

10. смягчить наказание

11. подвергнуть сомнению

Task 4. Replace the words and expressions in bold type with the words and expressions that mean the same:

1.The objectives of criminology and criminalistics are rather different.

2. The system of penal institutions is to be reformed.

3. The scientific study of criminals originated in the late 18^th century.

4. Modern criminologists hold that criminals are shaped by a multiplicity of factors.

5. Criminology studies the factors that lead to violent behaviour.

Task 5. Answer the following questions:

1. What steps can society take to cope with crime?

2. What trends can be observed in the development of criminology?

3. What methods and techniques are applied in criminology?

4. In what other spheres of life can criminology find a useful application?

Task 6. Match the legal terms on the left with their definitions on the right/ Use them in sentences of your own:

1) deterrence	a) guidance and instruction given to offenders, their beneficial treatment aimed at restitution of positive skills and attitudes
2) case study	b) measures taken to prevent hostile action
3) legislator	c) a person serving a prison sentence
4) retribution	d) a detailed analysis of a criminal person or group
5) convict	e) a member of a body which given or makes laws
6) rehabilitation	f) something given or demanded in repayment, especially punishment

Task 7. What is your understanding of these words? Give examples.

• Misdeed, misconduct

• Crime, offense, wrongdoing

• Unlawful act, violation of the law, lawbreaking

• Harm, sin

Task 8. Read the text and write down the Russian (or Kazakh) equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type:

Cesare Lombroso (1836 – 1909)

(Чезаре Ломброзо – итальянский врач)

Professor Lombroso is a criminologist whose views, though not altogether correct, caused a lot of interest and made other people look into the problem of crime in a more scientific way. He is regarded as the father of the scientific study of criminals, or criminology.

Lombroso studied at the universities of Padua, Vienna, and Paris, and later he became a professor of psychiatry and forensic medicine, a director of a mental asylum.

In an enormous book called The Criminal, he set out the idea that there is a definite criminal type, who can be recognized by his or her appearance. Some of what he said is difficult to believe. For example, he said that left-handed persons have a criminal instinct. Among the things he considered important were the shape of the head, colour of the hair, the eyes, the curve of the chin and forehead and if the ears stick out.

Lombroso’s theories were widely influential in Europe for a time, but his emphasis on hereditary causes of crime was later strongly rejected in favour of environmental factors. Lombroso tried to reform the Italian penal system, and he encouraged more humane and constructive treatment of convicts through the use of work programs intended to make them more productive members of society.

Task 9. Complete the following text with the words from the box. Translate the text.

Criminal types; capital punishment; inmates; case studies; upbringing; investigations; suspended; multiple; unthinkable; rehabilitative

Cesare Lombroso, professor of psychiatry and anthropology at the University of Turin, sought through firsthand observation and measurement of prison _____ to determine the characteristics of _____ ____. Some of his ______ allowed him to establish the existence of hereditary criminals’. Lombroso held that such criminals exhibit a higher percentage of physical and mental anomalies than do noncriminals. Among these anomalies, were various unusual skull sizes and asymmetries of the facial bones?

Other scholars helped to introduce the ideas that crime has _____ causes and that most criminals are not born criminal but are shaped by their _____ and associations. Thus, the emphasis in criminology had turned to experimental ____ ______ and to preventive and ____ measures. Without this contribution into the scientific study of criminals the present-day alternatives to ______ and old-fashioned imprisonment such as probation, _______ sentence, fines, and parole would have been ______.

Task 10. Answer the following questions:

1. What is Cesare Lombroso famous for?

2. How did he try to relate criminal behaviour to a person’s appearance?

3. What was Lombroso’s contribution to the development of penal system?

Task 11. Render the following article into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type.

Преступниками рождаются или становятся?

Преступность: Врожденное и Приобретенное

Более ста лет назад итальянский врач Чезаре Ломброзо создал галерею ‘преступных типов‘, чем обессмертил свое имя. Он, например, утверждал, что покатый лоб, квадратный подбородок, грубые черты лица, длинные руки и мускулистое телосложение говорят о врожденных преступных наклонностях.

Понадобилось много лет, пока теория прирожденного преступника потеряла свое влияние. Тем не менее, и в наши дни продолжаются споры о наследовании преступных качеств и о биологических предпосылках преступного поведения.

Послевоенный экономический рост породил у западных лидеров опасное заблуждение, что с любыми общественными проблемами можно справиться, проводя соответствующую социальную политику и увеличивая бюджетные отчисления. Тогда казалось, что, давая человеку больше благ, можно смягчить и даже изменить его природу. Времена изменились, и стало ясно, что ни либеральные реформы, ни коммунистический диктат не привели к обществу процветания.

В 1979 г. В Центре изучения близнецов и усыновленных детей в США начали наблюдать несколько сотен двойняшек и тройняшек. Все они были разлучены вскоре после рождения и воспитывались в разных концах Англии и Америки. Экспериментаторы исходили из предположения, что, если близнецы однояйцевые, все различия, возникшие впоследствии, следует отнести за счет разной среды обитания. Однако, исследования показали, что различия между детьми, воспитанными раздельно, и близнецами, росшими в одной семье, практически отсутствуют.

Другое исследование, проведенное в Дании, показало, что дети преступников, даже если их воспитывать в домах добропорядочных граждан, в большей степени склонны к конфликтам с законом, чем их собственные отпрыски. Более того, есть все основания считать, что, если один из разлученных однояйцевых близнецов имеет судимость за уголовное преступление, второй рано или поздно тоже свернет на скользкую дорожку.

Некоторые исследователи идут еще дальше и считают, что первопричина многих видов правонарушения, в первую очередь таких тяжких, как убийства, разбойные нападения, изнасилования и поджоги – не социальная, а биологическая.

Самый серьезный удар по ‘теории о среде’ нанесла сравнительно молодая наука – социобиология. Исследования, проводимые на животных показали, что у агрессивных обезьян уровень одного их гормонов – серотонина – ниже, чем у пассивных. Это, иполне возможно, относится и к человеку: у людей совершивших преднамеренные насильственные преступления, тоже наблюдается недостаток этого гормона.

Так кто же виноват: среда или генетика?

DEBATE

Criminality – Inborn or Acquired?

Divide into two groups – pro and con, and conduct a debate on the origins of criminality.

Appoint the ‘Chair’ of the debate who will give the floor to the speakers of both teams.

CPCП 11.