семинар 8

SEMINAR 8

SEMANTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORDS

Цель: ознакомиться с внутрилингвистическими связями слов, изучить явления омонимии, синонимии и антонимии слов в английском языке.

Задачи:

• рассмотрение внутрилингвистических связей слов;

• рассмотрение типов семантических связей слов;

• описание семантической классификации слов;

• определение омонимии и описание видов омонимов;

• рассмотрение различных подходов к определению синонимии;

• рассмотрение критериев синонимии;

• изучение синонимических моделей английского языка;

• определение доминанты синонимического ряда;

• определение антонимии и описание видов антонимов.

Ключевые понятия: intralinguistic relations of words, syntagmatic relations, paradigmatic relations, semantic relations of words, semantic proximity, semantic equivalence, relationship of inclusion, semantic relations of opposition, hyponymic relations, hyperonym, hyponym, polar oppositions, relative oppositions, homonyms, full homonymy, partial homonymy, lexical homonyms, lexico-grammatical homonyms, grammatical homonyms, homonyms proper, homophones, homographs, semantic classification of words, synonyms, stylistic synonyms, ideographic synonyms, ideographic-stylistic synonyms, the criteria of interchangeability in linguistic contexts, complete synonyms, patterns in synonymic sets, synonymic dominant, the perfect (complete) synonyms, lexical sets, terminological sets, lexico-semantic groups, semantic fields, antonyms, contradictories, contraries, incompatibles, absolute antonyms, derivational antonyms.

Points for discussion:

1. What are the basic types of intralinguistic relations of words?

2. What are the main types of semantic relations?

3. Explain the terms hyperonym and hyponym.

4. Different classifications of homonyms (lexical homonyms, grammatical homonyms, lexico-grammatical homonyms) and (homonyms proper, homophones, homographs)

1. Sources of homonymy.

5. What are synonyms? Criteria of synonymy.

6. The classification of synonyms.

7. Patterns in synonymic sets. The dominant synonym.

8. What are antonyms?

9. Give the classification of antonyms.

Tasks suggested:

1. Organize the given words according to their hyponymic relations. Enumerate the general terms (hyperonyms).

1. Train, light lorry, bicycle, vehicle, cabriolet, car, heavy lorry, estate car, motorcycle, buss, lorry, three-door hatchback, three-way dump truck.

2. Turtle, mammal, squirrel, animal, reptile, seal, tiger, lizard, leopard, fox, wolf, iguana, bear, snake, feline, panther.

2. Put the following words into thematic groups according to their contextual associations.

Air, challenger, transaction, championship, classification, profit, dig, flower, globalisation, garden, green, marketing, grow, juice, competitive, jump, language, match, preconditions, meaning, outrun, restructuring, overrun, participate, diversifier, principles, race sports, bargaining, system, water, weed, ward, relaunch.

3. Find the homonyms proper for the following words. Explain their meaning.

Seal – a sea fish-eating animal, ear – the part of a cereal plant, cut – the result of cutting, bore – to make a long round hole, corn – a hard thickening of the skin, especially on the foot, fall – the act of falling, draw – something that attracts attention, bank – the sloping side of the ground, especially when bordering a river, spring -jump.

4. Find the homophones for the following words. Explain their meaning.

Heir, dye, cent, tale, sea, week, peace, sun, meet, steel, knight, sum, coarse, write, sight, hare.

5. Find the homographs for the following words. Explain their meaning.

To bow – to bend the head or body, to wind – to turn some object around, to tear -to pull apart by force, to desert – to leave a person or place, row – some persons or objects in a line.

6. Find homonyms in the suggested extracts and classify them into homonyms proper, homophones and homographs.

1. "Mine is a long and a sad tale!" said the Mouse, turning to Alice, and sighing. "It is a long tail, certainly," said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse's tail; "but why do you call it sad?" 2. a) Our college team had a match on Sunday, b) Somebody struck a match so we could see each other. 3. a) "You made my day!" b) She was a nervous old maid. 4. a) "That's right," she said, b) Christening is a very important religious rite. 5. a) He had a funny round face, b) My windows face South. 6. a) "Do you see the ship?" asked he. b) I prefer the Red sea. 6. a) "We don't have any bread left!" b) She was from an intelligent and influential family and she was finely bred. 7. a) He was deaf in his left ear. b) "Take the left turning". 8. a) Iron and lead are base metals, b) "Where does this road lead?"

7. Find the dominant synonym in the suggested synonymic sets:

To tremble – to shake – to shiver, smell – scent – aroma – odor, to stroll – to walk – to wander, to wish – to desire – to want, large – big – great, to jump – to leap – to hop, to argue – to discuss – to debate – to dispute, furious – enraged -angry, lonely – alone – solitary, to weep – to sob – to cry, to glare – to stare – to look – to gaze – to peep, to like – to love – to admire, to brood – to reflect – to mediate – to think, strange – quaint – add – queer, terror – fear – horror, to flash – to gleam – to sparkle – to blaze – to shine, display – demonstrate – exhibit – show – indicate – manifest – reveal, demand – question – ask – inquire – interrogate.

9. Classify antonymic pairs into contradictories, contraries and incompatibles. To prove the division give intermediate members of the antonymous set where it is necessary, or give other members of the group which are excluded in the given antonymous pair.

Model: arid – awash

These antonyms refer to the group of contraries as they are polar members of a gradual opposition which has the following intermediate members: dry – wet.

Poetry – prose, inch – foot, man – woman, old – young, beautiful – ugly, Monday – Sunday, teacher – pupil, to adore – to loathe, one – thousand, tremendous – tiny, iron – copper, to accept – to reject, round – square, creditor – debtor, immaculate – filthy, boy – man, day – night, clever – stupid, red – brown, inside – outside, open – shut, November – March, evil – good.

10. Give derivational antonyms to the words.

Just, justice, use (adj), use (n), fortunate, fortune, grateful, gratitude, like (v), like (adj), movable, related, relative, complete (v), arrange (v), possible (adj).

Study guidelines:

The preparation to the seminar should be started with the examination of the issue concerning the two types of intralinguistic relations of words: syntagmatic and paradigmatic. Words are very rare the same semantically, i.e. their meanings are not identical, they show a certain semantic difference as well as similarity, which is expressed by different semantic relations.

While the preparation for the seminar it’s necessary to pay attention to the existence of various classifications of synonyms. It’s important to note that synonymy may be viewed from different standpoints: from the point of view of their interchangeability, of their context and semantics. That’s why there are different criteria of synonymy. This issue is particularly treated in G.B. Antrushina textbook.

The various classifications of synonyms should be illustrated by students’ own examples. The classification of synonyms according to the types of connotations is suggested by G.B. Antrushina in her textbook (pp. 193-197).

Euphemisms are treated as a special type of synonyms in modern lexicology. Students should define the spheres of human life “affected” by euphemisms and present their own examples both in Russian and in English.

Considering antonyms it’s recommended to pay attention to the homonymy of polysemantic words. Antonyms are minutely treated in textbooks by R.Z. Ginsburg and I.V. Zikova.

Recommended literature:

Main:

1.Антрушина Г.Б. Лексикология английского языка: учеб. пособие для студентов / Г.Б. Антрушина, О.В. Афанасьева, Н.Н. Морозова. – М.: Дрофа, 2005. – 286, [2] с.

2. Зыкова И.В. Практический курс английской лексикологии = A Practical Course in English Lexicology: учеб. пособие для студ. лингв. вузов и фак. ин. языков / И.В. Зыкова. – 2-е изд., испр. – М.: Издательский центр «Академия», 2007. – 288 с.

Additional:

1. Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка: Учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Высшая школа, 1986. — 295 с.

2. Лексикология английского языка: учебник для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз./Р. 3. Гинзбург, С. С. Хидекель, Г. Ю. Князева и А. А. Санкин. — 2-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: Высш. школа, 1979. — 269 с.

3. Смирницкий А.И. Лексикология английского языка. – М., 1998.

4. Соловьева М.В. Лексикология современного английского языка. М., 1997.