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УЧЕБНАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА «СТЕЛЛЫ»

М.Я. БЛОХ, В.С. ДЕНИСОВА, Е.А. ИСТОМИНА, А.С СААКЯН

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ АРТИКЛЬ (ПРАКТИКУМ) *'*

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ Научный редактор М.Я. Блох

Москва «СТЕЛЛА» 1993

УДК 820-815.6

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Рецензенты:

кандидат филологических наук, доцент А.В. Куценко (Московский педагогический государственный университет)

кандидат филологических наук, доиент ИИ. Шустилова (Московский педагогический университет)

Пособие представляет собой сборник упражнений для студен­тов отделений английского языка университетов и педагогических вузов. Пособием может пользоваться также широкий круг лиц, изучающих английский язык самостоятельно. Целью пособия является привитие учащимся навыков правильного употребления артиклей в устном и письменном общении на английском языке.

ISBN 5 — 86881 — 006 — 6

Лицензия на издательскую деятельность ЛР № 062275 от 18.02.93. АО «СТЕЛЛА»

© Марк Яковлевич Блох, Валентина Серафимовна Денисова, Елена Анатольевна Истомина, Аида Суреновна Саакян, 1993

ФКМП ГИВЦ Госкомстата РФ Зак. 5742 Тир. 5000

Настоящий практикум по английскому артиклю представляет собой сборник упражнений, предназначенных для студентов университетов и педагогических ву­зов, изучающих английский язык в качестве основной специальности. Конечной целью практикума является привитие студентам прочных навыков правильного употребления артикля в общении на английском языке.

Сборник построен на оригинальных текстах, взятых по преимуществу из современных художественных произведений на английском языке. В книге широко использованы материалы пособия "Exercises in English Articles" 3.K. Долгополовой, МЛ. Блоха, АЛ. Лебедевой, B.C. Денисовой (Мос­ква, издательство «Международные отношения», 1969).

Сборник рассчитай на две ступени проработки, отраженные, соответственно, в первой (упражнения 1 - 60) и второй (упражнения 61 -125) частях книги. На первой ступени проработки усваиваются элементарные закономерности употреб­ления артиклей. На второй ступени усваивается общая система английского ар­тикля и проводится закрепление совокупных навыков употребления артиклей в речи различного прагматико-коммуникативного назначения.

При существующей программной сетке часов для отделений английского языка университетов и педагогических вузов первая часть книги прорабатывается на первом курсе, вторая часть - на втором.

В целях последовательной выработки навыков речевого использования артик­лей в текстах упражнений первой части позиции возможной вставки артиклей (соответственно требованиям правил) обозначены пропусками с многоточием (первые 47 упражнений); в последующих упражнениях дается сплошной текст с выпушенными артиклями, без обозначения позиций их возможной вставки.

Как известно, артикль представляет собой одну из главных трудностей при практическом изучении английского языка. Предлагаемая в книге учебная работа с артиклями направлена на оптимальное преодоление этой трудности на основе функционально-парадигматического принципа. Данный принцип ставит во главу угла учет собственной семантики артиклей в системном соотнесении друг с другом в рамках их категориально-контекстных сочетаний с с>тцествительными разных подклассов. Соответственно этому принципу отрабатывается употребле­ние артиклей в двух языковых планах: во-первых, в плане реализации синтакси­ческих функций существительных, детерминированных артиклями (предложение словосочетание); во-вторых, в плане типической контекстной репрезентации раз­ных семантико-грам магических групп существительных, детерминированных ар­тиклями. Первый план представлен употреблением артикля в разных членных позициях предложения, в позициях контекстуального отождествления, в позициях родового статуса имени, в позициях с ограничительным и описательным опреде­лениями, в позициях перечисления и соединения, в адвербиальных позициях раз­личного статуса. Второй план представлен употреблением артикля с именами счисляемыми и несчисляемыми. с именами уникальных предметов, с именами собственными, с субстантивированными именами, с обозначениями времени су­ток, погоды, принятий пищи, места деятельности и жизнедеятельное тм, нацио­нальностей и др. (см. указатель).

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В существующих практических описаниях английского артикля подробно разрабатываются многочисленные частные случаи его употребления, однако за этими частностями подчас затемняется общий семантико-синтаксический, т. с функционально-парадигматический. статус артикля, являющийся кардинальным фактором употребления артиклей в различных реальных контекстах языкового общения Имея это в виду, мы хотим обратить особое внимание пользующихся книгой на собственную функциональную семантику артикля, чтобы обеспечить его осмысленное я уверенное использование как результат учебной подготовки.

Артикль есть служебно-вспомогательное слово, употребляемое при сущест­вительном и уточняющее его контекстно-ситуативную характеристику, а именно, степень его контекстно-семантической обобщенности. Артикль произошел от оп­ределительных местоимений - указательного thai (определенный артикль the) и неопределенного one (я свою очередь, восходящего я числительному one - неоп­ределенный артикль a/an). Значения артиклей сохранили связь с этими место­имениями, так что артикли представляют собой, по существу, грамматизированные | морфологизированные) местоимения.

Артикль регулярно употребляется как продуктивное, активное средство вы­ражения с существительными нарицательными. Существительные собственные в обычном прямом значении либо артикля не принимают (имена собственные лич­ные), либо содержат в своем составе фиксированный определенный артикль (не­которые географические названия, социо-кулътурные реалии).

Исчисляемые и неисчисляемые существительные употребляются с артиклем по-разному. Значение артикля в наиболее полном и развернутом виде выступает в употреблении со счисляемыми сушествительными.

Определенный артикль употребляется для выделения и отождествления предмета в контексте. Иначе говоря, он осуществляет указание на предмет, но, в отличие от указательных местоимений (this, that), это указание не содержит обозначения относительной удаленности предмета от говорящего. Такое значение можно определить как нейтрально-указательное. Значит, определенный артикль the - это указательный артикль.

Неопределенный артикль употребляется для введения названия (обозначе­ния) предмета в высказывании При этом данное введение, в отличие от указа­тельного смысла определенного артикля, представляет предмет как один из ему подобных, т.е. относит предмет к некоторому предметному классу. Значит, не­определенный артикль а/аn - это вводящий артикль. Например:

I want the pen, please. (That pen, this pen; the pen lying over there)

I want a pen, please. (Some pen, any pen; an object which is called "pen")

Указательные, неопределенные и некоторые другие уточнительные место­имения (this, that, some, any, no; each, every; either, neither и некоторые дру­гие) тоже употребляются для уточнения контекстно-ситуативной характеристики предмета, обозначенного существительным. Такие служебные слова относятся к классу «определителей» или «детерминативов». Значение детерминативов более конкретно, более определенно, чем значение артикля. Ср: that - тот; this - этот; the - и тот и этот, безразлично. Some - какой-то. некий; any - любой, какой угод­но; а/ат - некоторый в общем смысле

Будучи более конкретными словами чем артикль, определительные место-имения как бы включают в себя и значение артикля, они заведомо предполагают его. Поэтому при одном и том же существительном в высказывании артикль со-

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вместно с местоимением-детерминативом не употребляется; при сушествитель-ном в высказывании может быть употреблен лишь один служебный определи­тель.

Притяжательные местоимения, подобно указательным и неопределенным ме­стоимениям, также являются служебными определителямя существительного. Функцию уточнительного определителя выполняет и существительное собственное или

нарицательное в притяжательном падеже. Артикль при определяемом (детерминируемом) существительном совместно с этими определителями не употребляется (нарицательное существительное в притяжательном падеже, есте­ственно, имеет свой собственный артикль или определитель). Данная закономер­ность соответствует общему правилу использования определителей. Например:

Sophie is reading a letter,

Sophie is reading the letter.

Sophie is reading his letter.

Sophie is reading Bob's letter.

Sophie is reading her brother's letter.

Определенный артикль the употребляется как с существительными в един­ственном числе, так н с существительными во множественном числе. Например:

The French window was open. The French windows were open.

Неопределенный артикль a/an употребляется лишь с существительными в единственном числе Существительные во множественном числе при их контек­стном введении артикля не принимают. Например:

There is a yew-tree in front of the house. There are yew-trees in front of the house.

Употребление неопределенного артикля лишь с существительными в единст­венном числе связано с происхождением этого артикля от числительного one - «один». Значение «один» неопределенным артиклем не утеряно полностью: в этом значении он употребляется и в современном языке Например:

I want a day or two more to make a final decision.

Поскольку отсутствие артикля при контекстном введении существительного во множественном числе является значимым, соответствуя вводящему (неопреде­ленному) артиклю при существительном в единственном числе, постольку такое отсутствие артикля можно условно назвать «вводящим нулевым артиклем».

Названия предметов, которые являются уникальными либо для человечества в целом, либо для данного общества или же отдельной группы людей, употреб­ляются, как правило, с определенным артиклем. Это соответствует его собст­венному указатетьно-отождествительному значению.

К типичным уникальным именам наиболее общего (универсального) характе­ра относятся, the sun, the moon, the sky, the horizon, the world, the universe, the ground, the atmosphere, the cosmos и др.

К типичным именам, уникальным в ограниченном смысле (уникальным в пределах некоторого общества) относятся the President, the Vice-President, the Prime Minister, the Secretary of State, the King, the Queen, me country (страна проживания), the nation (данный народ), the language (язык данного народа) ■

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По своему значению и контекстным функциям уникальные имена близки к именам собственным. Такую близость, между прочим, подчеркивает и то обстоя­тельство, что целый ряд уникальных имен пишутся с заглавной буквы (см. вы­шеприведенный выборочный список).

Универсально-уникальные и ограниченно-уникальные имена могут принимать и неопределенный артикль. Они употребляются с неопределенным артиклем тог­да, .когда используются в качестве обычных нарицательных имен, Т.е. обычных названий окружающих предметов (переводятся в план нарицательного использо­вания). Например:

A huge moon was rising over the horizon. Mr. Stone received us like a king.

С другой стороны, имена нарицательные становятся индивидуально-уникаль­ными при обозначении лица или предмета, выделенного в качестве единственно­го в своем роде для данной группы людей. Например: the manager, the boss, the teacher, the driver, the watchman, the host, the village, the river, the forest и т.д. Ср.:

The manager (i.e. the manager of our office) will be coming presently.

I can't leave the village (I.E. The village where we live) until Sunday.

Существительные несчисляемые (названия материалов, названия абстрактных понятий) при их «классифицирующем» введении в речь неопределенного артикля не принимают. Как и в случае отсутствия артикля при множественном числе существительных, это обусловлено вышеуказанной местоименно-нумеральной ос­новой семантики артикля. Следовательно, отсутствие артикля в данном употреб­лении существительного является значимым. Такое отсутствие артикля подходит под определение нулевого артикля; это - нулевой вводящий артикль, по своей контекстной функции соответствующий нулевому вводящему артиклю при мно­жественном числе счисляемых существительных. Например:

You should take this medicine with water.

Can we really dispense with sugar and salt as the essential ingredients of our food?

I don't like metal combined with plastic in one and the same object of everyday use.

Ср. абстрактные несчисляемые существительные в аналогичном употребле­нии:

Mrs. Carruthers always preferred poetry to prose.

Hard work will certainly provide for progress in your studies.

Наряду с данными употреблениями, отсутствие артикля может характеризо­вать употребление любого существительного, как несчисляемого, так и счисляе­мого, в значении абстрактного понятия, т.е. понятия, отчлененного, изолирован­ного от конкретного, единичного выявления обозначаемого предмета. Ср.:

Civilization does not mean just culture irrespective of the historical development of society. Civilization presupposes culture based on great social progress.

The invention of rocket has revolutionized modern technical thought. Такое отсутствие артикля, следовательно, может быть выделено в качестве третьей разновидности нулевого артикля - его «изолирующей» разновидности.

Итак, нулевой артикль существует в трех функционально-семантических

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разновидностях: во-первых, в виде вводящего нулевого артикля множественного числа существительных ("Introductory plural zero"); во-вторых, в виде вводящего нулевого артикля несчисляемых существительных ("introductory uncountable zero"); в-третьих, в виде изолирующего нулевого артикля существительных а аб­страктном употреблении ("isolation zero").

Все три варианта нулевого артикля следует отличать от стилистического опущения неопределенного или определенного артикля, в частности, от опуще­ния артикля в заголовках, в текстах рекламы, в телеграфном стиле, в разговор­но-фамильярном стиле. Ср.:

Cottage on sea-shore for sale. Lowest price imaginable.

Arrive same day Smith.

Hope project finished waiting for details.

Отмеченные варианты нулевого артикля следует отличать и от отсутствия артикля в некоторых устойчивых словосочетаниях и конструкциях, задаваемых отдельными списками. Ср.: in point of fact, on purpose, from morning till night, man and wife и т.д.

Как видим, в английском языке выделяются три типа собственно артиклево-го употребления существительных: определенный (указательный артикль), неоп­ределенный (вводящий артикль) и нулевой («вводяще-множественный», «вводя-ще-несчисляемый» и «изолирующий» варианты нулевого артикля). Эти типы со­ставляют парадигму, выражающую грамматическую категорию артиклевой детер­минации существительного. Существительное, соединяясь с тем или иным ар­тиклем, принимает «артиклевую форму», выражал именно то грамматическое значение, которое нужно говорящему для* передачи своих мыслей в конкретном коммуникативном контексте речи.

Итак, артикль - это не пассивный, контекстно-обусловленный спутник суще­ствительного, а активное средство выражения категориальной семантики особого рода. Данную семантико-категориальную природу артикля и следует учитывать в первую очередь для правильного речевого использования артикля, представляю­щего собой одну из важнейших строевых принадлежностей современного анг­лийского языка.

Авторы

• См.: М.Я, Блох. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка. М., 1983. - С 74 и след.

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Part I. ELEMENTARY KNOWLEDGE OF ARTICLES

Exercise I. Comment on the use of the definite and Indefinite article. In each case find an English equivalent of the article.

1. A knock was heard. 2. A week passed sadly away. 3. I dropped the subject. 4. I paused for a moment. 5. The clock said five. 6. The sea was choppy. 7. They heard a cry from the next field. 8. The air was cool and clear and full of promise. 9. An old man like me cannot talk about such things to a boy. 10. Do you need an umbrella? 11. He sat down on the chair near the door. 12. A liar is not believed when he tells the truth. 13. Did Ann get the job she applied for? 14. A drop of water wears away a stone. 15. The woods are fine, and so is the camp, and so is the weather, and so is the whole world.

Exercise 2. Insert articles if necessary. Pay attention to the use of the article with the noun-subject in the sentences with the introductory "There".

1. 1 am sure there was ... sound on ... stairs. 2. There was ... sheet of ... paper in front of Winslow. Roy seized it, and began to write quickly. 3. Over ... wall, to my left there appeared ... face.

4. We ate in ... dining-room and there was ... clean tablecloth.

5. Was there ... postmark on ... envelope? 6. There was ... question I wanted to ask you. 7. There was ... dust in my eyes, ... dust in my throat when I came up from ... lowlands in ... evening. 8. You must go while there still ... time. 9. Between us there was .,. respect and confidence. 10. At ... railroad station he learned that there would be ... two-hour wait before ... next train. 11. There was ... small orchestra playing in ... room. 12. There was ... light knock on ... door leading from ... corridor. 13. There was ... rattling of ... trays in ... hall as ... afternoon tea was brought round. 14. Then there was ... casual letter after months of silence. 15. There isn't always ... expla­nation for everything. 16. On ... following Wednesday evening there was ... dinner-dance at ... country-club. 17. In ... evening there was ... great meeting of boys in ... School House Hall.

Exercise 3. Use the proper article. Pay particular attention to the use of the indefinite article before the noun-subject.

1. ... study was not ... very large room. There was not much light in ... room and there were ... bars fixed in ... window, but it was very comfortable. At ... farther end of ... room there was ... square table covered with ... red and blue tablecloth. On one side there was ... sofa; and there was ... strong wooden chair, so that ...

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three boys could sit and work together. On each side of ... room there were ... cupboards filled with ... schoolbooks, on ... shelf there were some cups, and two candlesticks.

2. ... room was about five feet six inches long and five feet wide. On ... shelves were six school-books, and some books about ... science and birds. On ... table there was ... big electrical machine. On one wall there was ... cage with ... bird in it. On ... other was ... small axe and some climbing irons. In ... candle box there was ... young family of ... mice.

3. There was ... wood-burning stove with ... chimney that went up through ... roof, and this kept us warm in ... winter. There was ... paraffin burner on which to boil ... kettle or cook ... stew and there was paraffin lamp hanging from ... ceiling

Exercise 4. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article before the noun-predicative.

1. "She is ... wonderful woman," said ... girl softly. 2. He was ... thin little boy, but his face looked sixteen. 3. ... editor was ... tall neat man of forty. 4. I am ... critic, and I'm ... novelist. 5. Dave is ... old friend. 6. It was ... true story. 7. Now, I understand, he's ... writer. 8. It was ... fine day, early in June, and ... air in King Street was bright. 9. His father was ... good soldier. 10. She was ... mother with three children. 11. That's ... good idea; let's arrange it like that. 12. I was told you were ... very good driver, and you are. 13. Look, Michael, I think this is ... great idea. 14. Now at last it was ... different world. 15. That's ... dreadful place for ... vacation. 16. Sir Warren was ... widower, but he didn't have any real money. 17. I'm ... professor of ... history at Bemis College. 18. ... British hospital was ... big villa built by ... Germans before ... war. 19. Honestly, his face is ... open book. 20. She was by nature ... sunny soul, and had always taken ... smallest excuse to be amused. 21. She's ... born actress. 22. He was ... marvellous story-teller. 23. She was (and is) ... good actress and ... very intelligent Woman. (These qualities do not always go together.) 24. When I was ... boy, times were bad for ... lot of people in ... England.

Exercise 5. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with the noun-object,

I. 1. "I have ... daughter, "said Моr. "about fourteen. Her name is Felicity." 2. ... lady Franklin seemed to expect ... answer. 3. "I think he has ... fresh gentle face," she said firmly. 4. "We must send ... telegram to Grant and Sibyl," said Duncan. 5. Shall I order ... taxi? 6. "It must be ... wonderful thing to have grown-up son," said Miss Carter. 7. But I shall write ... post-card to Doctor Wing now. 8. She had ... pleasant voice and only ... trace of ... German accent. 9. He had ... wide mouth, ... magnificent teeth and ... very

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good manners. 10. He left ... door open and ... cool breeze came in. 11. Dave disapproves of ... way I live, and is always urging me to take ... regular job. 12. She had ... top half of ... house. 13. I am not ... person who can tell ... lie. 14. He did not have ... car of his own and there was no question of his having gone for ... drive. 15. He was wearing ... old navy-blue sweater and ... old cap on his head. 16. It is so silent. You can hear ... mouse moving. 17. I've never had ... weight problem. 18. He wore ... great green uniform and ... helmet like the Germans.

II. 1. Before leaving we had ... serious talk. 2. We had ... beautiful gossipy time. 3. I shall now go and have ... afternoon sleep. 4. Id spite of aspirins with my lunch I still had ... headache. 5. Tom was having ... bad rime and at last he was knocked off his legs on to ... ground. 6. She made ... speech in your favour. 7. He appears to have ... good sense of humour. 8. He gave ... look round ... room. 9. I made ... awful mistake ... first day. 10. He gave me ... blank stare. 11. He gave ... cry of pain. 12. Each time I gave him ... nod and ... smile. 13. Sony to put it like that but you won't seem to take ... hint 14. Oh, why do women take everything so intensely and make such ... fuss!

Exercise 6. Use the proper article. Point out the nouns which denote an object (fit a person) already mentioned.

I 1. He stopped and shook hands with me. He was walking with ... stranger. He did not introduce me to him. ... stranger nodded and smiled as we parted. 2. They found ... tea shop. ... tea shop was nearly empty. 3. ... mountains were ... long way away and you could see ... snow on their tops. ... snow looked very white and pure and unreal. 4. "Ah, good morning, Miss Chase," he said. ... girl answered with ... smile. 5. ... taxi had been ordered to take them to ... station. ... taxi was due in ... few minutes, and Felicity was still not ready. 6. About ... greatcoat he did not tell him, for could he not have spoken of it without ... tears.

II The Loyal Mongoose.

One day ... man brought home ... little mongoose as ... pet for his child. ... baby was very happy but his mother was not. She was afraid ... mongoose might bite him.

As ... days passed, ... mongoose grew up. It was fond of playing with ... child. One day ... mother had to go to ... market. She put her baby in ... cradle and asked her husband to look after him. ... father sat by ... cradle and rocked it Soon ... child fell asleep. ... mongoose sat on ... floor near ... cradle. ... father went to ... garden.

After some time ... mother returned. She carried ... basket full of ... vegetables. _ mongoose was waiting for her. It had ... blood all over its face. She was shocked because she thought ... mongoose had killed her baby. She threw ... heavy basket at ... mongoose. It was crushed to ... death. ... woman rushed into ... house. She found ...

child smiling. He raised his hands urging her to pick him up. Near ... cradle was ... dead snake. ... mongoose had killed ... snake to save ... child.

Exercise 7. Insert articles if necessary. Pay particular attention to the noun predicatives modified by limiting attributes.

1. This was ... first house I had in my mind to come to. 2. My father was ... fine mechanic. So, almost from birth, I began training to be ... mechanic 3. It wasn't ... respect he wanted, it was ... love. 4. This was ... door I normally used. 5. My father without ... slight­est doubt, was ... most marvellous and exciting father any boy ever had. 6. Now at last it was ... different world. 7. This was ... moment you'd been looking forward to. 8. The City is ... smallest city in ... United Kingdom, if not in the world. 9. Ansell? Wasn't he ... pleas­ant fellow who asked us to lunch? 10. It was ... poorest room Hilary had ever seen. 11. You are ... dearest little daydreamer in ... world. 12. "It's not ... real coffee, I'm afraid," she apologized. 13. He was ... only man from whom she would ask for help.

Exercise 8. Comment on the use of articles with abstract nouns.

1. Money attracts money. Graham Beresford had inherited it, he made it, inevitably, he had married it, too. 2. "Queen Anne is dead."-A sarcastic way of saying: That's old news. I heard it weeks ago." 3. He, too, had forgotten the state of the weather. 4. I never laugh at other people unless-unless they do bad work. 5. "It will be lovely weather in the country," said Dick. 6. Then again, though you don't know it yourself, you shirk hard work. 7. Sunday after Sunday, putting on his best clothes, he had walked over to the untidy house north of the Park, first to see Maisie's pictures, and then to criticize and advise upon them as he realized that they were productions on which advice would not be wasted. 8. He had broken the news to his family after dinner on a Saturday night.. "I'm going to South Africa to find diamond. I'll be on my way next week." - **Why do you not tell us where you're getting the money to go," his brother Ivan asked. "It's half-way round the world. You have no money." - "If I had money," Jamie retorted, "I wouldn't have to go looking for diamond, would I? Nobody there has money. Г11 be an| equal with all of them." 9. "The first thing I'm going to do is to put you back in my will, where you belong," - "I don't care about the money I only care about you." 10. Alexandra was overjoyed when she heard the news about Eve and her grandmother.

Exercise 9. Insert the definite article before abstract nouns if necessary.

1. When I heard ... news I felt perfect relief. 2. From J information we've got he agrees with the diagnosis of the doctor

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3. Doreen took ... money and counted it over carefully. 4. The essayer was in the canteen waiting when Jamie McGregor entered. He had obviously spreading ... news, because when Jamie walked in there was a sudden respectful rush. 5. "Well! I hear there is ... good news." Van der Merwe beamed. 6. The following morning Jamie went to see about ... work at the shipyard. 7. We came in to look for ... work. 8. Dr. Teeger said, "I'm afraid ... news is bad, Mrs. McGregor. Your husband has had a severe stroke." 9. When Kate arrived home that afternoon, Margaret broke ... news to her. 10. "Did Tony tell you he's going to have an exhibition, Mrs. Black-well?" - "Yes, he did. It's ... wonderful news." 11. "I've just had ... terrible news," he said. "My father suffered another heart attack." 12. From ... information we've got he agrees with the diagnosis of the doctor. 13. ... weather of late has been ideal. 14. ... very strange weather we are having. 15. An obsession drives to ... hard work. I myself have always worked like a demon. 16. ... weather in London is intolerably hot and the temperature seems to increase the traffic noise. 17. "And what's ... weather like outside?"

Exercise 10. Insert articles if necessary.

I. What ... shocking weather we are having! Too much rain and too little sunshine. ... sky has been covered with clouds for ... week. In ... mornings there is ... mist and in ... evenings there's ... fog. ... only good thing about it is there hasn't been much wind. But I see ... storm is coming according to ... weather forecast and we shall probably have a good deal of ... thunder and ... lightning. ... weather is not usually like this at this time of ... year. We don't get much rainfall anyway.

Usually we get ... east wind with a great deal of ... snow or ... hail and ... ice about this time of ... year. We often get a lot of ... cold weather but I've never known so much rainy weather.

II. The Storm.

... heavy clouds covered ... sky, obscuring ... moon and ... stars. ... night became black and ... heavy silence and ... feel of ... air told of ... coming storm.

Suddenly ... wind rose, sweeping, threatening and cold, over ... countryside. And with it came ... rain, ... heavy pelting rain first in ... large single drops but soon turning into ... downpour. ... leaves of trees whispered and hissed wetly under ... rain. ... flashes of ... lightning lit ... drowning countryside illuminating ... silver veil of ... heavy rain. ... peals of ... thunder rolled across ... sky and ... earth shook and quaked under its blows.

Then ... storm passed. ... lightning ceased and ... thunder died to ... sudden silence which only ... running and gurgling water broke.

Exercise 11. Translate into English.

1. Погода была такая плохая, что я не мог выйти. 2. Какая 12

хорошая погода стоит! 3. Я пришел к вам за советом. 4. Спа­сибо, я знал, что вы дадите мне хороший совет. 5. Вы слы­шали последние новости? 6. Это плохая новость. 7. Я думаю, что только работа может вам помочь. 8. Он попросил разре­шения пользоваться моими книгами. 9. Мы давно его не ви­дели. 10. Как раз время начинать. И. Она может дать вам все необходимые сведения. 12. Нам нужно обменяться информаци­ей. 13. Он был беден и не мог дать сыну хорошего образова­ния. 14. В нашей стране все имеют право на образование. 15. Вы закончили работу? 16. Совет-то хорош, но я не могу ему последовать. 17. Кто дал вам такой прекрасный совет? 18. Это очень интересная работа, я думаю, она вам понравит­ся. 19. Английская литература - мой любимый предмет. 20. Он любит читать книги по истории. 21. Кто читает вам курс лекций по истории английского языка? 22. Я спешу, я при­шел по делу.

Exercise 12. Comment on the use of articles with nouns modified by "such", "rather", "quite" and "what".

1. Think what a scandal this female would cause if she returned with such a story. 2. She's rather a nervous girl, you know.

3. "Uncle Ash and me have had breakfast. This afternoon we're going shelling," John announced, climbing onto her bed. "Aren't we? What fun! You should say 'Uncle Ash and Г, darling," she added.

4. Such a man as Doctor Blount would comprehend. 5. Darling! What a super surprise! I wasn't told you would be here. 6. Doctor Galens was going to have quite a reaction once I started to talk. 7. What a gloomy creature I am on a sunny morning! 8. You poor child: that was such a tragedy. 9. How nice you look, Mrs. Lambard. What an unusual skirt! 10. What luck that the shoes she had bought were slender-heeled black kid sandals, intended to go with the white dress she would have worn.

Exercise 13. Insert articles if necessary. Pay particular attention to the use of articles with nouns modified by the words "such", "rather", "what", "quite".

1. Dreamily he fell to considering what ... nice snug dwelling-place it would make for ... animal with ... few wants. 2. But it could hardly be ... star in such ... unlikely situation. 3. And you really live by ... river? What ... jolly life! 4. "Such ... rumpus everywhere!" continued Duncan. 5. "Such ... good fellow, too," remarked Duncan reflectively. 6. Packing ... basket was not quite such ... pleasant work as unpacking ... basket. 7. And it's not such ... very bad house, is it? 8. "All ... same, it sounds as if it might have been- well, rather funny, you know!" he added. 9. Oh, what ... flowery track lies spread before me! 10. He seemed, by all accounts, to be such ...

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important personage. 11. Such ... rich chapter it had been, when one came to look back on it all! 12. And what ... play it had been! 13. Who is it this time, disturbing ... people on such ... night? Speak up! 14. As it's rather ... gloomy place at present, I think it might be advisable not to take John with us tomorrow. 15. What ... splendid name! It's so important what you call ... cat. I've always been such ... rolling stone I've never been able to keep ... animal, such ... pity.

Exercise 14. Use the proper article. Point out the nouns that have a limiting attribute.

1. He looked at ... book under Donald's arm. 2. But we all found it very interesting to hear Mrs. Encombe talk of ... people she knew. 3. When it was time for me to go I asked if I could see ... rooms I had lived in for five years. 4. So there is something in ... stories that have been going around? 5. For ... first time she stared about her trying to see what there was. 6. Young Groom grasped ... arms of his chair. 7. All ... stories in this book were written before ... first World War. 8. He asked me about ... book I was writing, I asked him about ... book he was writing. 9. He made ... tea, and ate ... biscuits which Mrs. Aberdeen had bought him. 10. No matter what happens to me ... rest of my life, this will be ... happiest moment I will ever know. 11. ... most noticeable thing about her face was ... pair of ... large brown eyes. 12. As they entered ... office, ... young man Julia had noticed turned round and stood up. 13. ... moment he had gone she turned out ... lights and went to ... window. 14. I was eating ... bread that Rosona had brought up to my room. 15. On ... other hand his father had ... finest pair of eyes he had ever seen. 16. "Your birthday? "said Pooh in surprise. - "Of course. Can't you see? Look at all ... presents I have had."

Exercise 15. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the definite article when the context or the whole situation makes it clear which object or person is meant

1. Then they heard ... door-bell ring. "Who can that be?" said Mrs. Wainwright irritably, and Hilary said, "Annie's out, isn't she? I'll go," and he got up and went to ... front door. 2. At that moment ... telephone bell rang. Rosie took up ... receiver and listened. 3. Grant went to ... drawing-room, where Alison was sitting with ... book. 4. Her husband gave her ... glance, and turned his eyes towards ... window. 5. He said good afternoon, and went out of ... room. 6. He left ... door open and ... cool breeze came in. 7. It was scarcely necessary, after all, to tell her about ... letter. 8. ... wedding day turned out sunny. 9. ... manager at ... hotel spoke ... little English. 10. ... journey to London was without ... adventures. 11. She looked up when ... door opened, laid down ... volume she had been reading. 12. We walked down ... stairs instead of taking ... elevator. 13. He hailed ... taxi and gave ... driver ... address of ...

restaurant near the Road-Point. 14. "I wish ... rain would stop for ... moment," said Mrs. Macphail. "I could try to make ... place comfor­table if ... sun were shining." 15. Mary, put ... kettle on ... fire. 16. He pressed ... bell, and after some delay ... door opened. 17. "Come into ... library with me, Roger," he said. 18. "So ... children are not down yet?" said Ellen. 19. When Christopher Robin asked the Piglet what it meant, he said it was his grandfather's name, and had been in ... family for a long time.

Exercise 16. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the article in adverbial phrases of place.

1. He sat in ... window shivering. He would not bring himself to turn ... lights on. 2. Alison and Nance were talking on ... staircase. 3. We were shown into ... drawing-room. 4. He looked across ... table at Brown. 5. John's notebook dropped to ... floor. 6. Henry and Lyon knew almost everyone in ... room. 7. She read every novel on ... best-seller list. 8. On ... mantelpiece stood ... photograph of ... parents with ... glass cracked. 9. Cassie spent ... night at home, and on entering ... dining-room glanced at ... space above ... fire. 10. ... sunlight moved very slowly on ... white wall of ... Hospital, casting ... long shadow from ... ledge halfway up ... wall. Longer and longer ... shadow grew, and as ... shadow moved my head turned upon ... pillow. 11. There is ... sound of ... heavy boots on ... road. 12. There was ... knock at ... door. 13. ... servant maid came in from ... kit­chen. 14. She broke into ... library where Duncan was by himself.

15. Finn was sitting near him on ... floor with his back to ... wall.

16. I am going to ... village shop. 17. He came into ... room to shut ... windows. 18. We drove down ... main road and turned up ... side road about ... mile away. 19. We walked down ... stairs and I got my hat. 20. I lived with ... uncle and aunt on ... outskirts of ... little Kentish town by ... sea. 21. 1 walked down to ... road and looked over ... gate. 22. The Driffields lived in ... little two-storey house in ... side street.

Exercise 17. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of articles with the nouns denoting unique or generally known things.

I. 1. "Look at ... moon," said Eden. 2. He looked down at ... ground. 3. ... life without ... ideal would be like ... sky without ... sun. 4. ... horizon was primrose, and ... earth against it gave ... momentary hints of ... purple. 5. He made ... journey round ... world. 6. ... three-quarter moon was well above ... hills now, and ... sky was filled with ... stars. 7. He lay rolled in his blanket, watching ... North Star brighten.

II. 1. There was ... new moon in ... sky and across ... road .. big field lay pale and deserted in ... moonlight. 2. ... night before had been wild and wet with ... rain, but when she arrived at Atlanta

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... warm sun was at ... work, attempting to dry ... streets that were ... winding rivers of ... red mud. 3. It was ... fine spring morning in ... forest as he started out, ... little soft clouds played happily in ... blue sky, skipping from ... time to ... time in front of ... sun. 4. And ... yellow moon, appearing suddenly and silently nowhere in par­ticular, came to keep them company and listen to their talk. 5. It was ... different world to him.

III. 1. His eldest son is in ... army. 2. He entered ... navy at his own wish. 3. ... government has not got any account of it as yet. 4. Just tell this man to go - or send for ... police. 5. I heard it on ... radio. 6. When that's done I'll let you know and then you can tell ... party and ... press. 7. It will be in ... papers immediately. 8. Chkalov was ... first man to fly over ... North Pole.

Exercise 18. Insert articles where necessary. Pay particular attention to the use of articles with nouns denoting unique things.

Travellers around Sun.

Do you know that you are ... great traveller? From yesterday until today you travelled almost two million miles! Without getting into ... car or ... boat, or ... plane, you travel millions of miles every day. You ride on ... earth as it circles around ... sun. Steadily and evenly, without ... bump or ... shake, never stopping for ... traffic light, ... earth carried you many millions of miles since you were born.

Perhaps you have wondered why you cannot feel ... swift movement of ... earth. You can feel ... movement of ... car or ... boat, yet they go much more slowly.

... cars and ... boats do not ride smoothly. You can feel them bump and shake. You can hear ... sound of ... wheels and ... engines. You can see ... things whizzing by. You know you are moving because you see, hear, or feel ... motion.

... earth's movement is silent and steady and smooth. You cannot feel yourself moving. You cannot see or hear ... moving.

Exercise 19. Insert articles summarizing the cases already discussed.

1. "It is ... natural thing for ... young woman to come downstairs in ... morning to have her breakfast," said Duncan. 2. Has ... last post come? There was nobody inside. ... kitchen was dirty, all ... doors and ... windows were tight shut. 3. She was ... girl of perhaps 22, with ... large brown eyes, ... button nose and ... mouth that looked as though she constantly said: "Ooo." 4. Margot said nothing but sat back in ... corner of ... seat. 5. Gretchen went to ... door and locked it, and returned with ... key. 6. He heard ... distant voice saying "Bill." 7. Then I searched for ... piece of ... paper ... and pencil, and I wrote ... message for ... maid. 8. Ansell gave ... angry sigh, and at that moment there was ... tap on ... door. 9. ... army is

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... most interesting profession. 10. He sighed again and again, like one who has escaped from ... danger. 11. I don't believe ... word of it. 12. He didn't even count ... money that Lammiter held out to him. 13. When ... cinema was over they went for ... walk across ... dark, damp fields. 14. At ... age of seventy-four, he was excited as ... boy about his expedition. 15. General Henderson was ... tall man, slim and erect, with ... lined bronzed face and ... white hair. 16. He is ... walking grammar book. 17. ... sun was not up yet, but ... stars

were dim, and cold pale sky was ... same colour as ... cold pale

sea.

Exercise 20. Insert articles which are required by the context.

I. Then they heard ... door-bell ring. "Who can that be?" said Mrs. Wainwright irritably, and Hilary said, "Annie's out, isn't she? I'll go," and he got up and went to ... front door. ... man who stood there was ... stranger. He wore ... shabby raincoat belted tightly round ... waist and ... knitted scarf wound tightly round his neck. He was about ... same age as Hilary, and like Hilary, tall and thin, but fair and with ... bright blue very tired eyes. When Hilary opened ... door, he made ... quick movement forward, almost as u he were going to stick his foot hurriedly to ... opening. (Laski)

2. Mr. Heggener was ... slender, gentle-looking man, perhaps fifty-five years old, with ... full head of ... white hair, and ... small neat white beard. He was wearing ... beautiful dark green wool jacket and ... gleaming white shirt and ... dark silk tie. Although ... table at which they were seated was in front of ... fireplace in which ... piled logs flamed brightly, he had ... light-weight blanket over his shoulders. ... little nervously, Michael had dressed for ... occasion, too, and wore ... collar and ... tie and ... blue blazer.

3. Just as Ellsworth was about to turn and leave, ... woman came down ... main staircase into ... entrance hall followed by ... big golden retriever. She was ... handsome woman, somewhere in ... thirties, with ... mass of ... ash blond hair done up in ... neat bun. She had ... blue eyes set in ... long pointed face and was wearing ... light grey fur coat that Michael guessed was lynx.

Exercise 21. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with proper nouns.

1. In ... heart of ... England, about 112 miles north-west of London, is Birmingham, ... city with over ... million inhabitants. 2. ... county town of Yorkshire is York. York is ... beautiful old city on ... River Ouse. 3. I had come back from ... Paris on ... morning of ... fifteenth. 4. She herself was returning from ... south of ... France. 5. He loved ... past, ... old music and dances and customs of ... old England. 6. Over ... door there hung ... long photograph of ... city with ... waterways, which Agnes, who had never been to ... Venice,

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took to be ... Venice, but which ... people who had been to ... Stockholm knew to be ... Stockholm. 7. His scheme was to reach ... sea and then get ... fisherman take them across ... Channel. 8. You have lately returned from ... East, I understand? 9. "I got back from ... North Africa about nine months ago," he began, and then stop­ped. 10. Do you remember ... panorama of ... Sahara Desert? 11. In ... Great Britain at ... present day there are three great political parties -... Conservative, ... Labour and ... Liberal. 12. ... Alps and ... high mountains in ... Switzerland, ... Italy, ... France and ... Austria. 13. ... London passed before me. ... Piccadilly, ... Shaftesbury Avenue, ... New Oxford Street. 14. I rented ... flat overlooking ... Hyde Park. 15. They came on to ... Waterloo Bridge. 16. ... Alroy Kear and I, as arranged, met on Friday at ... Victoria Station. 17. ... National Gallery is in ... Trafalgar Square. 18. She seemed to recall hearing that his mother had been ... foreigner from one of ... countries surrounding ... Mediterranean. 19. She decided to go to ... Barbados, ... island further to ... south which had more and better house­keeping cottages than anywhere else in ... West Indies. It sounded ... good place to lose herself for ... week or two. 20. Ned looked up and down ... China Street.

Exercise 22. Translate into English.

|1. Галерея Тейт - ведущий музей современного искусства в Лондоне. 2. Вы когда-нибудь были в Тауэре? 3. Фрэнк - сту­дент Ливерпульского университета. 4. Африка гораздо больше Европы. 5. Мы собираемся зимой в Карпаты кататься на лы­жах, б. На севере Англии теплее, чем на юге. 7. Мы были на каникулах на Кавказе, купались в Черном море, загорали. 8. Испания, Франция, Югославия и Италия расположены на Сре­диземном море. 9. В состав Соединенного Королевства входят Великобритания и Северная Ирландия. 10. Нил - самая длин­ная река в Африке. 11. Он долго работал корреспондентом на Ближнем Востоке. 12. Он побывал во всех странах Западной Европы. 13. Франция и Англия разделены проливом Ла-Манш. 14. Три столицы расположены на Дунае: Вена, Буда­пешт и Белград. 15. Панамский канал соединяет Атлантичес­кий и Тихий океаны.

Exercise 23. Use the proper article with geographical names.

I. ... Liverpool is ... commercial and industrial city. It has ... lot of offices, big shops, public buildings and modern factories.

- port of ... Liverpool is very old and historic. There are seven miles of docks. Lots of dock buildings look black and ugly. Ships come from ... North and ... South America, ... South East Asia, ... South Africa and ... West Africa and ... Europe. Liverpool is not ...

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beautiful city. But it is ... interesting city. It is famous for lots of things.

2. ... Edinburgh is ... capital of ... Scotland, and one of ... most beautiful cities in Britain. It has ... castle, ... university and ... palace, ... Holyrood House, where ... Royal Family stay when they come to ... Edinburgh. Every summer thousands of people visit ... Edinburgh for ... famous Festival. There is ... music, ... dancing, ... plays, ... art exhibitions, and ... grand Tattoo of soldiers in ... castle grounds.

3. ... River that Flows Backward.

Have you ever heard of ... river that flows backward? You'll find it as you will many other strange things - in ... America.

Years ago ... Chicago river flowed north and emptied itself into ... Lake Michigan. But when ... Chicago began to expand and more drinking water was needed for ... inhabitants, engineers got to work and deliberately altered ... whole structure of ... river, so that ... fresh water would then flow from ... lake into ... river!

... result is that nowadays, instead of flowing north, ... Chicago river flows south towards ... Gulf of ... Mexico.

Exercise 24. Explain the use of the article with the names of meals.

1. Earlier, dinner had been served outdoors. 2. Sometimes the three English people had coffee together after dinner in the evening. 3. Poirot and I were expecting our old friend Inspector Japp from Scotland Yard to tea. 4. Tom and his father reached the Peacock Gun in London at about seven o'clock in the evening. They had a fine supper. After supper Tom began to fall asleep. 5. That was a lovely meal, Patrick! 6. They had a quick dinner in the old-fashioned hotel dining-room. 7. They gave a dinner nearly every week. So nice of them! 8. There had been fourteen at dinner. The dinner had been very good. 9. Johnny blushed. He pretended to be very busy pouring fresh tea as his friend smiled at him. 10. Supper was waiting for Tom when he came back half an hour later.

Exercise 25. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of articles with the names of meals.

1. A servant announced ... dinner. 2. She wouldn't go in to ... supper with anyone but Winton. 3. "We only learned ourselves be­fore ... dinner," said Lady Muriel. 4. After ... breakfast he rose from ... table and lighted ... cigarette. 5. At ... lunch ... rain was still pour­ing down. 6. It was ... cold lunch. 7. At ... lunch Marictte told him with ... pride that this evening ... cinema would be open. 8. I won­der why it is that I always wake up so cold in ... morning now. It's because I don't have ... good hot dinner in ... evenings. 9. "I shall be back about ... tea-time, I expect," she said. There's no one com­ing for ... dinner." 10. He had to stand aside for the maid to carry in ... luncheon. 11. That evening at ... dinner, she was just as usual.

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12 I must go and look at ... dinner, 13. When I got back break­fast was already on ... table and Ted had just started 14. At end of meal we were served with ... coffee. 15. I looked into ... kitchen. Mary Ann was putting ... supper on ... tray to take it into ... dining-room. 16. They got ... table by ... window and Edward or­dered excellent lunch. 17. ... breakfast was not yet over before the men came to put up the marquee. 18. ... lunch was over by half past one.

Exercise 26. Insert articles where necessary, paying particular attention to the nouns denot­ing meals.

1. Then they had ... breakfast. After ... breakfast Tom walked with Eden. 2. He watched his plate at ... dinner and at ... breakfast. 3. Perhaps six weeks after ... beginning of ... term Tom and Arthur were sitting at their work just before ... supper. 4. At ... supper there was much talk about ... match. 5. ... occasional lunch with ... "right" person was permissible. 6. She had ... lovely dinner. 7. ... lunch was laid on ... dining-room table when I came down. 8. Friday morning at ... breakfast I found ... five-dollar bill folded up in my napkin. 9. There was ... man at ... dinner whom I suppose you've never heard of, but who's quite ... celebrity in his way. 10. Then they had ... nice little breakfast in ... kitchen before returning to ... dining-room. 11. "Did you cast ... eye on ... stuff I sent over?"-"I didn't even have time to order ... breakfast," he said. 12. He wrapped himself in one of ... big rough white terrycloth bathrobes ... hotel supplied and went into ... living-room of ... suite and rang for ... breakfast. 13. ... owners were using ... "tea room" as ... dining-room, and they had ... orchestra, composed of ... long men, who played for ... dinner. 14. I had ... lunch one day in ... ancient fortress on ... side of ... mountain. You go up there on ... funicular. ... chef was doing his desperate best to serve ... fine lunch to ... "nice people". 15. They were in ... restaurant on ... old port in which Craig had seen Picasso at ... dinner.

Exercise 27. Explain the use of (he articles before the nouns denoting parts of the day and seasons.

1. The afternoon sky had been suddenly obliterated by enormous clouds of sand, instantly turning day into night. 2. He had broken the news to his family after dinner on a Saturday night. 3. The Walmer Castle arrived in Cape Town at early dawn, moving care­fully through the narrow channel... 4. At dawn when Jamie awak­ened, the mule was dead. 5. Anthony had on a dressing-gown, and there was a book in his hand. An evening off was what he was looking forward to, she thought. 6. I suppose you're asking me to spend the evening with you. 7. The man standing in a corner of the churchyard was trying to keep warm in the cold of the early March

morning by slapping himself on the back. 8. The afternoon was fine. 9. The busy railway station was an island in the night, bustling with life. 10. The point is, I've got to get out of here before morn­ing. 11. It was a calm sunny evening. 12. Already the winter evening, the delicate evening, that had stretched before him, was forgotten. 13. The sun was gilding the clouds-not the low grey un­broken clouds of a European winter, but scattered white cottonwool clouds. 14. He always opened his conversation with the news that there would be trouble in the Balcans in the spring. 15. A thin grey fog hung over the city, and the streets were very cold; for summer was in England.

Exercise 28. Insert articles where necessary.

1. 1. When Basil returned at ... sunset he was greeted by ... storm. 2. This made it all ... more natural to suggest ... quiet evening soon. 3. It was ... early evening by local time, but hours past bedtime to which John's body was accustomed. 4. ... September evening was warm and beautiful and very still. 5. It was ... fine November morning. 6. ... soft light of ... evening faded into ... dark­ness. 7. It was ... muggy day in ... July when Nita arrived. 8. It was ... morning of ... day on which I was told to pop down to my aunt Agatha's place. 9. Outside ... window it was ... lovely spring morning. 10. ... twilight begins about 7.30 this week. 11. ... sun was going down and ... day was cooling off. 12. He was shivering all over though it was ... warm night. 13. Jerome was called into his house­master's room in ... break between ... second and ... third classes on Thursday morning. 14. ... day came when ... house was finally closed and ... old life was at ... end. 15. It started on ... Saturday evening. It was ... first Saturday of September. 16. "Don't worry, I'll be ... home before ... evening." 17. His watch said it was nearly four o'clock in ... morning.

2. 1. Even ... weather was behaving itself, after ... wet and wild winter; March had come in sedately, producing ... mild and pleasant days, and was surrendering to ... milder and warmer April. 2. If you lived where I do you wouldn't be pale-faced all ... winter. 3. ... sea is high again today, with ... thrilling flush of ... wind. In ... midst of winter you can feel ... inventions of ... spring. 4. ... spring drifted imperceptibly into ... early summer, and I was still painting ... house. 5. ... people realized that ... winter must come sooner or later, and were determined to make ... most of ... sun while it lasted. 6. I shall go abroad tomorrow, but I expect to be in ... London all ... autumn. Do ring me up. 7. In ... spring of 1917 when Doctor Ri­chard Diver first arrived in Zurich, he was twenty-six years old, ... fine age for ... man. 8. ... winter settled down over ... mountains.

Exercise 29. Translate into English.

1. Был вечер. 2. Был теплый летний вечер. 3. Вечер был

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теплый. 4. Мы встретились вечером. 5. Было утро. 6. Было раннее утро. 7. Утро было туманное. 8. Вы делаете гимнастику по утрам? 9. Был ясный день. 10. День обещал быть хоро­шим. 11. Была ночь, все спали. 12. Некоторые люди любят ра­ботать по ночам, но я не могу. 13. Была морозная январская ночь. 14. Ночью шел снег. 15. Мальчик боялся провести ночь в лесу. 16. Мой брат приходит из школы в полдень. 17. Была весна. 18. Была ранняя весна. 19. Весна была необычайно теп­лая. 20. Мы очень любим бродить по лесу ранней весной. 21. Весна-мое любимое время года. 22. В Сибири зима очень морозная. 23. Что вы обычно делаете по вечерам зимой? 24. Зима прошлого года была очень снежной. 25. Была осень. 26. Была поздняя осень. 27. Пушкин, великий русский поэт, очень любил осень и не любил лето. 28. Многие люди любят осень, так как чувствуют себя полными сил после летнего от­дыха. 29. Пароход пришел в порт на рассвете. 30. Можно предсказать погоду по закату. 31. Посмотри на закат. Какое прекрасное зрелище! 32. Наступил день. 33. Сгущались сумер­ки. 34. Спустилась ночь.

Exercise 30. Insert articles in the following fables by Aesop.

The Dog and the Rooster.

... rooster and ... dog became friends. When ... evening came ... rooster flew up into ... tree and ... dog hollowed out ... place to sleep in ... earth below.

... next morning, as soon as ... rooster had crowed, ... fox ran up and begged him to jump down from his perch, for he claimed he wanted to make ... personal acquaintance of so beautiful ... singer. "First you must wake up ... caretaker," said ... cunning rooster, pointing to ... sleeping dog, "so that he can open ... door and let me down."

... fox did as he was told, but ... moment ... dog woke up he fell upon ... fox and tore him to ... pieces.

Give ... fool enough rope and he will hang himself. It's ... clever hunter who never gets caught in his own trap.

The Fox and the Stork.

, ... fox invited ... stork to ... supper and when he came he offered ...bird some thin gruel in ... shallow bawl. ... fox licked ... food up with gusts but ... stork, with his long bill, was unable to eat ... thing.

... short time later ... stork invited ... fox and served him ... tastiest delicacies in ... tall bottle with ... narrow neck. ... stork con­tentedly packed away at ... food and offered his friend ... fox some as well. ... fox saw through ... trick but there was nothing to do but

go hungry.

"As you were generous to me," said ... stork, "so I lay ... table for you. You know very well that all debts ought to be repaid."

Exercise 31. Explain the use of articles with nouns in apposition.

1. Ellen Morison, a slim and alert young girl with brown hair, intelligent dark eyes and a sensible if excited voice, described the man. 2. Where did you ever hear of Jael, the wife of Heber? 3. Miss Bunn, the head teacher, wants to see you. 4. He has a friend, who is editor-in-chief of one of the Philadelphia newspapers, and he writes an occasional editorial for that paper. 5. This was a fellow named Barlow, a carpenter out of work as near as we can figure out... 6. A friend of mine-Larry Crowley, a press-agent-saw Jorgensen coming out of a hockshop. 7. Meanwhile, he stayed at home and, while still a "teenager" of 19, married Anne Hathaway, a farmer's daughter some years older than himself. 8. There was nothing in the Hamleton history to account for Sue, the youngest member of the clan. 9. They reached the hospital, of which Dr. McManus was chief of staff. 10. Walter Klein, the host, was standing in the hallway greeting his guests.

Exercise 32. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with the noun in apposition.

1. At the end he gave ... smile, ... youthful and innocent smile. 2. I lay quite silent, watching his face, ... strong and noble face, proud and yet at that moment, tender. 3. He had opened another door, ... small door in ... side wall. 4. ... cook, ... bulky man who looked as though he enjoyed his own cooking, scarcely glanced around. 5. This is my friend Anthony Brewster, ... Englishman. 6. I was informed that you had been seen in ... Church Street in conver­sation with ... young gentleman, ... very pretty young gentleman. 7. Miss Handforth was Mr. Demoyte's housekeeper, ... old enemy of Nan. 8. ... school, ... gray, Gothic building, now showed as ... fortress of learning. 9. I met her in her father's house. I had been taken there by her brother Charles, ... most intimate friend of my London days. 10. Ted Rocklex, ... father of ... girls, had four daughters, and no son. 11. Newton, ... famous philosopher, was sometimes engaged in working out difficult problems, which occupied his mind so much that he became quite forgetful of everything else. 12. His idol was professor Edward Edwards, ... head of ... department of ... chemistry. 13. William Shakespeare went off to London in 1587, ... year when several companies of actors visited Stratford. 14. Her sister lived here - she married ... artist, ... Dutchman. 15. Jenny Bunn, ... slender girl of twenty with very dark colouring, watched him turn and cross the square hall. 16. Then I struck ... match, ... tiny glow of heat in the mist and dark. 17. ... young friend of mine, ... very good lad, asked her to marry him, and she consented.

Exercise 33. Insert articles where necessary. Pay particular attention to the use of articles with nouns used in the function of apposition.

1. Once on ... warm Sunday afternoon, when he was alone on ... porch of ... great old house, he overheard his aunt, ... young woman who, he thought, was ... most beautiful creature he had ever seen, speaking to his grandmother. 2. ... kitchen was supplied with every convenience, and there was even ... bath-room, ... luxury ... Gerhardts had never enjoyed before. 3. Mr. Montford, ... perfectly groomed dandy, approached Mrs. Machmont. 4. Here is Mrs. Chevely, ... woman I've been telling you about. 5. He found ... governor at home. He was ... large handsome man, ... sailor with ... grey toothbrush moustache; and he wore ... spotless uniform. 6. George entered ... office of ... property broker, ... little bald man with ... thin neck and ... prominent Adam's apple. 7. ... receptionist, ... elderly nurse with ... bright and friendly face, greeted them. 8. It was Dr. McManus who, without ... comment, brought Johnny ... copy of ... New York Times ... few days later and showed him ... item. "Mr. Lars Swensen, ... director of ... Industrial Relations Foun­dation, has resigned from his post with that organization..." 9. He could picture her in her office, ... small cramped room on ... rue Marbeuf, usually crowded with ... dozen young men and women... 10. They came to ... Hotel Pino d'Oro, ... small hotel standing on ... edge of ... sea. 11. In comparison with him, Veresford was rather ... ordinary man, tall, dark, not ... handsome fellow of two and thirty, quiet and reserved. 12. I went in after them, and discovered that Drake, ... clerk who sold them to me, had been to California, too, and was practically ... friend. 13. One day Nathan Trimble, ... friend of Logan's, looked in at ... library. He was ... newspaperman and was killing ... hour while waiting for ... train connection. 14. I knew that she had once been ... model at the Atelier, ... unenviable job, and was now ... dancer.

Exercise 34. Translate into English.

1. Разрешите представить Вам моего друга, художника. 2. Его жена, женщина лет 30, оказалась очень интересным че­ловеком. 3. Нам очень понравился их дом, небольшое двух­этажное строение на берегу реки. 4. Байрон, великий англий­ский поэт, сражался за свободу Греции. 5. Агата Кристи, выда-ющйся мастер детектива, написала 80 романов. 6. Марк Твен, известный американский писатель, родился в маленьком го­родке на Миссисипи. 7. Драйзер, известный американский пи­сатель, является автором многих известных романов. 8. Ломо­носов, великий русский ученый, основал университет в 1755 году. 9. Он был избран президентом. 10. У президента были переговоры с премьер-министром. 11. Вчера у меня был серь­езный разговор с деканом.-А кто декан вашего факультета?

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12. Зимний Дворец был построен архитектором Растрелли.

13. Учитель Макаренко - основатель советской педагогической школы.

Exercise 35. Insert proper articles summarizing the cases already mentioned.

1. We heard her walking on ... stairs to ... cellar. 2. She tried to speak lightly, but there was ... lump in her throat and ... tightening at her heart. 3. When ... doctor falls ill, it's ... serious matter. 4. What ... strange eyes he had-like ... great cat's! 5. He turned to ... right towards ... Capel Street. 6. Nance hurried to ... door, and Grant to ... window. 7. Near ... door he saw ... man he had noticed in ... hotel lobby. 8. Do you mind if we talk for ... minute or two? 9. Jane took ... mirror out of her bag and looked at herself. "My God, what ... sight!" 10. He heard ... dog bark, ... cock crow, ... man singing ... endless song. 11. She came to ... town on ... Satur­day afternoon, ... warm and beautiful afternoon in ... late September. 12. New gloves were of ... dark grey wool, all that Hilary had been able to find. 13. Ferris had ... pleasant voice on ... telephone. 14. In ... evening he went to ... cinema. 15. It was ... very clear warm evening. 16. Duncan spent ... evening alone. 17. It wasn't ... real night yet but ... blinds were down in ... dining-room. 18. Fairsen was gone when he came down to ... dinner. 19. ... next morning it was raining steadily and heavily. 20. ... next evening, half ... hour before ... dinner, I heard Francis Getliffe's heavy steps on ... staircase. 21. "You can come back ... next year," he said. 22. I'm coming to take you out again tomorrow and ... next day too.

Exercise 36. Insert articles which are required by the context

I. He gave ... door ... sharp push and they went into ... large shadowy hall where stairs went strongly up, turned at ... wide land­ ing, and rose out of ... sight. ... scene was illuminated by ... hum- cane lamp that stood on ... floor in ... corner. From ... side room came ... sound of soft drumming.

II. ... hall was empty. I listened at ... other door, on ... further side of ... great cabinet, and could hear ... distant sound of ... kitchen noises, ... running water, ... clatter of ... plates. I decided to try ... stairs. ... first flight ended in ... long corridor, leading left and right, and above me was ... further flight to ... second floor. I hesi­ tated, then turned left along ... corridor. It was dark, lighted by ... single electric light bulb without ... shade.

III. He was ... good-looking man, about fifty, as tall as Jesse, broader, with ... heavy shoulders. He had ... good square jaw, intelli­ gent dark eyes-it was ... individual face. He was conserva­ tively-and at … second glance expensively-dressed in ... navy suit. He had ... briefcase in one hand. Jesse shepherded him into... inner office and indicated ... chair and sat down at his desk... . "I under­ stand you want to make ... will, Mr. Manning."

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IV In April 1564 ... son was born to John and Mary Shake­speare at ... Henley Street, Stratford-on-Avon. His mother was ... daughter of Robert Arden of Wilcote, ... considerable landowner in ... county of Warwickshire; his father was ... prosperous citizen.

V. Jamie found ... lodging at ... house at 32 ... Fitzroy Street. It cost ten shillings ... week, but it was ... cheapest he could find. He spent his days at ... docks, seeking ... ship that would take him to ... South Africa, and his evenings seeing ... wondrous sights of London town. One evening he caught ... glimpse of Edward, ... Prince of Wales, entering ... restaurant near Covent Garden by .„ side door, ... beautiful lady on his arm. She wore ... large flowered hat, and Jamie thought how nice it would look on his sister.

Exercise 37. Comment on the use of articles paying special attention to set phrases. Trans-

late the sentences into Russian.

1. Arm in arm they made their way to Bond Street. 2. I was still thinking of it when I came face to farce with Roger. 3. They moved from picture to picture. 4. Мог found himself looking from side to side expecting to see something strange. 5. They were walking side by side. 6. Hand in hand they followed the porter out of the terminal. 7. Then the comrade repeated, word for word, what he had just said. 8. The two men moved from group to group through the long hot night. 9. He put the telephone down, suddenly conscious that once again he was smiling from ear to ear. 10. Day after day they stood root to foot and fought first one and then the other, and bent from side to side till a well-aimed movement of the foot or a push threw the boy on his back, and ended the battle. 11. I hope you keep him properly humble. He wants suppressing from time to time.

Exercise 38. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the article in adverbial phrases of manner.

1. "They have been wonderfully kind to me," said Dora with ... little smile. 2. Brown was looking at him with ... anxious glance.

3. "It's already ... little late," he said with ... shade of ... reproach.

4. "But it is very kind," said Monsieur Merkatel with ... evident pleasure. 5. "Miss Carter!" said Мог in ... low voice, "Wait for me, I'm coming too." 6. Wislow was speaking again about his son, this time in ... different tone. 7. Nan was pulling her gloves on in ... very slow way. 8. Felicity began to explain in ... whisper. 9. He woke on ... following morning in ... despair. 10. She listened tike ... child and like ... child asked ... question!. 11. He took to pacing ... floor like ... lion with ... toothache. 12. I was trembling like ... leaf. 13. I'm ashamed of you! First you act like ... fool and then like ... girl of sixteen. 14. Without ... word, with ... curious swift motion, like ... tiger pacing his cage, she came down and followed May out.

15. His face was all puckered up with ... pain and as white as ... sheet of paper. 16. She went downstairs, like ... sleepwalker. 17. ... Tower of London was built as ... royal castle. 18. This last phrase was said in ... trembling painful little voice. 19. He had ... deep voice with ... London accent. 20. She is ... young actress, I know. She's as pretty as ... picture. 21. Her job as ... domestic science teacher was not badly paid.

Exercise 39. Insert articles where necessary paying particular attention to their use in "with-", "like-", "in-" and "as-phrases".

1. She thought she was rather like ... mother, making sure ... child had eaten before going off to ... school. 2. She stormed around ... kitchen, like ... big fly shut in ... room on ... hot afternoon, banging herself against ... walls, ... corners of ... table and ... stove, not knowing what she did. 3. ... President of ... Board said with ... smile, "You're ... very eloquent young man, Mr. Fletcher. Excellent training." 4. He had ... easy manner and he talked tike ... gentleman. 5. If he is not here in ... quarter of ... hour I'll come straight back and put myself to ... bed like ... good girl. 6. It was with ... satisfac­tion of ... competent workman who knows his job from A to Z that Kemire entered upon ... necessary explanations. 7. He was some sort of ... elf; ... quick clever little elf with ... swift eye and ... flashing smile and ... fast way of talking. 8. He was ... smallish man with ... cap on his head and ... big double-barreled shotgun under his arm. He never moved. He was like ... little post standing here. 9. With ... great sweep of ... arm he flung ... entire handful way over ... bushes into ... clearing. They fell with ... soft little patter, like ... raindrops on ... dry leaves. 10. This one was ... tall bony man with ... hard eye and ... hard cheek and ... hard dangerous hands. 11. And there was ... funny little white hat to match perched right on ... top of her head, like ... mushroom. 12. He left ... door of the Rolls open and came at us like ... charging bull. 13. Tom carried three or four small fish home to his mother with ... great joy. 14. He could find his way across ... country like ... fox. 15. I think it sounded more like ... fright than ... excitement.

Exercise 40. Comment on the use or absence of articles with the nouns "school", "bed". "college", "town", "church", "hospital", "prison".

1. But now that I was five years old, there was the problem of school to think about. It was the law that parents must send their children to school at the age of five, and my father knew about it. 2. The children were in bed sleeping soundlessly, in the new night clothes Johnny had bought them that day. 3. II was not the eco­nomic condition of the Craig family that prevented Craig from going to college, as the family was comparatively well off. Craig's father, Philip, certainly could have afforded to send his only child to college

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when he reached the age to apply. 4. "And this is Sister Sylvia. She is principal of our school. As school opens next week I thought she should know the children. Perhaps you'd like to take them and show them the school". 5. She gave the impression of being not so much in a hospital as in some transit area. 6. For lunch he took them to the Runaway Beach Hotel which was not very far from town.

7. As I went in there was the smell of marble floors and hospital.

8. He tried to concentrate on his clinical research at the hospital.

9. They transferred her on to a stretcher and earned her out of the building, passing people in evening dress who stood aside, looking concerned at the sight of someone being rushed to hospital on a night of gaiety and celebration. 10. The only building of any special architectural interest is the church, a fine eighteenth-century structure with a gallery. The church is well kept and regularly provided with flowers. 11. All over the world people are in prison because of their political beliefs. 12. The other day the fire-brigade had to go to the prison to put out a fire. 13. Barber locked the door behind him and picked up the packet of maps and spread them on the bed over the sheets and blankets. 14. In these days Julia did not think it necessary to go to bed in the afternoon, she was as strong as a horse and never tired. 15. I've heard this is a good town for a man looking for investments.

Exercise 41. Insert articles before the nouns "school", "college", "bed", "church", "hospital", "prison", etc if necessary.

1. I met a man only yesterday who was at ... school with Baresford. 2. Autumn means back to ... school - and not just for the kids. 3. "How long are you going to be in ... town?" - "Till after New Year's." 4. Alter that at ... school he was called by the names of all known, and some unknown animals. George was modest, and ... boys at ... school were merciless. 5. Every term parents are in­vited to ... school to meet the teachers. 6. Jill isn't a religious per­son. She never goes to ... church. 7. After their tour of ... hospital he took Andrew to ... basement common room where lights were al­ready on. 8. Getting out of ... bed, he put on a dressing-gown and slippers and went to the window. 9. Julian was sitting up in ... bed reading the Sunday papers. 10. On the way to London we passed through a small village with ... old church. We stopped to visit ... church. It was a beautiful building. 11. He appeared to be a stranger to ... town, but he was not. 12. On Sunday morning he invited Jamie to accompany him and Margaret to ... church. 13. Klipdrift was not really ... town. It was a sprawling canvas village. 14. He's been in ... hospital three times. 15. They were chasing round ... town while she waited for them. 16. You see, Chris, even in quite ... small provincial town you could have a clinic. 17. In order to distract her mind she turned her villa at Monte Carlo into ... hospi­tal for convalescent officers. 18. When Kate woke up the following

morning, she saw the headline in the newspaper carried in with her breakfast tray. It read: "Rebel leader killed while trying to escape ... prison." She was at ... prison an hour later, in the superintendent's office. 19. Real despair did not hit Eve until the following afternoon when she moved in. It was ... prison. 20. And though he undressed and got into ... bed he could not sleep. 21. The children arc in ... bed," she said. 22. But was it worth while going to ... bed when he had to be up again at five? 23. Yes, he'd sit on ... bed beside him and watch turn for ... hours. 24. The doctor wanted her to go to ... hospital, but she refused in case Hilary should come. 25. I looked at the wall of ... hospital. 26. I was fifteen and had just come back from ... school for summer holidays. 27. Then the day came when I had to go back to ... school. 28. But they went to ... grammar school at Haversham and of course I couldn't possibly have anything to do with them. 29. ... public school will not be good for him.

Exercise 42. Use the proper article.

1. ... second day was evidently like ... first. 2. Before I knew what had happened I read as far as ... page five. 3. They sat ... side by ... side on ... bench. 4. "Have you read ... book, ... Father?" "From ... cover to ... cover. And on every page there is ... poison." 5. Do you ever go by ... bus? 6. Sir Horace had arrived by ... car at ... tea time. 7. He was to shut up ... house and bring ... rest of ... family back to ... town, by ... train, ... next day. 8. I'm afraid it means walking, unless you'd like to take ... Metro. 9. When I had quite decided this I took ... seventy-three bus to ... Oxford Street 10. She came down to ... breakfast. 11. Elliot'll be back in ... min­ute. He has gone to order ... dinner. 12. Shall we go in to ... tea? 13. I thought you might be glad of some coffee before you start back to your hotel. It is such ... cold night. 14. We by awake half ... night. 15. We've got ... long night ahead. 16. We often walked round ... streets at ... night. 17. Leila had learned to dance at ... boarding school. 18. You see, I was born in A - and went to ... school here, so I have many good friends in ... town. 19. She thinks she will stay in ... bed. 20. When ... hour later he opened his eyes again they fell on his nephew Adrian seated at ... foot of ... bed. 21. He had been in ... hospital five days. 22. And ... following day she telephoned that she was coming to ... hospital to see him.

Exercise 43. Read the stories inserting articles which are required by the context

Aesop and the Traveller.

I. Aesop was ... very clever man who lived many hundreds of years ago in ... Greece. He wrote many fine stories. He was well known as ... man who was fond of ... jokes. One day, as he was enjoying ... walk, he met ... traveller, who greeted him and said: "... kind man, can you tell me how soon I shall get to ... town?" "Go,"

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Aesop answered. "I know I must go," protested ... traveller, "but I should like you to tell me how soon I shall get to ... town.

H. "Go," Aesop said again angrily. "This man must be mad," ... traveller thought and went on. After he had gone some distance, Ae­sop shouted after him. "You will get to ... town in two hours." ... traveller turned round in astonishment. "Why did not you tell me that before?" he asked. "How could I have told you that before?" answered Aesop. "I did not know how fast you could walk."

A Gordian Knot.

Gordius, ... peasant, being chosen ... King of Phrygia, dedicated his wagon to ... Jupiter, and fastened ... yoke to ... pole with ... rope so ingeniously that no one could untie it.

Alexander of Macedonia was told that "whoever undid ... knot would reign over ... whole East." "Well then," said ... conqueror, "it is thus I perform ... task," and, so saying, he cut ... knot in two with his sword.

Nowadays, ... difficult problem or task can be described as ... "Gordian knot" and is to get out of ... difficult or awkward position by ... single brilliant stroke.

Exercise 44. Comment on the articles in the "of-phrases".

1. Why, I wouldn't say anything about it, even if I fell off the top of the house. 2. The crisis of the disease was safely past. He belonged to the world again. 3. They had been walking slowly over to the corner of the play-ground, where a church of no particular coloured stone was to be seen of the far sight of the road. The sight of it depressed Jenny. 4. He then took the arm of the First Lady. 5. Do you want me to tell the Director what the outline of the subject would be? 6. He shouted to an invisible woman in the back of the store to keep an eye on the cash register. 7. A wave of sympathy passed over him, for there was a great appeal in her personality. 8. A group of people rose from the lounge slats and made their way thankfully across the hall. 9. She noticed a trace of irritation in his voice. 10. Sitting with her arms locked round her knees, Jan felt a trickle of fear. 11. There must be a sense of loss, a feeling of the final parting with youth. 12. A conversation with him always stimulated a fresh flow of thought. 13. I had managed to swallow a piece of cheese but it felt like eating soup. 14. I ladled out a portion of salmon and we fell into pleasant conversation.

15. A crowd of well-wishers had already gathered outside the house.

16. He is the sort of man we want round the backwaters. 17. There was a sort of kindness in him, a sort of gentleness. 18. My sister is a sort of ping-pong ball.

Exercise 45. Insert articles where necessary paying particular attention to the use of articles In "of-phrases".

1. I was out and it was ... clear moonlit night, and I happened to look up and suddenly I saw this tremendous tall person running along ... crest of ... hill. 2. He dived into ... pocket and pulled out ...

handful of ... coins. 3. She looked just like ... big handsome sweet contented woman, ... efficient wife of ... well-known charmer. 4. We stopped outside ... illuminated window of ... shoe shop. 5. After ... while m. weeping subsided into ... series of ... long sighing sobs. 6. About half-way to ... gate ... sense of something behind me made me turn round. 7. She had ... manner of ... school-girl called to ... principal's office for disciplinary action. 8. He was befriended by Lady Anna Fitzwarren, ... daughter of ... duke and ... widow of ... distinguished statesman. 9. He was ... son of ... solicitor in ... Mid­lands town, who had gone bankrupt when Jasper was half-way through his schooling at ... grammar school. 10. As he paused in front of ... mahogany door he no longer felt ... thrill of pride at ... sight of ... gold letters that proclaimed his function in ... world. 11. .Vernon was permitted ... use of ... adjoining chamber for meeting with his client. 12. ... hour later she stood before ... easel over which he had thrown ... rough piece of ... cloth. 13. ... morning sun had turned ... harbour to ... pool of ... shimmering light. 14. Across ... river were ... broken walls of ... old houses that were being torn down. IS. They reached ... theatre two minutes before ... curtain rose and as Julia appeared there was ... burst of clapping from ... audience. 16. His red hair was nice, but his pale lashes gave his face ... sort of ... empty look. 17. She attempted to smile back, but ... sudden stab of ... pain closed her eyes and made her arch back against ... seat.

Exercise 46. Use the proper articles, summarizing the cases already mentioned.

1. He said in ... deliberately cheerful voice, "Now, when I was ... little boy, ... thing I liked best to eat was ... tried potatoes. When­ever I could choose what I wanted for ... lunch, that was what I chose." 2. He called in for ... few minutes after ... breakfast on his way to pay ... visits round ... town. 3. You agree to our taking her up to ... town and putting her under ... best care? 4. ... next morn­ing it was raining steadily and heavily. 5. ... next evening, half ... hour before ... dinner, I heard Francis Getliffe's heavy steps on ... staircase. 6. "You can come back ... next year," he said. 7. "I'm coming to take you out again tomorrow and ... next day too." 8. He was dark, like his mother, with ... handsome, sunburnt face always ready to break into ... smile. 9. Anna has ... contralto voice that would break your heart even over ... radio. 10. Matilda was ... tall, thin graceful fair girl, with ... rather large nose. 11. She was ... woman of about five and forty, I judged, with ... small face and ...

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neat sharp features. 12. Dora shook her pretty head with ... decision. 13. ... door closed behind him and Jago turned to Arthur Brown with ... ravaged look. 14. She looked up into his face, ... small woman in her late twenties. 15. He told me, ... word for ... word, what Pilbrow had said. 16. She was like ... tea rose. 17. My cigarettes were as dry as ... bone, but my lighter wouldn't work and so I couldn't smoke. 18. "Oh, don't be silly," said Miss Carter in ... tired voice. 19. Pierre knocked at ... door. It was opened after ... moment by ... old woman so tall and square-shouldered that Hilary stared at her in ... amazement. 20. ... restaurant owner, ... stout motherly woman, called sharply to ... waiter. 21. Joseph Pervin, ... father of ... family, had been ... man of no education. 22. He could see that he was still on ... outskirts, and he stopped ... passer-by and asked, "Where is ... centre of ... town?" 23. He pressed his shoul­ders against ... back of ... seat. 24. "Good God," muttered Jago, as Nightingale disappeared at ... bottom of his staircase. 25. This is Mr. Pinfold, ... passenger. He wants to inquire about ... radiograms he sent.

Exercise 47. Use the proper article. Pay attention to uncountable nouns.

1. Would he come later and give some lectures on ... English Literature? His name was well known among ... younger writers of ... France. 2. But ... mathematics is not like ... literature: it is not ... common topic of conversation between ... friends. 3. "... poets are seldom interested in ... geometry," commented Monsieur Mercatel with ... smile at Hilary. 4. I used to like ... history better, but I don't seem to have much time for reading now. 5. Edwards' knowl­edge of ... history of ... chemistry was immense. 6. I am not in mood tonight for ... silver twilights, or ... rose-pink dawns. I want to talk ... business. 7. ... happiness does make ... people selfish, I dare say, but so does ... sorrow. 8. She brought nun ... milk to drink, and ... food; he couldn't touch ... food, but he drank ... milk greed­ily. 9. Hilary fetched ... plates of ... food and ... some beer, and sat facing Nelly across one of ... tables. 10. The Germans will be here. You must go while there's still ... time. 11. After all, it will be only for ... short time. 12. For ... first time his feeling about her was softened by ... regret. 13. Fortunately ... conversation turned to Mr. Pembroke and to ... education. 14. He had ... good education, too. 15. I must ask ... permission to take it home. 16. It was ... raw weather, and Mrs. Elliot watched over him with ... ceaseless tender­ness. 17. ... splendid work these young scientists do, splendid. 18. ... bad news? Did you say you had had ... bad news? 19. One can't give ... advice in ... case like this, old boy. 20. Perhaps you will be good enough, then, to give me ... information on which I can act. 21. ... weather was pleasant, ... country attractive, and he was ready for little change 22. He has lost ... work that he loved, his friends, and his child. 23. "Oh, I've come with ... most tremendous

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news!" he cried. 24. We have all ... information about it at ... Foreign Office. 25. Don't be afraid. I bring ... good news. 26. Here there was ... real work for him to do. 27. I have asked you here partly to amuse myself, but also to give you ... good advice.

Exercise 48. Insert articles which are required by the context

I. I sat quiet as mouse and waited. I waited for long time. Then I heard sound of motor coming back again in my direction. It was making terrific noise. Man whizzed past me like rocket Way he was running that motor told me he was very angry man. He must have been very puzzled man, too. Perhaps he was thinking he had seen ghost. Ghost boy driving ghost car.

II. Kite caught wind and soared upward like huge blue bird. It was tugging and struggling at end of line like big fish. Up and up it went, rising very fast now in cool night air. It was like magic fire­ ball in sky.

3. He had queer long-striding gait and his black cloak was streaming out behind him like wings of bird. There was big suitcase in one hand and bowlpipe in other, and when he came to high hedge at end of field, he just strode over it as though it wasn't there.

4. River Avon at Rugby is slow stream in which there are number of fish, but none of fish are worth very much. It is good river for bathing, and there is mile of water which is rented by school for boys to bathe in. There is bridge over stream above which boys may bathe.

V. We were in workshop when talk about school started. "When you grow up, I hope you will become famous designing engineer. For that you will need really good education. But I don't want to send you to school yet." Two more years had passed and time had come to start school. My school was in nearest village, two miles away. We didn't have car of our own. We couldn't afford one. But walk took only half hour and I didn't mind that in least... and when school ended my father was always there waiting to walk me home. I really liked those morning walks to school with him.

Exercise 49. Comment on the use of articles with nouns used in a generic sense. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. The apple tree and the grape are the oldest fruit-trees. 2. The orange tree is twenty feet high and it gives from 3 to 4 hundred oranges a year. The orange tree lives about a hundred years. The older trees give better fruit than the younger ones. 3. I suspect the apricot is the king of fruit. 4. The azalea is truly an adaptable shrub as it will grow in all climates. 5. The most beautiful and beloved member of the plant family, the rose, is one of the oldest flowers in cultivation. History has, indeed, put the rose in a unique position

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among the flowers. No other has enjoyed such homage from so many different cultures and regions of the globe 6. "After we have won you must come to hunt."-"To hunt what? - The boar the bear, the wolf, the ibex." 7. White sheep from the mountains of the Jukon, Alaska, and the North-west territories are considered by many to be the world's most beautiful wild sheep. 8. Man is harsher than iron, harder than stone and more delicate than a rose. 9. The park has given way to a beautiful forest, where man comes, and goes as a visitor. 10. When ancient man banged two pieces of metal together and found that he liked the sound, he started a trend. Now, thousands of years later, people all over the world are still enjoying the music of bells. 11. Some streets were lighted by electricity, and Jamie heard that it was possible to talk to someone on the other side of the town by means of a wonderful new machine, the tele­phone.

Exercise SO. Translate into English.

1. Кит - млекопитающее, но он живет в море. 2. Страус -самая большая птица на земле. З.Слон живет в Индии и в Центральной Африке. 4. Жираф - самое высокое животное. 5. Мой любимый цветок - роза. 6. Во многих странах есть па­мятники животным: в нашей стране - это памятник собаке, в Индии - памятник слону, в Соединенных Штатах - памятник обезьяне. 7. Когда и кем был изобретен телефон? 8. Велоси­пед-прекрасное транспортное средство. 9. Гитара появилась в Испании в 13 веке. 10. Никто не знает, когда человек изобрел колесо. 11. Подлежащее и сказуемое - главные члены предло­жения. 12. Детективный роман - один из литературных жанров. 13. Детективный роман помогает скоротать время в путешест­виях. 14. Артикль - служебное слово, выражающее идею опре­деленности и неопределенности. 15. Корова - священное живот­ное в Индии. 16. Тюльпан - один из самых первых весенних цветов. 17. Доллар - денежная единица Соединенных Штатов. 18. У муравья шесть ног. 19. Волынка - музыкальный инстру­мент, на котором играют шотландцы.

Exercise 51. Insert the proper articles summarizing the cases already mentioned.

1. Next morning we went to station very early, before neighbours were about 2. "You are coming to dinner with me as arranged," said Fielding. 3. Good-bye, and don't forget to get yourself good din­ner. 4. "Did he never talk of Literature?" he asked. 5. Look at sunset! I never saw one redder. You can always tell weather by sunsets. 6. First, how is family? It seems so long since I heard news of them. 7. Lying he spoke more quickly than when he told truth. 8. What- what if it's lie? 9. I came to Warley on wet September morning. 10. Main entrance was open all night. 11. I looked at my

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watch. "What lovely morning!" 12. "Car is all right," she said in soft voice. 13. Together they ran back down road, Мог still gripping her arm in tight grip. 14. She unlocked door and thin man, with mean face, entered. 15. He walked as he had been directed, to out­skirts of town. 16. "I wrote that book in spring of 1939," said Hilary savagely. "I was very young then." 17. He had singularly attractive smile. 18. You are as brave as lion. 19. It would be worse than hit­ting child. 20. She said in perfect English, "I'm delighted that you have come, Mr. Wainwright." 21. She said laughingly, "We are al­ways told that English make bad coffee." 22. After tea others went off to bathe. 23. They turned radio on for evening news. 24. It was lovely autumn. 25. "And I thought I was bringing tremendous news!" he cried. 26. Two school masters looked at Agnes for in­formation.

Exercise 52. Use the proper article, paying particular attention to the use of articles with geographic names.

London Streets and Their Names

Names of streets and districts are often connected with history of country and city.

But very often names of streets are so old and so changed that only few people know how this or that street got its name.

People who read books by English writers, listen to radio, see English films can't help knowing such names as Trafalgar Square, Soho, Piccadilly, Charing Cross, etc

Let's begin with Piccadilly Circus. It is fine street which has seen much history over centuries. For generations Piccadilly has been heart of London. Nowadays it is such focal place that on special oc­casions, such as Coronation or on New Year's Eve, as many as 50.000 people gather there.

Actually it immortalized man who is now forgotten. Man was tailor who grew rich by making high collars called "piccadillies". He built grand house which he called Piccadilla Hall, and name, slightly changed, has lived on.

Charing Cross is one of oldest spots in London. Once there was small village in that place. Villagers were charing wood, making charcoal of it. That is why village was named Charing. Centuries ago, Eleonor, English Queen, died outside London. Her husband wanted her body to be taken to Westminster Abbey and buried there. At every place where funeral procession stopped wooden cross was erected. The last place was at Charing and since then place is called Charing Cross. Reproduction of that last cross can be seen at entrance to Charing Cross Railway Station. Nowadays Charing Cross is known by its bookshops where one can buy books in different languages and of new and old editions.

No one, however, can explain "Soho" convincingly. Legend goes, that in old days there used to be green fields there and people

around went fox-hunting a great deal. When hunter saw fox he called to dogs "So-Ho", "So-Ho"! Now Soho is distnct where one can see people of different types, hear them speak different lan­guages. It is famous for its different restaurants.

There are some short streets in Soho ш which six or seven restaurants of different national cooking stand one after another in line. One can have breakfast in Greek restaurant, dinner in Italian and supper in Armenian. These are only few examples but all London's longpast history can be told by its streets and districts names.

REVISION EXERCISES

Exercise S3. Use the proper article.

I. One fine afternoon I was sitting in my study in small town on west coast of England.

It was five o'clock in afternoon. I had finished my work for day and was resting quietly in my armchair, thinking of days that had gone by, especially of happy days that I spent among coral islands of Pacific Six years had passed since day of my return to England!

Where were my dear comrades Jack Martin and Peter Gay now?

II. We had lost sight of each other soon after our return to England, and I had not heard of my friends during those six years.

My thoughts were interrupted by knocking at door. It was my landlady.

III. "Visitor to see you, Mr. Ralph," she said in mysterious voice. "He doesn't want to give his name. Maybe he is - ". But be­ fore old woman could finish her sentence quick step was heard on stairs and stranger burst into room.

IV. He was small man with bright blue eyes and sunburnt face. "Your name is Ralph Rover and you were twenty-two yester­ day," cried my strange visitor without any other greeting.

V. "Yesterday was my birthday and I am twenty-two," I ex­ claimed in surprise. "But may I ask you how you know all about me when I know nothing about you."

"Several years ago you lived for some time on one of coral is­lands of Pacific," stranger went on, "and there you knew boy whose name was - "

"Peter Gay, Pete, dear Pete!" I cried springing up from my chair and rushing into arms of my old friend. (After Ballantyne)

Exercise 54. Use the proper article.

I. In summer of 1907 I was living in little cottage in country, at small distance from sea. Half mile from my cottage there was school-The Gables-where Harold Stackhurst, head-master, and sev­eral other teachers taught students and prepared them for various professions.

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Stackhurst and I were on friendly terms and he was only man in neighbourhood who sometimes called at my cottage.

II. One day, at end of July, severe storm arose. Wind was very strong and waves rose high at base of cliffs, ft rained all day, but in evening wind fell. Next morning weather was fine again. Sea was calm, tide was out, but waves had left deep lagoon under cliffs. It was impossible to stay at home on such fine morning and I decided to take walk along path that led to beach. At short distance from cliffs I was overtaken by Harold Stackhurst

"What morning, Mr. Holmes," he cried, waving his hand in greeting.

"Very fine," I answered. "Going for swim, I see?"

"Yes, McPherson went to beach some fifteen minutes ago and I want to join him there."

McPherson was one of teachers. He was young and very good swimmer, though he suffered from weak heart.

HI. I had worked in office till nine o'clock in evening and was very tired. I wanted fresh air and decided to walk home. It was warm night. My way lay along river. Night is best time there. You see lights on black river and warm wind brings you smell of far-off sea. I walked along slowly, and at last stopped to look at black wa­ter of river.

IV. "Warm night," said voice at my side.

I turned my head, and saw profile of man standing near me. He, too, was looking at river. He had thin, pale face, and wore dirty old coat. He was unshaven and his hair was in disorder.

I looked at him curiously. Who was he? If I answered him, would he ask me for some money for his breakfast?

"Very warm," said I.

V. "Yes," he said looking at water, "it's fine here. It is good to find such quiet place after day of hard work in London. You, too, must know little of hard work or you wouldn't be here baying evening walk like me. But I don't think you have ever been so tired as I am now. In fact I sometimes think the game is not worth can­ dle. But I cannot leave it.."

VI. He stopped. I looked at him in astonishment This strange man spoke about hard work. What could his work be? Where did he work? I asked him.

"You will not believe me, I know," said he, "but I will tell you. I have big undertaking on hand, very big undertaking. I have in­vented how to make diamonds."

Exercise 55. Use the proper article.

I. I was born 30th of November, 1835, in almost invisible village of Florida. My parents removed to Missouri in early thirties; I do not remember just when, for I was not born then and cared nothing for such things. It was long journey in those days and must have

37

been rough and tiresome one. Village contained hundred people and I increased population by 1 per cent...

II. Village had two streets, each couple of yards long; rest of av­ enues were lanes, with rail fences and cornfields on either side. Both streets and lanes were paved with same material - tough black mud in wet times, deep dust in dry. Most of houses were of log-all of them, indeed, except three or four... There were none of brick and none of stone.

III. Country schoolhouse was three miles from my uncle's farm.

It stood in clearing in woods and would hold about twenty-five boys and girls. We attended school with more or less regularity once or twice week, in summer, walking to it in cool of morning by for­est paths.

IV. All pupils brought their dinners in baskets and sat in shade of trees at noon and ate them. It is part of my education which I took back upon with most satisfaction. My first visit to school was when I was seven. Girl of fifteen, in customary sunbonnet and calico dress, asked me if I "used tobacco" - meaning did I chew it. I said "no". It roused her scorn. She reported me to all crowd and said: "Here is boy seven years old who can't chew tobacco."

V. By looks and comments which this produced I realized that I was degraded object;: I was cruelly ashamed of myself, I determined to reform. But I only made myself sick; I was not able to learn to chew tobacco. (After M. Twain)

Exercise 56. Use the proper article.

1. It was now only after midnight, but still extraordinary hour for someone to be ringing bell in that persistent series of three rings, pause, then three more rings. 2. It was early evening by local time, but hours past bedtime to which John's body was accustomed, when they went to restaurant for light supper of fried fish and salad. 3. For lunch he took them to Runway Beach Hotel which was not very far out of town. He had told her to bring their bathing kit and before lunch, they had swim, but did not try out their new masks. 4. He ate late hearty breakfast in deserted dining-room served by boy who had brought in his bags. 5. He went to small restaurant in old port for dinner. Alone. He had spoken to enough people that day. 6. At night when wind roars and child sleeps quietly in its wooden cot by chimney piece I light lamp and walk about, thinking of my friends. 7. Kite stayed up there all through night, and at breakfast time next morning small blue dot was still dancing in sky. After breakfast I hauled it down. 8. How often do you go out to dinner or to theatre on Monday night? 9. Some of our guests enjoy substantial breakfast in restaurant while they're on holidays. 10. Next day Herbert Macaulay telephoned me: Hello. I didn't know you were back in town till Dorothy told me. How about lunch?" 11. They had finished dinner and children were

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in bed, and there was good hearty sound of Mrs. Burnsdale washing dishes in kitchen.

Exercise 57. Use the proper article.

I. "Brine two candles and take away lamp," the major said. Or­ derly brought two lighted candles each in saucer, and took out lamp blowing it out. (Hemingway)

II. We were talking softly out on balcony. Moon was supposed to rise but there was mist over town and it did not come up and in little while it started to drizzle and we came in. (Hemingway)

III. Night I was to return to front I sent porter down to hold seat for me on train when it came from Turin. Train was to leave at midnight. (Hemingway)

4. He was man no longer young with small beard, now some­what grey, and thin face. He was dressed in singlet, without arms, and pair of duck trousers. He wore neither shoes nor socks. He spoke English with slight accent. (Maugham)

5. She stared straight in front of for her minute, then with shrug of shoulders opened drawer by her bedside and from little bottle took couple of sleeping tablets. (Maugham)

6. Tom was wearing his new dinner jacket for first time and he and Julia exchange little private glance, of satisfaction on his part and of complements on her. (Maugham)

VII. Doreen went into kitchenette, and heard familiar pop of gas and clatter of cups. Then she was back again holding up teapot with half its spout gone. "Cup of tea from brown pot, eh?" (Cusack)

Exercise 58. Use the proper article.

I. I walked down damp gravel driveway looking at villa through trees. Windows were all shut but door was open. I went in and found major sitting at table in bare room with maps and typed sheets of paper on wall. (Hemingway)

2. Out in street again he stopped in front of small window where bald-headed man was bowed over watch, instrument like small binocular clamped to his eye. There were only few things in window, tray of opals, some watch-chains and watches and half dozen rings. (Cusack)

3. She lay for long time looking at her watch reminding herself that it was time to get her lunch. It was set out on tray in kitch­enette, but effort of getting out of bed tormented her for hour be­fore she forced herself to do it. Her legs were shaky and she needed support of chairs and table to get herself across room. (Cusack)

IV. That night bat flew into room through open door that led on to balcony and through which we watched night over roofs of town. It was dark in our room except for small light of nights over town, and bat was not frightened, but hunted in room as though he| had been outside. (Hemingway) 39

Exercise 59. Use the proper article.

I. That night I slept badly. In morning I was first-comer to bridge, as I lived nearest I hid my books in long grass near ash pit at end of garden where nobody ever came, and burned along canal bank. It was mild sunny morning in first week of June. (J. Joyce)

П. She walked for about quarter of mile and then suddenly broke into oblique run up soft part of beach. She stopped short when she reached place where young man was lying on his back. (Salinger).

III. In late summer of that year we lived in house in village that looked across river and plain to mountains. In bed of river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in sun, and water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in channels. (Hemingway)

IV. Everything in room was dear and familiar- divans with their bright covers and cushions, pictures on wall, flower bowl on table. There was new chintz cover on her bed-delicate pink pat­ terned with cornflowers. She ran her hand over glazed surface of material, and looked up at Doreen with shining eyes. (Cusack)

Exercise 60. Use the proper article.

1. Room reminded her very much of some of lodgings she had lived in when she was first on stage. She noticed pathetic attempts he had made to conceal fact that it was bedroom as well as sitting-room. Divan against wall was evidently his bed at night. Years slipped away from her in fancy and she felt strangely young again. What fun they had had in rooms very like that and how they had enjoyed fantastic meals they had had, things in paper bags and eggs and bacon fried on gas ring! He came in with tea in brown pot. She ate square sponge-cake with pink icing on it. That was thing she had not done for years. Ceylon tea, very strong, with milk and sugar in it, took her back to days she thought she had forgotten. (Maugham)

2. Left alone, Jinnie looked around, without getting up, for good place to throw out or hide sandwich. She heard someone coming through foyer. She put sandwich into her coat pocket.

Young man in his early thirties, neither short nor tall, came into room. His regular features, his short haircut, cut of his suit, pattern of his necktie gave out not real information. He might have been on staff, or trying to get on staff of news magazine. He might have just been on play that closed in Philadelphia. He might have been with law firms.

Part П. ARTICLES IN REGULAR USE

Exercise 61. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with the nouns "school", "university", "bed", "town".

I. 1. Felicity certainly wants to leave school. 2. They had met through Labour Party activities when Мог had been teaching in school on south side of London. 3. "I suppose I can't give either of you lift back to school?" Invitation did not sound very whole­ hearted. 4. Demoyte was former headmaster, now retired, but still living in his large house near to school. 5. St. Bride's became, dare we say it, sound and reputable school of second class. 6. Mr. Loveday went to school to meet his son's teachers. 7. After my daughter leaves school, I want her to go to university. 8. What a shame! He seemed to forget completely way to university. 9. I hear Simon left university without doing his examinations. 10. Actually, many children hate school. Towards top of hill school was shut in by high wall. 11. Miss Carter might have gone into school to call on Ewy. 12. Donald's success was obviously pleasing to school. 13. She had known Jim for more than ten years, ever since her husband, who was teaching at that time in Grammar school in south London, had first made his acquaintance through Labour Party. 14. When scandal was over, he would start school of his own.

II. 1. Then he found out that he could not stay in bed. 2. He went to bed and slept excellently. 3. He got into bed but could not sleep. 4. He found Dora lying on bed in their bedroom reading novel. 5. I'll bring you up some coffee and egg in bed. 6. Did you make bed on Saturday morning? 7. He sat up in bed and saw it was just daylight. 8. He jumped out of bed, and put on dressing- gown while I told him of Pilbrow. 9. "You look like miniature owl," said Alleyn, and sat on bed. 10. It was nine o'clock when he awoke and sat up in bed. 11. "Good night, Ellen," said Cassie, stooping over bed. 12. I put him to bed one night in old shirt of my hus­ band's and then I washed and mended and ironed every stitch he had on. 13. It will be too late to take him away that night. (What will he think as he lies for last time in hard iron bed?) In morning I will go and fetch him and take him to train to Paris. 14. She turned away from bed and passed on through dormitory.

HI. 1. To him it was inconceivable that intelligent man should be happy to live in provincial town. 2. Dusk was falling in desert town of Eldorado when Bob Eden alighted from train. 3. He had some school business in London, and they had agreed that she should meet him after lunch when it was done and they should spend rest of day in town. 4. Eddie was in terrific rush when he got back to town. 5. How long have you been in town? 6. I must get back to town after dinner. 7. I'd been in town week and there was nothing

in paper saying where I was staying. 8. We saw town with mist over it that cut off mountains. 41

Exercise 62. t

Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with the names of meals.

1. I have cup of coffee and biscuit in morning and then dinner, but I never eat more than one thing for luncheon. 2. I hadn't slept well night before and, having eaten heavy lunch, was agreeably drowsy. 3. "Won't you both stay to dinner?" suggested Sally Jordyn. 4. Table was laid out for tea. 5. A young man, from his appearance perhaps clerk, was eating modest dinner at Chan's side. 6. The maids told me he hadn't been in to breakfast or lunch. 7. Still, If we have this girl at dinner we shall at last escape Miss Handforth.

8. "D'you want to go and wash?" she said. "Supper's ready."

9. When he had gone, Chan and Eden ate cold lunch in cookhouse.

10. Dinner was announced. 11. At end of dinner it suddenly struck her that she had been talking entirely of herself. 12. Before breakfast was served he had full hour for reflection. 13. "Lunch isn't over," said Nan, "just because you've finished eating." 14. They gave dinner nearly every week. So nice of them! 15. "Well, what am I to do about dinner?" said Miss Handforth. "Spoil it by overcooking or let it get cold?" 16. After lunch they went across garden to music-room. 17. Now, I understand that during dinner Miss Seacliff complained of headache. 18. They all went in to dinner. 19. Coffee was taken in library. 20. She turned to her son and said, "Bernard, will you pour out coffee." 21. Some hours later, while they waited for lunch, Bob Eden and Madden sat talking in big living-room. 22. That night they ate early dinner so that they could make first show at movie theatre. 23. "Thank you," he said, "for very pleasant lunch." 24. "1 must be off," he said. "I'll be back for lunch." 25. "We are eating jolly good dinner." He held up leg of chicken. 26. Dinner began in silence. 27. "What nice lunch!" said Clare, eating sugar at bottom of her coffee cup. 28. "Luncheon is served," said Leigh ton, but he said it too late. 29. There was to be ceremonial dinner, at a date not yet arranged, to honour presentation to school of portrait of Mr. De- moyte. 30. You mustn't take cup of tea and biscuit in place of regular dinner, because dinner happens to be a trouble. 31. I must say, I didn't notice it. He was being honest. He had had other problems to think about during and after dinner. 32. I think 111 just go and give Mr. Ocmerod a hand with dinner. 33. They had felt pretty hungry before, but when they actually saw at last supper that was spread for them, really it seemed only a question of what they should attack first where all was so attractive. В

Exercise 63. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of the article with nouns de­noting tile parts of the day.

1. Night was still dark. 2. The wind of clear winter morning had put colour into her cheeks. 3. Day was chill, and there was promise of rain. 4. Morning passed quickly, and little before one o'clock Мог

42

set out on his bicycle for Mr. Everard's luncheon party. 5. Anyway she wouldn't come back in night. 6. Somewhere in the early hours of morning he dozed. 7. Then she began to wake up in night and speculate about what Bill was doing. 8. He usually wears corduroys and sports coat during day, and black trousers and velvet smoking-jacket in evening. 9. A Drown cupboard contained Donald's bed, which was folded up during day. 10. Мог had never seen it (the rose-garden) by night. 11. We travelled by day and stayed at hotels every night. 12. It was day later that she began to be afraid. 13. It was cold evening with hint of frost on air. 14. It was sunny morning with tang of autumn about it. 15. On sunny afternoon Constance arrived at the house in South Halkin Street, and rang bell. 16. "What lovely evening," Constance said. It wasn't really lovely evening but her happiness made it seem so. 17. Evening approached by time Fielding and Miss Quested met. 18. It was broad day when I awoke. 19. She did not get it (the telegram) until nearly midnight. 20. He turned in bed and looked towards window. It was early morning. 21. I awoke and It was still night. 22. Towards evening of following day, at a time when she was alone, letter arrived to herself. 23. Returning home in afternoon she became conscious of her own betraying radiance. 24. There's electric fire but I thought real one would be more cheerful on miserable day like this. 25. It was horrible day, dark and cold. 26. It was on day after this that Danny received note. 27. It's been wonderful evening for me.

Exercise 64.

Use tile proper article. Pay attention to the words in bold type.

1. We're sailing at dawn. 2. At sunrise Bart slipped quietly out of room. 3. I suppose he had pushed off at daybreak. 4. Why. only last week, when they were riding home at twilight from Fairhill, he said: "Scarlet, 1 have something so important to tell you that I hardly know how to say it." 5. Between beds were white curtains which were pulled back In day-time. 6. Like child he believed him­self invisible in dark. 7. Alleyn's voice came quietly out of darkness: "I've seen her." 8. It was already getting towards dusk when he plunged without hesitation into the wood. 9. AD day a February rain had spattered over town, bringing early dusk. 10. They sped on through gathering dusk. 11. Dark had fallen by time I reached offi­cers' quarters, where I was spending night. 12. We walked back to farm and sat down again in silence on straw, out of wind, which like animal seemed to know that dark was coming. 13. I had come in before dawn. 14. Gardener had been up since dawn. 15. It was cold after dark in Hanoi. 16. It was long after sunrise, but no one dreamed of going to sleep. 17. Look at sunset! I never saw one redder. 18. You'd have to meet me at station - if I walk through

town In broad daylight, someone is lure to see us. 19. Sun was

down now and air was denser with twilight, 20. They agreed that this weather was strange after such sunset. 21. My heart began to

4%

beat fast, and though I was hidden by darkness I withdrew into shade of bushes. 22. She sat very still And train rattled on in dying twilight

Exercise 65. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the "with-phrases" (attributive and ad­verbial).

I. l. He was slight crazy-looking boy with small head. 2, Marsh- ington was old village with fine broad main street. 3. Though he stooped now, he was still tall man and with head only just not grotesquely large for his body. 4. It was little pink house with white snow on roof and green windows and brown door. 5. She was tall woman with untidy brown hair, and very winning smile. 6. General Henderson was tall man, slim and erect, with lined bronzed face and white hair. 7. He was enormous man, over six feet in height and with shoulders and neck of bull.

II. 1. Then she said with sudden gesture, "Oh, dear, it's no good," and turned away. 2. He left room again, closing door behind him with bang. 3. Mr. and Mrs. Bode followed their daughter with smile. 4. Brown was looking at him with anxious glance. 5. He si­ lenced her with good-humoured motion of his hand. 6. Girl shook her head, and with sudden movement slipped her arm out and dived away like swallow. 7. With shiver, though not of cold, she drew her wrapper close. 8. They watched them go with amusement. 9. Мог looked at her with approval. 10. Nan rose with determination, 11. "Oh, Harry?" cried lad with ripple of laughter. 1Z Hilary said with most careful casualness, "I wonder, old man, if you'd mind very much if I asked you to let me go." 13. Only so could he win what he wanted with desperation of a perishing man.

Exercise 66.

Use the proper article. Pay attention to the "like-phrases" (predicative and ad­verbial).

I. 1. He did not look quite like Englishman. 2. He looked like man who was used to these garments. 3. She looked like boy with her head turned shamefacedly away. 4. Poor Winifred was like fish out of water. 5. As he felt the big car purring quietly along under his control Мог felt like king. 6. She looked like child's picture herself, extremely gay and simple. 7. She was like little poem in herself. 8. Funny, Jane thought, he didn't look like musician, more like lawyer or doctor. 9. Now she looked elegant, like heroine in magazine illustration, and almost as unreal. 10. She spoke in very quiet pensive voice. It was like moaning of dove.

II. 1. Miss Garter went up steps like bird. 2. Branches above her were murmuring like river. 3. Her heart beat like heavy bell. 4. He felt as if Nan would launch herself upon him like tiger as soon as he let her in, 5. Dulcia fascinates me like snake. 6. Sky shone pale, and one bird drifted high like dark fleck

44

in jewel. 7. Involuntarily she shut door, and advanced like great dangerous bird. 8. Marble floor glittered like water. 9. He lives like low-grade clerk.

Exercise 67. Use the proper article.

1. About this time the memorable hero Robin Hood flourished in romantic manner. 2. He gazed at her in blank astonishment, then took a handkerchief from his trouser pocket. 3, "For God's sake, Johnny," began Dr. Stevens in weak stammer. 4. "There's nest on rafter here," she said in hushed voice, as though afraid of disturbing the birds. 5. Whole family gazed at her in mute astonishment. 6. She spoke in strong, rich, deep thrilling voice. 7. Hour went by in silence. 8. He lifted hand in eloquent gesture. 9. We waited in breathless suspense. There was not sound. 10. Emerging from flight deck, Janet called out in voice just loud enough to carry to the rows of passengers. 11. In abstract worried fashion, he drank little milk and nibbled at a sandwich.

Exercise 68. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the article in prepositional adverbial phrases of manner.

1. He looked at little chap with feeling of doubt. 2. "It's lie, I tell you," he said in low, sharp voice. 3. He was like vessel, powerful and dangerous, but rolling without sail. 4. He looked at her in amazement 5. Carrie watched his every movement with pleasure. 6. "Well, you get it then," he said grimly, though in modified tone of voice. 7. She shook her head as if in deep thought. 8. I'll not argue with you," she replied with determination. 9. With grunt of disgust she picked up topmost letter from little pile on side of his desk. 10. like bear with sore head, that's what I am. 11. When he returned, hour later, his eyes were gleaming with peculiar excitement. 12. There were ten people. They met with indifference, and would part with relief. 13. He looked down in mild surprise. 14. He said we could sit down to eat with easy mind. 15. Rebecca spoke French with purity and Parisian accent. 16, Drouet was standing by dresser, gazing at her in comic manner. 17. She fascinates me like snake. 18. He slept like dead man. 19. With swift gesture he caught handle and flung door open. 20. She opened her mouth several times like fish gasping for air. 21. She would have kept my house like new pin. 22. Her mouth hung open in amazement. 23. Kay looked at him with astonishment. 24. New speaker began in dry crisp voice. 25. In cabin something was stirring like trout freshly caught. 26. He raised his hands in gesture of helplessness.

Exercise 69. Use the proper article (noun-groups with "of-phrases").

I. 1. Here and there could be seen red roofs of tall Victorian houses. 2. It was indeed face of old man. 3. Jimmy's head was flat

45

upon floor and his feet were propped up on arm of chair. 4. Near by could be seen bundle and what looked like handle of some tool. 5. His eyes were small and intensely bright, eyes of young and lively man.

II. 1. Rose garden was reached by flight of stone steps. 2. She began to wander between rows of stools. 3. "Shall I go and get it, sir?" said Ridden who was standing in group of boys just behind him. 4. It was like him to cloud his manoeuvres behind smoke screen of words.

Ш. 1. There was loaf of bread, cheese and butter, and very sur­prisingly, little jar of caviare. 2. On table bottle of port was ready for him. 3, Mrs. Henderson ladled spoonfuls of tea into tea-pot and poured hot water in. 4. Sun warmed her forehead and dried drops of moisture from her cheeks. 5. He always smokes cigarette with cup of coffee.

IV. 1. Stepping inside, he found himself in what had once been sort of office. 2. Anyway, it's sort of thing one doesn't talk about to people one just has met. 3. What sort of boy has he grown into? Not like Robert, I hope? 4. And you know sort of man he is.

V. 1. He had confused feeling of surprise. 2. Lad was continual source of worry and trouble to his father. 3. Mrs. Henderson gave her son glance of tender amusement. 4. He's got absolutely no sense of humour. 5. He looked hard at Alleyn, and then expression of great relief came upon him and he relaxed.

Exercise 70. Use the proper article (noun-groups with "of-phrases").

1. It's better to take risk than to fall into hands of Germans. 2. It is as plain as palm of my hand.

3. Doctor once told me my nerves were as sensitive as strings of violin. 4. Do you call yourself man? I despise you from bottom of my heart. 5. They were affected by depth of his feeling. 6. He asked her to sit down. She perched on edge of chair and stared fixedly at him. 7. Grove of pine trees swept past behind car. 8. Soft murmur arose from them as from hive of bees. 9. Demoyte lived at distance of three miles from school. 10. "You might cut me slice of bread, mother," said Stanley. 11. I'm afraid it's moon, looking so much like slice of melon, 12. Up amid platinum stars thin slice of moon rode high. 13. I long for lights about me that are bright. Little restaurant, few good fellows, bottle of mineral water on table. 14. He sat down gloomily and accepted glass of brandy. 15. It's dangerous sort of toy to have about. 16. You're sort of young man we want. 17. It was painted with kind of quiet thoughtfulness. 18. He looked at us with kind of cheerful cunning. 19. "It is surprisingly easy to face that kind of fact," he said. 20. She opened her eyes wide, look of ex­treme horror came into her face. 21. This gave him sense of free­dom. 22. There was look of mild astonishment on his large face.

46

Exercise 71. Use the proper article (noun-groups with "of-phrases").

1. She put her hand on back of chair to steady herself. 2. There was in firmness of her chin, in decision of her mouth something that suggested strong will. 3. He saw very short youthful-looking girl, wearing black cotton blouse and necklace of large red beads. 4. As Bill descended stairs he saw little packet of books which he had left on hall table. 5. They were impressed by depth of his feeling. 6. There was raised terrace that ran along rear of house and it was reached by flight of steps. 7. There was loaf of bread, cheese, and butter. He ate with extreme hunger. He finished half loaf and great piece of cheese. 8. I brought bottle of whisky, syphon and jug of water. Jug felt as though water inside had been iced. I poured out whisky. 9. He was terribly thirsty and asked for glass of water. 10. I've got cup of coffee waiting for you. 11. Here's piece of bread with bit of meat in it. 12. Room was made for Jane to sit down and Mrs. Clark offered her cup of tea. 13. He was not only man of deep feeling but also man of passionate pride. 14. There was general gasp of astonishment. 15. She drew long breath of relief. 16. His Features were not particularly good, but when he smiled he showed set of very white, regular teeth. 17. Not breath of wind stirred leaves. 18. Slight feeling of uneasiness came over him. 19. There was just trace of hesitation in his manner. 20. There's no doubt that wife of man like Ashley Ferras must have had to suffer a good deal. 21. There is usually grain of truth in what people are saying. 22. Until then I'll keep key of door. 23. I was shocked by sight of her face. 24. I saw look of surprise creep into inspector's eye. 25. Then he came back once more to middle or room. His eye travelled round, searching everything in room with quick glance.

Exercise 72. Use the proper article (noun-groups with "of-phrases").

1. He knelt down by pond, bearing his arm to elbow, and low­ered it in very slowly, so as not to disturb bottom of pond. 2. He was sort of man you could rely on, but he was sort of man you couldn't love. 3. We might be able to reach bank of river farther along. 4. Rain took flowers with exclamation of joy and held them to her face. 5. It's just sort of job that would suit me. 6. At dawn German tanks penetrated outskirts of village. 7. It was nothing less than flash of sheer genius that prompted me to ask question I did. 8. Towards Nan he felt no more of his former anger, only dull feeling of hostility mixed with pity and regret. 9. Under shade of huge oak cows were lying. 10. He is sort of man who always acts honourably. 11. She turned her head slowly and gave him look of joyful tenderness. 12. Having satisfied himself that each guest had plate of food and glass of water, he was anxious to make conversa­tion. 13. She took jug of milk from tray. 14. There was no release in any kind of action, there seemed no end to their waiting. 15. She

471

looked pretty determined sort of woman. 16. She felt as child open­ing door of dark room. 17. From other side of hill came gentle mu­sic of sea. 18. She picked up her black dress lying over arm of chair. 19. I've always looked upon myself as very simple sort of chap. 20. He looked at groups of young girls walking arm in arm. 21. It had started to rain in loose light gusts, beating in noisy clouds against windows of bus. 22. Waitress brought their food; some tea without milk or sugar, few slices of dry toast, dish of unnaturally pink jam. 23. That was next piece of bad luck. He had died about three weeks after Jeanne was arrested. 24. We are, in fact, between gardens of group of houses in streets all around. 25. "Three years ago it was"-she broke off and stood still, her mouth set in rigid grimace of pain. 26. Being seven, her little brown velvet frock barely reached knees of her thin, brown-stockinged legs planted one just in front of other, as might be legs of small brown bird.

Exercise 73. Use the proper article and point out the noun-groups with "of-phrases".

I. It was evening and I sat reading by fireplace. There were few sounds to hear, for college was empty and quiet; I could just make out footsteps of porter, as he passed beneath window. Now and again his keys clinked, and clink reached me after sound of his foot­steps had been lost in snow.

П. I had drawn curtains early that evening. It was warm and cozy in zone of armchair and sofa which formed island of comfort round fireplace. Outside that zone, as one went towards walls of large room, draughts were bitter.

HI. In blaze of firelight, when it shone into dark corners panelling on walls glowed softly, almost rosily, but no warmth reached as far, so in most part of room it was as cold as in open air, and one would hurry back to cozy island in front of fireplace, to pool of light from reading lamp on mantelpiece.

IV. I was comfortable in my armchair. I was reading so intently that I did not notice steps on staircase, until there came quick re­peated knock on door. (After Snow)

Exercise 74. Use the proper articles, summarizing the cases already mentioned.

1. It was not beginning he had expected. 2. Why did his eyes fix her with stare that did not seem to see her? 3. I want you to ex­plain disappointment we had this morning. 4. And then he would find place where they could live and she feel safe and happy.

5. She took cigarette, he offered her, with strained smile of thanks.

6. Suddenly, watching fear she was trying to hide, he believed her story. 7. She gave him look which he could not read. 8. If you were writer or artist, who could take his work where he likes; but you’ve got to do yours here in London. 9. I have letter for you which came two days ago. 10. Then I recalled to mind all things

48

and places which Anna had liked most in Paris. 11. As I was look­ing this over, I heard wing doors which led onto main corridor be­ing opened. 12. Gloomy guilty feeling crept through him, which changed into an exasperated misery. Everything was against him.

13. Never before had any one spoken to Hepsey in measured icy tone that was at once lady-like and commanding. 14. At corner of Oxford Circus Rosabel bought bunch of violets, and that was practi­ cally reason why she had so little tea. 15. The Englishmen, European movement, was rational and questioning challenge to traditional ways of perceiving the natural world and man's place in it 16. Exhibition serves as reminder of nearly forgotten school with central place in history of European art. 17. "Listen, officer," he said, "I have regular public pass for gallery, but I'm student from Yale doing research." 18. Excuse me, Miss Frazee. We need the facts. Who are three men that accused you? 19. While applause died down, President waited for twenty-one-gun salute to come to end. 20. Figure detached itself from black shape of tree and he knew it was woman whom he had passed in lobby coming out. 21. Even at moment of marriage she had not given thought to fact that price she was paying for safety of home was permanent exile for it. 22. Day she took first walk to road daffodils broke in flourish of golden flags. There was ecstasy in air, whole world was full of excitement and joy, and laughter was on her lips.

Exercise 75. Comment on the use of the article with abstract nouns.

I. 1. The earth gets light and heat from the sun. 2. Broad beams of light shone through the clouds and beyond them as if they would cover the whole sky. 3. The golden light, still lying in sheets upon the water, dazzled Nan for a moment. 4. All the windows were dark under the moon, except for the great bedroom of the Lodge, where the Master lay. There a light glowed, warm, tawny, against the stark brightness of the sky. 5. He sat up in bed and saw it was just daylight. A cold, white light filled the room. 6. She was holding a match in her hand and it gave a surprisingly bright light. 7. It may sound exaggerated, but you brought me back to life. 8. They had their own pattern of life and expected me to fit in. 9. All the same, it was not the life of a spoiled child. 10. I've had a happy life, and want nothing now but a grandson to dandle on my knee.

11. To live a healthy life in the country was good for them.

12. And yet what was the alternative? To stand trial, with perhaps a shameful death at the end of it, and at best the horror of imprisonment, and on release a life without honour or usefulness. Poor Tom. 13. Death stilled her struggle before it was decided.

14. You are right, Mrs. Camp. Why do people spend more money upon a death than upon a birth? 15. But we are tonight paying honour to a man who is by birth a foreigner to us. 16, The dearest wish of his father's heart was to behold the birth of a boy

49

who could inherit the land his forbears had owned so long. 17. Was the death of a man so terrible after all?

П. 1. His voice was conciliatory, almost caressing, and there was a loving kindness in his eyes. 2. May felt that it was false kindness to keep the truth from him. 3. Suddenly she smiled at me with great kindness. 4. There was something in his nature, pitiless and rather dreadful, that made him take a peculiar pleasure in his se­cret work. 5. It gives me great pleasure. 6. For once he showed real irritation. 7. She seemed at times to be seized with an uncon­trolled irritation and would say sharp and wounding things. 8. Then her face went red and there was a cruel hardness in her eyes. 9. She had cost her husband great suffering. 10. He loved his father and mother and he knew that his decision must cause them bitter pain.

Exercise 76. Use the proper article paying attention to abstract nouns.

1. I think there can be tittle question but that I can give him better life... With me he can swim and sail, and live fine outdoor life in a year-round good climate. 2. There is time to speak and time to be silent 3. While there is life there is hope! And there is life still! 4. We're all to enjoy life. 5. He had no illusions about leading calendar-picture life with his father. 6. Presence of that charming girl brought life to great, stately house. 7. I should imagine you could have very happy life with her. 8. He actually dares to have life of his own! 9. Room was full of yellow evening light and its three tall windows were wide open on to garden. 10. There's good working light now," he said, watching his shadow placidly. 11. As he entered, Мог blinked at bright light within. 12. All of a sudden light shone from Winslow's room. 13. Light was burning in the newspaper office, and under it frail figure sat hunched over type­writer. 14. She had come back like animal wounded to death. 15. He was glad to crush them at once - as we hasten a funeral after death. 16. Was he assisting at death of his romantic longing? 17. It would be impossible to get permission while he was still in Army. 18. I wrote him asking permission to use his place. 19. I have asked and been granted permission to call Miss Fellowes by her Christian name. 20. With permission of Madden, he took the little car and sped towards Eldorado. 21. He also asks me to say that unfortunately he must withdraw permission he gave you in his letter. 22. During that moment Miss Pembroke told lie, and made Rickie believe it was truth. 21 There is usually grain of truth in what people are saying.

Exercise 77. Use the proper article paying attention to abstract nouns.

1. Talking of war, there'll be trouble in Balkans in spring. 2. It seemed no more dangerous to me myself than war in movies.

50

3. We all hate war, old boy. 4. Austrian Empire was on verge of war with Serbia. 5. "If there is war," said George, "it will be sort of natural calamity." 6. All this time war was drawing steadily nearer. 7. It's going to be long and terrible war. 8. Still she is a German. If war breaks out you won't be able to keep her here. 9. Even when employment came there was still atmosphere of poverty and insecurity. 10. On wings of hope, of love, of joy, Miss Meadows sped back to music hall. 11. It gave him feeling of deep, solid satisfaction. 12. In their normal relationship they had silent understanding that Nady had gone for ever. 13. Pyle stood there with expression of bewilderment on his face. 14. Inside cellar was complete darkness. 15. "Time passes," said George, "what do we know of Time?" 16. It was distressing time. 17. First sensation was relief. 18. He can't bear idleness. 19. Mr. Budd now felt strange freedom and confidence. 20. Jan got out of bed, feeling familiar tightness in her throat.

Exercise 78. Use the proper article paying attention to abstract nouns.

I. 1. I think I should tell you that Germans are marching into Poland tomorrow and we shall be at war in twenty-four hours. It's going to be long and terrible war. 2. It was not only love he felt for her; it was deep respect. 3. "I suppose he'll bring all latest news," said Dora. 4. She thought of her girlish dreams sometimes with smiling sadness. 5. "Was it you who left door open?" I had my an­ swer in blush of guilt that even rouge and powder could not con­ ceal. 6. There was word of truth in what Dora said. 7. Jago's face was dark with pain. 8. Shadow of irritation passed through her mind at his eagerness to do this. 9. It was quite dark outside by now and candles gave bright but soft light to rooms 10. He was delighted with permission. 11. I should be fool if I didn't know I've been disappointment to them. 12. "Miss Dora, I've got bad news for you," he said. 13. He felt anger against the gipsy for having given them such fright. 14. They all had sickening fear that something dreadful had happened. 15. Jim buried his face in pillow trying to shut out dreadful fear that assailed him. 16. And in moment they were blinking and rubbing their eyes in bright light of hall. Щ

II. 1. I'm glad," replied his mother with great relief. 2. For moment I hated him. I saw myself, com- pared with him, as the Town Hall clerk, and I tasted sourness of envy. 3. I felt bitter envy towards the two small boys walking along path with their mother at that moment. 4. He shivered with pleasure. 5. She looked at me with curious pity. 6. And William went to London to start new life. 7. Only work kept him in control at all. 8. I want you to say to yourself that he died gallant death in service of his country, and we must be proud of him. 9. When he was twelve he won first prize in a race, inkstand of glass shaped like animal. It stood proudly on dresser and gave Mrs. Morel keen pleasure. 10. "Did you sleep

51

comfortably?" "Me?" Pilgrim turned to Alleyn with air of bewilder­ment. "Oh, I always sleep like log." 11. It was rich man's face, smooth with assurance and good living. 12. This was laid before Dinny at dinner-time by her uncle without comment 13. Luck was with him and he got back to Hanoi twenty-four hours before road was officially regarded as cut. 14. Here crowd was so great there was hardly space to take off their things; noise was deafening. 15. Do you take no side then in modern politics? 16. Every morning before going to business he came to nursery.

Exercise 79. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use of article with the noun pred­icative after the anticipatory "it".

1. It's honour to be thought of by such colleagues as you. I'm deeply touched. 2. It isn't so much surprise to find you are indulgent towards me. 3. It was irony that it came in such form. 4. But it was shame to wake you, wasn't it? 5. It was always surprise to me that you ever attracted Nightingale at all. 6. But my old colleagues never forgot me, and it was great pleasure to go to see them once year and talk over old times. 7. It really is relief to talk it over with you, Midge. You are always so sensible and practical. 8. "It was great privilege to meet her," said Hilary. 9. It had been great happi­ness to him to discover that she was in complete agreement with him in opinions. 10. It was great bitterness to Mariam to see herself deserted by Paul. 11. "Yes," replied Mrs. Lievers. "It's wonder she isn't ill herself." 12. It was relief to receive no reply. 13. It was real pleasure to him to give pleasure to others. 14. He knew that it had been sacrifice to his parents to give him so costly an education. 15. It seems pity to take up old scandals and wash a lot of dirty linen in public 16. It's been bitter grief to me that son of mine should refuse to fight for his country.

Exercise 80. Use the proper article summarizing the cases already mentioned.

She brought him food soon after dawn and then again when night fell 2. May prevented great cry of relief from breaking through her hips. 3. Daylight was comfort, but danger as well, for they might be seen by German motor boat and then it was all up with them. 4. Look she gave him sent cold shiver down his spine. 5. There was peculiar charm in that little park in middle of city; it was graceful, rural and at same time urban. 6. Let's sit down again in shade until breakfast is ready. 7. Pleasant hazy twilight enveloped school. 8. She brought him milk to drink, and food; he could not touch food, but he drank milk greedily. 9. He had come in as quickly as was his habit and was watching them with amused smile. 10. Collector sat on edge of table, so that he could dominate without formality.

52

11. He ran over menu: English breakfast, porridge and mutton chops. 12. He asked her if she could get him clothes in which he could pass unnoticed. She suggested suit of her husband's. 13. He was huge, red-faced man, with great booming voice. 14. She had not missed glance Jane had given her and had been seized with panic fear. 15. His eye travelled round, searching everything in room with quick, trained lance. 16. He turned in bed and looked towards win­dow. Very white dim light It was early morning. 17. Here is Doctor Sheppard, close friend of poor Roger's. 18. You probably think that I must have lived very gay life in France - but it wasn't so. 19. And she was cut off from ordinary life by her religious intensity. 20. And now, darling, don't you think you ought to get good night's sleep? 21. Allen stood like figure of stone in entrance. 22. Madden laid heavy hand on his shoulder. 23. Young man in photograph had been given from birth necessary background for charm. 24. I didn't begin work till Monday and today was Friday so there was plenty of time for investigation. 25. He was man of most subtle and refined intel­lect. Man of culture, charm and distinction. One of most intellectual men I ever met.

Exercise 81. Insert the proper article summarizing the cases already mentioned.

1. "Here I am, up with lark and ready for action," he an­nounced. 2. Old woman with immense Breton cap opened door. 3. As room filled up, one kept hearing whispers about young Winslow. Some were speaking in malice, some in good nature, some in mixture of two. 4. He went in and ordered himself bacon and eggs and tea. He sat there for long time, drinking cup after cup of strong black tea. 5. She was stout powerful middle-aged woman with face like lion and foot like rhino. 6. Dinner was as good as it looked and smelled. 7. Rain had stopped and there was sudden and startling stillness. 8. I judged her to be woman quite unused to deception of any kind. Child could have seen through her. 9. She had husband who was devoted to her and proud of her. 10. Then it came to Jago to describe examination results. He passed from subject to subject in traditional Cambridge order, mathematics, classics, natural sciences. He came to history. 11. We broke off at one o'clock for cold lunch, and most people ate with zest. 12. She stared at Hilary with look of defiance that he couldn't interpret. 13. Here once more trees met overhead and there was diffused green light. 14. Sky was cloudless and china-blue, there was scarcely breath of wind. Sun was perceptibly warm on skin and we thought of taking turn round garden before lunch. 15. He liked his food and he did not see why when he was alone he should have less good dinner than when he had guest. 16. Then two women smiled at each other with curious tenderness. 17. Demoyte regarded him with unconcealed contempt and always referred to as "poor Ewy". 18. Money went through his hands like water. 19 By and by people

began to talk about his modelling. He began to work in stone. 20. He raised his voice and shouted for dinner. 21. He led way to stable-yard accordingly, the Rat following with most mistrustful expression. 22. Dr. Stevens, most sensitive man, suddenly became aware that for first time amiable phrases had produced shocked silence.

Exercise 82. Insert the proper article summarizing the cases already mentioned.

1. But Eden did not at once prepare for bed. Instead he sat down, his .head in his hands, and tried to think. 2. Suddenly they heard sinister, terrifying whistle of falling bomb ahead of them. 3. Jane looked at him with impassive face and deliberately winked at him. 4. He had confused feeling of surprise. 5. Mr. Jenkins was small man with grey, thinning hair, lined, long face and red-rimmed eyes. 6. I went round table to stop him. 1 had him by shoulder, but he shook me off. 7. He told me, word for word, what Pilbrow had said. 8. "She is sure of that?" asked Ralf, who had sat with immov­able face. 9. I told him that it might put us both in false position if I gave definite answer. 10. Branches above her were murmuring like river. 11. She went to bed and soon fell into deep sleep. 12. I'm going to have rail-course dinner, 13. There was not yet hint of autumn in air and sun shone radiant 14. No one could have more passionate love for England than he. 15. Week went by, week of tremendous hope, second week went by, week of terrified foreboding. 16. Demoyte's books were all behind glass, so that roof was full of reflections. 17. There was sound of footsteps outside and girl said: "There's Father." 18. "Of course he didn't do it," said Caroline, who had been keeping silent with great difficulty. 19. He could not resist asking: "Do you know when results will be out?" 20. We • stood looking at window. Court was quite beneath stars.

Exercise 83. Pay attention to the groups of nouns before which the article is omitted lo stress their close connection. Use the article in other cases, if necessary.

1. Very mystery of him excited her curiosity like door that had neither lock nor key. 2. Pursuers and pursued vanished into night. 3. There was pause, niece and aunt regarded each other. 4. Neither wife nor husband spoke. 5. At first I thought that they were brother and sister, they were so much alike. 6. He came in through French window, leaving dog and gun outside. 7. When guests had gone, and Adela gone to bed, there was another interview between mother and son. 8. Husband and wife stood breathing as if they had run hundred yards instead of walking three. 9. Roger had been as surprised at others to hear that Jim and Dora were man and wife. 10. His life with Lisa in Paris had not included any French friends whom he might expect to find still, after war and oc­cupation, inevitably established in their own homes. 11. Not sound,

not quiver as if horse and man had turned to metal. 12. They went off, as though car and driver were one indivisible unit

Exercise 84. Comment on the omission of the article in the following examples.

1. His stolid features were expressionless as he catalogued the room. Bed, night table, medicine glass, capsule box, tea-cup, medicine-bottle half filled with pink fluid, carafe half filled with water. 2. In the past, knife, fork, spoon, razor, comb, lather-brush, tooth-brush, button-stick - these had sufficed him, 3. Wind-driven rain hammered tree, bush, ground, man, car, with incessant blows. 4. She broke off with a hopeless gesture in which hands, shoulders, and head took part. 5. As far as rain, and wind, and sun could wreck the garments he wore, it had been done. 6. Outside, the evening was warm and the air was penetrated with smells, conjured up by the recent rain, which lay in heavy layers, earth and leaves and flowers. 7. He looked out over the opal sea, at the changing colours of sand and cloud and mountaintop...

Exercise 85. Use the proper article. Pay attention to the use off articles in set phrases.

I. 1. Hilary stepped out of witness-box and in doing so caught sight of his niece and waved a finger. 2. As I put my hand to door of Sylvia's cafe I had mild attack of pins-and-needles and one leg gave way under me. 3. 1 don't say it's just as well to keep eye open for the worst. 4. Villagers from Oakley gave evidence yester­ day. 5. It must be terribly, terribly distressive to be in debt. 6. I've got upper hand over you, Fagin. 7. Ninety-eight draughts men have been on strike for more pay for nearly three weeks. 8. By-and-by a small boat came in sight.

II. 1. He had good laugh over this, but thought came back and in end it did not seem laughing matter. 2. They both talked as if they were in contact with professional theatre. 3. I was aware that she was in control of conversation. 4. I don't think she's in need of protection. 5. We in House of Lords are never in touch with public opinion. 6. Alleyn listened with air of sympathetic attention. 7. Ene­ mies are in fight. 8. This novel 2d print differs in some particulars from same book in manuscript. 9. Ting-a-ling, tan on black cushion, lay like Chinese lion in miniature. 10. I think we are nearly at end. 11, Except for receiving little note in answer to her letter, which relieved her not at all, Dinny had spent these last two days in dis­ tress of mind. 12. Now it must all come to end. 13. The cookery was so good that it was clear Lady Jane very seldom had hand in it. 14. He came on business from Sacramento, but he stayed for pleasure on island. 15. There are moments when we must look fact in face. 16. They talked lot, mostly about Theatre, with special ref­ erence to Warley Thespians. 17. We all want friends at times 18. He just put on whatever was nearest to hand. 19. She would

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have to dance, out of politeness, until she could find Meg. 20. As soon as Rabbit was out of sight, Pooh remembered that he had forgotten to ask who Small was.

Exercise 86. Pay attention to the absence of the article in prepositional phrases.

1. He could have painted from dawn to dawn. 2. And he was face to face with the unbelievable. 3. He wants suppressing from time to time. 4. The number of these sounds will vary in interesting ways from language to language. 5. I see it all now! You argued it out, step by step, in that wise head of yours, from the very moment I fell and cut my skin. 6. He was dressed in blue overalls and a sleeveless jersey which showed his thin arms tattooed from elbow to wrist. 7. He was blinded for the moment, then spun round and found himself face to face with Maisil. 8. You sit here day after day and watch the sun rise.

Exercise 87. Comment on the use of articles with substantivized parts of speech.

1. "Let me tell you about this pheasant-shooting business," he said. "First of all, it is practiced only by the rich. Only the very rich can afford to rear pheasants just for the fun of shooting them down when they grow up." 2. The ancient proverb runs: "Say the pleasant, but not the untrue; say the true, but not the unpleasant."

3. He told me he wore the sweater because navy-blue hardly showed up at all in the dark. Black was even better, he said.

4. The sky was a faintly lucid grey and the sea was a lightless grey, and the rocks were a dark fuzzy greyish brown. 5. She was a part, an evidence of some pure uncracked confidence in the good which was never there for me again. 6. Her eyes gazed out with such a fey puzzled look like a young savage. 7. On the whole I am rather relieved that her letter can be taken as a simple negative. 8. A word is enough to the wise. 9. I suppose it's difficult for the young to realize that one may be old without being a fool. 10. There is no place for the wicked. 11. She was not an intellectual or bookish girl, she had the wisdom of the innocents, she was at home in time and space. 12. Two wrongs do not make a right. 13. And eating too much breakfast is a thoroughly bad start to the day. I am however not at all averse to elevenses which can come in great variety. 14. Did one know what one was choosing? Certainly not. There are such chasms of might-have-beens in any human life. 15. "I was supposed to have lunch with a customer, but I'll put him off." Eve did not believe it was a him. 16. And you're going to meet an old friend and talk to him? - It's not a him, it's a her! 17. Life is full of ifs and nots. 18. It's a racing must. 19. Three lefts and two rights and we are at home. 20. With all these perhapses you feel put down and neglected.

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Exercise 88.

Use the proper article with substantivized adjectives.

1. I'm young and young are often mistaken. 2. "Yes, sir - of course, " agreed Victor, who was always polite to rich. 3. He said my eyes were most vivid blue he had ever seen. 4. He wanted to show his sympathy, but being Englishman was afraid of sentimental.

5. His hair was glossy black. 6. I thought I saw woman disappearing into bushes. Just gleam of white, you know. 7. I have trusting heart. I hate to believe worst of anyone. 8. She was quite pleased to be able to underline that Handy was in wrong. 9. "Let me go!" said Miss Carter suddenly. "I can see in dark. I know where roses are. Let me cut some for Mrs. Мог." 10. She had her mother's eyes, gleaming blue. Nan's hair was dark blond. 11. To be yearning for difficult, to care for remote, to dislike near - such was Wildieve's nature. 12. Sky was rich darkening blue at the zenith. 13. After two day's rain green of oak was glossy and shining. 14. "You are not frightened, are you?" "Not in least," she said lightly. "Why should 1 be?" 15. He always had love for concrete, though his whole profes­ sional life was spent with words. 16. Elderly woman, short and fat, dressed in black, came hurrying after them. 17. He could only speculate about past - pleasant way of spending present to avoid thoughts about future. 18. Sun turned yellow plaster walls into soft gold. 19. His eyes had been bright china blue, but were fading now. 20. He showed the triumph of very old, when they hear of death of younger man. 21. Her cheerfulness and vitality made her favourite with her parents. 22. She was dear and had always been nice to him.

Exercise 89. Use the proper article paying special attention to substantivized parts of speech.

1. Rich always had the most fun during the war. 2. It would be better to be in the study hall than out in cold. 3. It was always your ambition to be a nurse and help sick ever since you were a little child, wasn't it? 4. I knew the sky outside was definitely bright clear blue. 5. It was a nice day. The sun was shining. The sky was full of racing white clouds, and blue seemed to dazzle and promise.

6. There are times when weak can help strong. 7. It still felt like doing impossible. 8. "The doctor sees good in everyone," said the mother. 9. It was in Cape Town that Janny became aware of the enormous schism between blacks and whites. 10. Now, the only way black could exist was by slim, subservient on the surface but cun­ ning and clever beneath. 11. Their hair had turned bright red. 12. There were no doctor or medications for wounded, and food scarce. 13. And he was face to face with unbelievable. 14. This had seemed in anticipation like a dive into unknown, indeed into irrevocable. 15. Noah was a dry old man aged about ninety. Benjamin was quite a young man by the side of Noah. He was only

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seventy years old; a happy, kind-hearted old fellow who knew all sorts of amusing things for young and old.

Exercise 90. Comment on the use of articles with numerals.

1. My father threw a second raisin into the clearing... then a third... and a fourth... and a fifth. 2. "I speak for the syndicate, I see no reason for a third party." - "You will in a minute." 3. "Good enough," said Dick, looking round the large room that took up a third of a top story in the rickety chambers overlooking the Thames. 4. ...I have found a second shop in the village, a sort of ironmonger's, in the row of cottages behind the pub. 5. Some time just after my "Bad Patch" we met at a first night party. 6. Two (girls) were indeed young, about eleven and ten. The third was perhaps seventeen. 7. June walked straight up to her former friend, kissed her cheek, and the two settled down on a sofa never sat on since the hotel's foundation. 8. The letter bored him, and when it was followed the next day by another, and the day after by a third, he began to worry. 9. "Miss Luce will be a second mother to the children," she said. 10. I have never mentioned her to him though I may once have dropped a hint about a "first love". 11. At the bus stop two dark-haired women, arm in arm, complained loudly to each other about a third.

Exercise 91. Comment on the use of articles with nouns denoting names of nationalities and nations.

1. The English can't stand a man who is always saying he is in the right, but they are very fond of a man who admits that he has ever been in the wrong. 2. There were four tables there, his own, one from which breakfast was being cleared away and two occupied ones. At the nearest to him sat a family of father and mother and two elderly daughters - Germans. Beyond them, at the corner of the terrace, sat what were clearly an English mother and son. 3. The woman was about fifty-five. She had grey hair of a pretty tone-was sensibly but not fashionably dressed in a tweed coat and skirt - and had that comfortable self-possession which marks an Englishwoman used to much travelling abroad. 4. Biologically it may be found that there are few differences between an African Negro and a white Scandinavian. 5. "They are Danes," said Murphy. "I heard at breakfast. I must visit Denmark some day." 6. Although he had not spoken, I was positive he was not an American. 7. The British had expected a quick and easy war, no more than a moth pin-up opera­tion, and they began with a continent, light-hearted holiday spirit. 8. The cook, a Chinese, in white trousers, very dirty and ragged, and a thin white tunic, came to say that supper was ready. 9. The man came along and passed us. He was an Iraqui. 10. She wasn't a Swede, like her husband, but she might have been as far as looks

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went. 11. Whatever else you could say of Налу, he didn't fit the cliché about the Swiss being excessively cautious.

REVISION EXERCISES

Exercise 92. Use the proper article.

I. There was sound in hall. "Here's Felicity," said Мог. Felicity shut front door behind her and put her suitcase down at her feet. Her parents stood looking at her from door of dining-room. "Welcome home, dear," said Nan.

"Hello," said Felicity. She was fourteen, very thin and straight, and tall for her age. Skin of her face was very white but covered over in summer with thick scattering of golden freckles. She had her mother's eyes, gleaming blue, but filled with hazier and more dreamy light. Nan's hair was dark blond, Felicity's was fairer and straighter. In looks girl had none of her father.

II. Felicity took off her hat and threw it in direction of hall table. It fell on floor. Nan came forward, picking up hat, and kissed her on brow. "Hello, old thing," said Мог. Не shook her by shoul­ der.

"Hello, Daddy, "said Felicity. "Is Don here?"

"He isn't, dear. But he'll come tomorrow," said Nan.

"Would you like me to make you lunch, or have you had some?"

"I don't want anything to eat," said Felicity. She picked up her suitcase. "Don't bother, Daddy, I'll carry it up." She began to mount stairs. Her parents watched her in silence.

Moment later they heard her bedroom door shut with bang.

Exercise 93. Use the proper article.

He still had at fifty-two very good figure. As young man with great mass of curling chestnut hair, with wonderful skin and large deep blue eyes, straight nose and small ears, he had been best-looking actor on English stage. Only thing that slightly spoiled him was thinness of his mouth. He was just six foot tall and he had gallant bearing. It was his obvious beauty that had engaged him to go on stage rather than to become soldier like his father. Now his chestnut hair was very grey, and he wore it much shorter; his face had broadened and was good deal lined; his skin no longer had soft bloom of peach. But with his splendid eyes and his fine figure he was still very handsome man. Since his five years at war he had adopted military bearing so that if you had not known who he was you might have taken him for officer of high rank. He boasted that his weight had not changed since he was twenty, and for years, wet

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or fine, he had got up every morning at eight to put on shorts and sweater and have run round Regent's Park.

Exercise 94. H

Use the proper article.

It was bright spring day when ambulance brought Jan home. When they lifted her out strip of sky above narrow street seemed like no other strip of sky in world; afternoon light reflected from white wall of flats was light that had irradiated dream which she had often dreamed but doubted whether it would ever come true... When Doreen opened door to their bed-sitter, her heart was swollen with poignancy of coming home.

Air of flat was heavy and stale as it had always been but she breathed it with satisfaction. Everything was familiar to her, even smells were familiar. Ambulance men put her on her bed, wished her luck and went.

This was moment of which she had dreamed so often - moment for which she had longed with agonized, incessant longing of pris­oner who seeks to escape, from his cell. She was home and free, and today hyacinth Bart had brought her had broken first of its green sheaths revealing promise of bud within.

Exercise 95. Use the proper article.

1. There was no sign of life. Little white cottages covered with wild roses and ivy geraniums stood with doors open, yet no sign of man, woman, or child. No one seemed to have heard me drive up. Not sound!

2. I shut off engine and walked on. Below was tiny bay, nestling between two cliffs. Waves came booming over rocks, sea-gulfs were flying with wild, lonely cries. I stood there long time. Dusk was falling. I shook free from wild spell of this place, and asked myself where I would rest for this night. I was tired.

3. Would it be possible to stay night in St. Anthony and find out what kind of people live there? It would be good to stay in such silence, in such remoteness. I went back to cottages.

4. Rosy middle-aged woman, wearing print apron, was standing at door of pink cottage, looking at my car as though it were unnat­ural phenomenon.

"I wonder," I said, "If you could tell me where I could stay night?" '

V. Great bush of veronica was in bloom in garden, porch was smothered in geraniums, Canterbury bells stood beneath windows, and paths were lined with London pride.

VI. "Weil," said woman, "I've got nothing for dinner, sir, but eggs and cream, because we have no shops, and everything is brought from Gerrans in motor-car."

I told her that eggs and cream were only things I would dream of eating in St. Anthony in Roseland.

Exercise 96. H

Use the proper article. Pay attention to its place.

1. How good thing it was that he had made his decision. 2. I've got as great respect for him as anyone in college. 3. He wondered how long time had passed. He could not judge. 4. Then he found out that he could not stay in bed. He was in too great agony. 5. He was as much master of tactics as Brown and Christal. 6. I hope this isn't too great disappointment to you, May. 7. "It would make ev­eryone realize how great choice it was," said Roy. 8. It was unlikely that so large family would all go bankrupt 9. That was too easy way out. 10. Was he not simply criminal to contemplate union with so young girl? 11. It struck me how inexplicable thing was bravery. 12. But he was too cautious, too shrewd, too suspicious and too stubborn man to be pleased about it. 13. It ought to establish him in as strong position as we've reached so far. 14. To music she now gave all hours she could spare. 15. She closed both shutters. 16. It seemed to him amazing that such small woman should own such large car. 17. Many people said they wished they had my hair. 18. She was surprised to discover that she could be made so furiously angry by so small thing. 19. His memory was good and for so young man he had read largely. 20. He had given his guests as good time as he could. 21. Red-haired Robert read aloud fable of Fox and piece of cheese and Hilary wished, to boys' delight, that he could speak French with so pure accent. 22. You've not been as big fool as myself.

Exercise 97. Use the proper article.

I. He arrived there day before Christmas, day after his son was born.

Lisa was lying in big, double bed, very white and very weak. It had been surprisingly difficult birth, said Jeanne, who was there looking after her, but then Lisa was so small. Doctor had wanted her to go to hospital, but she had refused in case Hilary should come. And now he had come and was sitting beside bed holding her hand, while large mean tears rolled slowly down her cheek. "You must go," Jeanne had urged. "Germans will be here. You must go while there's still time," and Hilary had cried desperately that they must wrap Lisa in blanket, find car, get her out to England, and safety.

II. Michael slammed down telephone. Be reasonable, he thought, maybe they are out taking walk along beach and in ten minutes they'll come back and she'll pick up phone and call and ask him how it was and if he wouldn't like to come out and in time for dinner.

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He went into small room that she used as studio. Piece of paper with half-finished design in water colours was pinned to drawing- board.

He went back into neat, bright living-room... He had small desk in corner of room where he went over reports he brought back in evening and where he wrote his letters and kept his chequebooks. On it there was photograph of her - it was in colour and had been taken on lawn of her parents' house on bright simmer day. She was sitting on garden chair, book on her lap, her hands folded loosely over it... She was wearing pale blue blouse with short sleeves and long blue skirt and her arms were tanned and rounded, her face rose, her expression serious, almost questioning.

Exercise 98. Comment on the use of articles with personal names.

1. The Smollets accompanied the Edge worths as far as their gates. 2. The Elliots paid a few visits together in England. 3. "Born an Elliot - born a gentleman." So the vile phrase ran. 4. He sud­denly recognized the Mrs. Foliot whom they had been talking of at lunch. 5. Well, she was married to him. And what was more she loved him. Not the Stanley whom every one saw, not the everyday one; but a timid, sensitive, innocent Stanley who knelt down every night to say his prayers, and who longed to be good. 6. Perhaps, Jan thought, it all seems lovelier than it has ever seemed because I've seen a new Bart today, a Bart whose tenderness had quenched his passion. 7.-Where does the boy live? - At a certain Mrs. Orr's who has no connection with the school of any kind. 8. During her absence the house was occupied by a Miss Katti Bostock, another painter. 9. Besides Rain, Nan and Mrs. Prewett, there was a Mrs Kingsley, the wife of one of the Governors. 10. Then she said, "Can't we see the great Mr. Ansell?" 11. And so he is engaged to Mr. Ackroyd's niece, the charming Miss Flora? 12. But he could think of no classical parallel for Agness. She slipped between exam­ples. A kindly Medea, a Cleopatra with a sense of duty-these suggested her a little. 13. He added, "I feel rather like a Rip Van Winkle, saying that" 14. The man doesn't know a Rubens from a Rembrandt. 15. The book was Shelley, and it opened at a passage that he had cherished greatly two years before. He put the Shelley back into his pocket and waited for them. 16. There was a man in the back yard of the next house doing something to one of the front wheels of an old Ford.

Exercise 99.

Use the proper article with personal names.

1. Browns were a fighting family. 2. Tom was the oldest child and even as a little baby he showed all the character of true Brown. 3. Bard Rogers was a good manager, but he was not Blackwell. 4. The last person to see her had been Agnes Dangerfield, who had

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seen her walking down Market Street 5. He added that he was ex­pecting Mr. Lowen on business. 6. A few minutes later another member entered the club, Mr. Graham Beresford. 7. The Lieutenant phoned downtown and then made arrangements with Captain Mooney. 8. "I think I have heard the name, yes," he said vaguely. "I once heard Mr. Van Aldin speak of him in very high terms." 9. First of all we must realize that Louise Leidner of all these years ago is essentially the same Louise Leidner of the present time, 10. I came out to Iraq with Mrs. Kelsey. 11. "The house is really sold, then?"-"Yes. To Major Somervell. Our new member." 12. Ramos hung up the phone, lit Benson and Hedges; he had never been able to stand Philippine tobacco.

GENERAL REVISION

Exercise 100. Use the proper article,

I. Oliver Cromwell is one of most important figures in English history. Cromwell was born at Huntington in year 1599, and it was on large farm that he grew up.

When he was 17 years of age he entered University of Cam­bridge. But he remained less than year at Cambridge. When his fa­ther died he had to return to Huntington to look after farm. Soon after he went to London for while to study law, and whilst there he married daughter of Sir James Boucheir, rich London merchant.

Estate, really large farm, to which Cromwell and his wife re­turned, supplied most of their needs. It was healthy, open-air life which Cromwell lived for next 20 years. He worked in the fields, with his farm servants, but he also took lovely interest in affairs of countryside, and in 1628 he was elected Member of Parliament for Huntington.

This was beginning of career which was to end as Lord Protec­tor of England.

П. Once he was sure of his hold over England William the Conqueror ordered building of great fortress-palace beside Thames, where wooden castle already stood. He put Norman monk, Gundulf, who was Bishop of Rochester, in charge of work. At that time most building in stone was for Church and it was mainly clergy who had education to plan and carry great undertaking like this.

Exercise 101. Use the proper article.

The Telephone.

Alexander Graham Bell never planned to be inventor; he wanted to be musician or teacher of deaf people. Alexander's mother was painter and musician. His father was well-known teacher. He devel­oped system that he called "Visible Speech", which he used to teach deaf people to speak.

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In 1863, when Alexander was only sixteen, he became teacher in boys' school in Scotland He liked teaching there; but he still wanted to become teacher of deaf people.

In 1868 terrible thing happened to Bell family. Alexander's two brothers died of tuberculosis. Then Alexander became ill with the same disease. Doctor suggested better climate, and whole family moved to Canada. Alexander could not work for year, but he con­ tinued his experiments with sound. He became interested in tele­ graph, and he tried to find way to send musical sounds through electric wires.

After year of rest, Alexander was offered job at School for the Deaf in Boston. He was so successful that be was able to open his own school when he was only twenty-five.

Alexander became interested in finding way to send the human voice through electric wire. He found assistant, Tom Watson, who worked in electrical shop and knew a lot about building electric ma­chines. They worked together to build machine that people could use to talk to one another over long distances.

One day, when Tom was alone in room, he heard voice. Voice was coming through wire to receiver on table! Voice was Alexander Bell's! It was saying, "Come here, Mr. Watson! I want you!"

First permanent telephone line was built in Germany in 1877. And in 1878 first telephone exchange was established in New Jersey. By 1915 coast-coast telephone fine was opened in United States,

Exercise 162. Use the proper article.

I She led him to small room, few doors down hall in which were typewriter and hard office chair. There was large clock on wall. Room had no windows. Across ceiling was glaring fluorescent light which made bare white plaster walls look yellow. Secretary walked out without word, shutting door silently behind her.

II. Samuel Sunbury was clerk in lawyer's office and had worked his way from office boy to respectable position. Every morning for twenty-four years he had taken same train to City, except of course on Sundays and during his fortnight's holiday at sea-side, and every evening he had taken same train back to suburb in which he lived. He was neat in his dress, he went to work in quiet grey trousers, black coat and bowler hat, and when he came home he put on his slippers and black coat which was too old and shiny to wear at of­fice.

III. Weeks dragged on. Days grew hotter. There was no call from Health Department. Jan asked Nurse Duggin every day whether doctor had sent any word. Each night she asked whether there was letter from him. There was never anything.

Exercise 103. Use the proper article,

I. In order to celebrate Mother's first entry into sea we decided 64

to have moonlight picnic down at bay, and sent invitation to Theodore, who was only stranger that Mother would tolerate on such great occasion. Day for great immersion arrived, food and wine were prepared, boat was cleaned out and filled with cushions, and everything was ready when Theodore turned up. On hearing that we had planned moonlight picnic and swim he reminded us that on that particular night there was no moon. Everyone blamed everyone else for not having checked on moon's progress, and argument went on until dusk. Eventually we decided that we would go on picnic in spite of everything, since all arrangements were made, so we stag­gered down to boat, loaded down with food, wine, towels, and cigarettes, and set off down coast.

II. Jane opened door gently, balancing tray with her free hand. "You up, Miss Maryann? she asked softly. There was no answer from large bed.

She stepped quietly into room and put tray down on small table. Without looking at bed, she went to window and drew back drapes. Bright sunlight spilled into room. She stood there for moment look­ing through window.

Far below she could see East River as it wound its way toward Hudson. Flashing green of Square Park contrasted with grey of buildings surrounding it She watched long black automobile turn up driveway and looked down at watch. Eight o'clock. She turned back into room.

Exercise 104. Use the proper article.

I, Bart rang night-bell at stately old colonial house where Jan's doctor lived, but there was no response. Then he went round back, but windows were closed and it seemed that house was deserted. He came back and stood irresolute on steps leading down to street. Then he turned and pressed his finger on bell again, and long-drawn ring echoed through silent house.

Somewhere he heard movements and then there were footsteps on stairs. When door was opened, woman looked out at him. "Doctor's away," she said. "He always goes away for weekends, but there's lady doctor just around corner that does his locums if you like to go round and try her." (Cusack)

II. Towards end of May he was walking up Oakley Street about five in evening when he suddenly saw crowd of people gathered round man lying on pavement. In gutter alongside was shattered bi­ cycle and, almost on top of it, drunkenly arrested motor lorry.

Five seconds later Andrew was in middle of crowd, observing injured man, who, attended by kneeling policeman, was bleeding from deep wound in groin.

"Here! Let me through. I'm -doctor."

Policeman, striving unsuccessfully to fix tourniquet, turned flus­tered face.

"I can't stop bleeding, doctor. It's too high up." (Cronin)

Exercise 105. Use the proper article.

I. He was young man of five-and-twenty, well built and of pale complexion. He had hair that was very nearly black and clean-shaven face. Clothes he wore were of expensive material but had seen good deal of service. His stand-up collar curled over at corners and neck­ tie was lilac-sprigged. _# < •

Of two sisters, Dors, aged twenty, was more like him in visage, but she spoke with gentleness which seemed to indicate different character.

Maud, who was twenty-two, had bold handsome features and very beautiful hair; hers was not face that readily smiled. Their mother had look and manners of invalid, though she sat at table in ordinary way. . ..

II. That autumn snow came very late. We lived in brown wooden house in pine trees on side of mountain and at night there was frost so that there was thin ice over water in two pitchers on dresser in morning. Mrs. Guttingen came into room early in morn­ ing to shut windows and started fire in stove. Pine wood crackled and sparked and then fire roared in stove. And second time Mrs. Guttingen came into room, she brought big chunks of wood for fire and pitcher of hot water. When room was warm she brought in breakfast.

Exercise 106. Use the proper article.

I. In late summer of that year we lived in house in village that looked across river and plain to mountains. In bed of river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in sun, and water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in channels. Troops went by house and down road and dust they raised powdered leaves of trees. Trunks of trees too were dusty and leaves fell early that year and we saw troops marching along road and dust rising and leaves, stirred by breeze, falling and solders marching and afterward road bare and white except for leaves.

II. He went upstairs. First thing he saw was his old mandolin in black leather case, lying on top of bureau where Betsy had put it after unpacking it. He stood looking at it for moment, then drew in­ strument from its case. It was covered with dust, and strings were rusty and slack. Slowly he tightened one of strings, strumming it gently with his thumb. It snapped suddenly. Tom shrugged, put mandolin back in case, and glanced around room. On one corner was built-in bookcase, with wide empty shelf at its top. He reached up and put mandolin there.

Then he walked quickly to bathroom. There was dust in bottom of bathtub. Impatiently he washed it out and let tub fill while he shaved, bending almost double to see himself in mirror.

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Exercise 107. Use the proper article.

I. Bedroom furniture was oak too, heavy and dark: double bed, long dresser, vanity table with oval mirror and bench upholstered in gold velvet. Bedspread was gold velvet too, and lone curtains at win­ dows. Pair of low chests flanked bed, lamp with gold shade on each, and on the one at the right stood photograph, eight-by-ten black-and- white print framed in ornate gold frame.

II. But next morning when the dawn crept over tranquil sea, opening in the reef which had eluded them night before was seen a little to east where they lay. Schooner entered lagoon. There was not ripple on surface of water. When he had anchored his ship skipper ate his breakfast and went on deck. The sun shone from unclouded sky but in early morning air was grateful and cool. It was Sunday and there was feeling of quietness, a silence as though nature were at rest, which gave him peculiar sense of comfort. He sat, looking at wooden coast, and felt lazy and well at ease. Presently slow smile moved his lips and he threw stump of his cigar into water.

III. Bateman took glance at him. Edward was dressed in suit of shabby white ducks, none too clean, and large straw hat of native make. He was thinner than he had been, deeply burnt by sun, and he was certainly better looking than ever.

They arrived at hotel and sat on terrace. Chinese boy brought them cocktails. Edward was almost anxious to hear all news of Chicago and bombarded his friend with eager questions.

Exercise 108. Use the proper article.

I. He was queer creature and he had had singular career. At age of twenty-one he had inherited considerable fortune, hundred thou­ sand pounds, and when he left Oxford he threw himself into gay life which in those days (now Mr. Warburton was man of four and fifty) offered to the young man of good family. He had his flat in Mount Street. He went to all places where the fashionable congre­ gate. He was handsome, amusing and generous. He was figure in society, that had not lost its exclusiveness nor its brilliance. (Maugham)

II. We had been driven by bad weather to take shelter and had spent couple of days at island on way. Trebucket is low island, per­ haps mile round covered with coconuts, just raised above level of sea and surrounded only on one side. There is no opening in reef and lugger had to anchor mile from shore. We got into dinghy with the provision. I saw little hut, sheltered by trees» in which German Harry lived, and as we approached he sauntered down slowly to water's edge. We shouted greeting, but he did not answer. He was man over seventy, very bald, hatched-faced, with grey beard, and he walked with roll so that you could never have taken him for any­ thing but sea-faring man. (Maugham)

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III. I'm sorry to have dragged you out of bed, Mrs. Chapman, but I haven't any time to waste. I landed at Heathrow hour ago, and I have to fly out day after tomorrow. As you'll be at work most of tomorrow, it seemed good idea to come here at once rather than waiting until morning. Although in last week of term before school broke up for the Christmas holidays, weather was chilly, his ungloved brown hand was not cold. (Weale)

Exercise 109. Use the proper article.

I. It was warm night, even with breeze that came in through open windows from across desert. I tossed restlessly on bed and pushed sheets down from me. It had been long day. I was tired but I couldn't sleep. Too many thoughts were raising through my mind. I wondered if that was reason I used to hear my father pacing up and down in his room long after rest of house had gone to bed.

There was sound at door. I sat up in bed. My voice jarred the stillness. "Who is it?" (Robbins)

2. "I know I was one who wanted to go to college in San Francisco, because after years of school in Switzerland some insane super-patriot convinced me I was losing my Americanism, whatever that is... what I'd like, if it wouldn't be too much of burden on you, would be to get on plane and come over to Europe for the summer and let them sort things out at college without me before Fall term begins." (I. Shaw)

3. Doctor sat down heavily in chair opposite me. He took out pen and sheet of paper. He laid paper on desk. Upside down, I could read heading across top in bold type. Death Certificate. Pen began to scratch across paper. After moment he looked up. "O.K. if I put down embolism as cause of death or do you want autopsy?"

I shook my head. Doctor wrote again. Moment later he had fin­ished and he pushed certificate over to me. "Check it over and see if I got everything right." (Robbins)

Exercise 110. Use the proper article.

The Magic Herbs

I. Once upon time there was young hunter who went into wood in search of game. He was of bright and cheerful disposition and as he walked along he whistled on leaf. Ugly old hag appeared and said to him, "Good day, dear hunter, you seem merry and content, but I am hungry and thirsty, so give me trifle."

Good-natured fellow's pity was excited, and he put his hand in his pocket and gave her bit of his fortune. Then he wished to walk on, but old hag held him back and said, "Listen, dear hunter. As you have such kind heart I will give you present. Go on your way. After while you will come to tree on which nine birds sit with cloak in their claws. Take aim with your gun and shoot into middle of 68

them; they will let cloak fall but one of birds will be hit too, and fall dead on ground. Take cloak with you, for it is wishing cloak, you have only to throw it over your shoulders and you will find yourself at once in any place you may wish to go. Take heart out of dead bird's breast and swallow it whole, and you will find every morning, when you get up, gold coin under your pillow."

II. Hunter thanked wise woman and thought, "She promises me pleasant things, I wonder if they'll come to pass." But he had not gone hundred steps when he heard great twittering and calling among branches, and on looking up, saw a number of birds tearing with their claws and beaks on cloth which they dragged about.

"Really, this is wonderful!" exclaimed man. "Everything is hap­pening as old crone said it would," and he took aim and fired so (hat leathers of birds thickened air. The covey took flight, but one bird fell wounded to earth, and cloak, too, dropped at his feet. Then hunter obeyed old woman's instructions, ripped up bird, took out its heart, swallowed it whole, and carried cloak home.

Next morning, when he woke, he remembered old woman's pre­diction, lifted his pillow and saw flash of gold coin.

Next morning he found another, and so it went on till he had great pile of gold. Then at last he asked himself, "What is good of all this wealth if I stay at home? I will use it and see world."

III. So he bade farewell to his parents, hung up his hunter's wallet and gun, and set off. It happened one day that he came through dense forest, at other end of which, lying in valley, was very grand castle. In one of its windows old woman and beautiful girl stood looking out.

Old woman was witch, and said to girl, "There comes man who has wonderful treasure in his insides; we must relieve him of it, daughter dear. It will agree with us better than with him. It's bird's heart, and every morning he finds gold coin under his pillow."

She then told girl her design of robbing him, and the part she was to play in plot, and with flashing eyes threatened her that if she did not do as she was told, she would be punished.

When hunter drew near he caught sight of girl at window and said to himself, "I have walked long way, and will ask to be put in this nice castle. I have money enough to pay for luxurious quarters." But it was pretty girl in window, that attracted him. He entered house and was warmly welcomed and entertained.

(Grimm's Fairy Tales)

Exercise 111. Use the proper article.

I. It was fine clear morning. Мог closed door of Sixth Form

room and escaped down corridor with long strides. He had just been

giving lesson. Мог taught history, and occasionally Latin. He enjoyed

teaching and knew that he did it well. His authority and prestige in

school stood high; higher than that of any other master. Мог was

well aware of this too.

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II. Now, as he emerged through glass doors into warm sunshine sense of satisfaction filled him.

Мог walked across asphalt playground in direction of bicycle-sheds, averting his eyes automatically from windows of classrooms where lessons were still in progress.

3. Bicycle-shed was wooden structure, much broken down and connected by grassy track with main drive. Мог found his bicycle and set out slowly along track. He bumped along between trees, turned on to loose gravel of main drive, until he reached school gates and smooth surface of arterial road. Fast cars were rushing in both directions, and it was little while before Мог could get across into other lane. He slipped through at last and began to pedal up hill. It was stiff climb. He reached top and began to freewheel down other side.

4. Demoyte's house stood there. House was long in front and built of small rose-coloured bricks. Мог left his bicycle and made hit way on foot towards front door.

Exercise 112. Use the proper article.

I. Room in which boys were fed, was large stone hall, with cop­per pot at one end out of which master, dressed in apron for pur­pose, ladled the gruel at meal-times. Boys have generally excellent appetites.

II. Oliver Twist and his companions suffered tortures of slow starvation for three months: at last they got so wild with hunger, that one boy, who was tall for his age, and hadn't been used to that sort of thing (for his father had kept small cook's shop), hinted darkly to his companions, that unless he had another basin of gruel, he was afraid he might some night happen to eat boy who slept next to him, who happened to be weakly youth of tender age.

3. Council was held, lots were cast who should walk up to master after supper that evening and ask for more; and it fell to Oliver Twist

4. Evening arrived; boys took their places and gruel was served out. Gruel disappeared. Boys whispered to each other, and winked at Oliver. He rose from table, and advancing to master, basin and spoon in hand, said: "Please, sir, I want some more." Master was fat healthy man, but he turned very pale.

V. He gazed in stupefied astonishment on small rebel for some seconds and then clung for support to copper. Assistants were paral­ ysed with wonder; boys with fear. "What!" said master at length, in faint voice. "Please, sir," replied Oliver, "I want some more." Mas­ ter aimed blow at Oliver's head with ladle; and shrieked aloud for the beadle.

Exercise 113. Use the proper article.

I. Number to which I had been directed turned out to be house

standing little by itself, with its back to river and its front on quiet street. I looked at house with suspicious curiosity, and it seemed to be looking back at me. It was self-absorbed sort of house, fronted by small garden. House was square, with rows of tall windows, and had preserved remnant of elegance. I approached iron gate in wall. I pushed open gate and walked up to house. Windows gleamed blackly, like eyes behind dark glasses.

II. Door was newly painted. I did not look for bell, but tried handle at once. Door opened quietly and I stepped on tiptoe into hall. Oppressive silence surged out of place like cloud. I walked slowly down hall, planting my feet with care on long black sound- absorbing rug. When I came to stairs I glided up them.

3. I found myself on broad landing, with carved wooden balustrade behind me and several doors in front of me. Everything seemed neat and nicely appointed. Carpets were thick, and wood­work as clean as apple. I moved to nearest door and opened it wide. Then I got shock that stiffened me from head to toe.

4. I was looking straight into seven or eight pairs of staring eyes, which seemed to be located few feet from my face. I stepped back hastily and door swung to again with faint click which was first sound I had heard since I entered house. I stood still for moment in utter incomprehension... Then I seized handle firmly and opened door again. Faces had moved, but were still turned towards me; and then in instant I understood. I was in gallery of tiny theatre. Gallery seemed to give immediately on to stage; and on stage were number of actors, moving silently to and fro, and wearing masks which they kept turned towards auditorium. These masks were little larger than life, and this fact accounted for extraordinary impression of closeness which I had received when I first opened door. ,

Exercise 114. Use the proper article.

1. One day, very shortly after he had connected himself with Green-Davidson, he had come in rather earlier than usual in after­noon and found his mother bending over letter which evidently had just arrived and which appeared to interest her greatly. Also it seemed to be connected with something which required concealment. For, on seeing him, she stopped reading at once, and put letter away without commenting upon what she had been reading. But Clyde for some reason, intuition perhaps, had thought that it might be from Esta. He was not sure. And he was too far away to detect character of handwriting.

2. Month or five weeks after this, and just about time that he was becoming comparatively well-schooled in his work at Green-Davidson, his mother came to him one afternoon with very peculiar proposition for her. Without explaining what it was for, or indicating directly that now she felt that he might be in better position to help her, she called him into mission hall when he came in from work and said: "You would not know, Clyde, would you, how could I raise hundred dollars right away?" |

Ш. Clyde was so astonished that he could scarcely believe his ears, for only few weeks before mere mention of any sum above four or five dollars in connection with him would have been pre­posterous. Yet here she was asking him and apparently assuming that he might be able to assist her in this way. And rightly, for both his clothes and his general air had indicated period of better days for him.

IV. Clyde, not being sure of her real attitude, merely looked at her and exclaimed: "Why, where would 1 get hundred dollars, Ma?" He had visions of his new-found source of wealth being dissipated by such unheard of and inexplicable demands as this, and distress and distrust at once showed on his countenance.

Exercise 115. Use the proper article.

I. James was sitting before fire, in big arm-chair, with camel-hair shawl over his shoulders. His white hair, still fairly thick, glistened in lamplight. His long legs, thin as crow's, in plaid trousers, were bent. Beside him, on low stool, stood half-finished glass of negus, bedewed with beads of heat There he had been sitting, with inter­ vals for meals, all day.

II. At eighty-eight he was still organically sound, but suffering terribly from thought that no one ever told him anything. It is, in­ deed, doubtful how he had become aware that Roger was being buried that day, for Emily had kept it from him. Where was Soames? He had gone to funeral, of course, which they had tried to keep from him. Roger! Roger in his coffin! Funny fel­ low-Roger-original! Younger than himself, and in his coffin!

HI. Family was breaking up. There was Val going to university. He would cost pretty penny up there. It was extravagant age. No­body thought of anything but spending money in these days, and having what they called "good time."

IV. James had eaten poor lunch. But it was after lunch that the real disaster to his nerves occurred. He had been dozing when he became aware of voices, low voices. "Monty!" That fellow Dar-tie-always that fellow Dartie! Voices had receded; and James had been left alone, with his ears standing up like hare's and fear creeping about his inwards.

Exercise 116. Use the proper article.

I. I had come to Stratford on poetical pilgrimage. My first visit was to house where Shakespeare was born. It is small mean-looking house of wood. Walls of its rooms are covered with names and in­scriptions in every language, by pilgrims of all nations, ranks and conditions, from prince to peasant, and present simple but striking instance of spontaneous and universal homage of mankind to great poet.

II. House is shown by talkative old lady, with frosty red face, decorated with artificial locks of golden hair, curling from under ex­ ceedingly dirty cap. She was peculiarly persistent in exhibiting relics, of which there are great number in house. There was broken gun with which Shakespeare shot deer. There too, was his tobacco box, and identical lantern with which Friar Laurence discovered Romeo and Juliet at tomb! Most favourite object of curiosity, however, is Shakespeare's chair. It stands in chimney corner of small gloomy room.

III. Here he may many time have sat when boy, watching meat roasting over fire, or listening to old men and women of Stratford, telling tales and legendary anecdotes of troublesome times of Eng­ land. In this chair it is custom of everyone that visits house to sit. Whether this be done with hope of absorbing any of inspiration of poet I am at loss to say, I merely mention tact; and my guide pri­ vately assured me that, though built of solid oak, chair had to be new bottomed at least once in three years.

Exercise 117. Use the proper article. H

I. One evening in April Soames dropped into Malta Street to look at house of his father's which had been turned into restaurant He stared for little at outside painted good cream colour, and at words "Restaurant Bretagne" in gold letters. Entering, he noticed that several people were already seated at little round green tables with little pots of fresh flowers on them, and asked of trim waitress to see proprietor.

II. She showed him into back room, where girl was sitting at simple bureau covered with papers, and small round table was laid for two. Impression of cleanliness, order, and good taste was con­ firmed when girl got up, saying, "You wish to see Maman, Mon­ sieur?" in broken accent.

"Yes," Soames answered, "I represent your landlord; in fact, I'm his son."

"Won't you sit down, sir, please?"

III. He was pleased that girl seemed impressed, and suddenly he noticed that she was remarkably pretty - so remarkably pretty that his eyes found difficulty in leaving her face. When she moved to put chair for him, she swayed in curious, subtle way, and her face and neck, which was little bared, looked as fresh as if they had been sprayed with dew.

Exercise 118. Use the proper article.

I. I often went to look at collection of curiosities in Heidelberg Castle, and one day I surprised keeper of it with my German. 1 spoke entirely in that language. He was greatly interested; and after I had talked while he said my German was very rare, possibly "unique", and wanted to add it to his museum.

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II. If he had known what it had cost me to acquire my art, he would also have known that it would break any collector to buy it. Harris and I had been hard at work on our German during several weeks at that time, and although we had made good progress, it had been accomplished under great difficulty and annoyance, for three of our teachers had died in meantime.

III. Person who has not studied German can form no idea of what perplexing language it is. One is thrown about it in most helpless way and when at last he thinks he has captured rule which offers firm ground to take rest on amid general rage and turmoil of ten parts of speech, he turns over page and reads: "Let pupil make careful note of following exceptions." He runs his eyes down and finds that there are more exceptions to rule than instances of it.

Exercise 119. Use the proper article.

I. If you are interested in old things, in beautiful things, and in history of England, there is one city which will exceed your expecta­ tion - York.

It is peaceful, astonishingly beautiful medieval town in North of country.

2. York is not conscious of its beauty, like so many ancient towns; it is too old and too wise and too proud to trick itself out for admiration of tourists. That is one of reasons why I love it and its little country-town streets and its country-town hotels, called after names of proprietor. Here are no "Majesties" or "Excelsior", but plain "Browns" and "Joneses" and "Robinsons".

3. From distance York Minster dominates city. Its exterior is magnificent; its interior is England's most triumphant anticlimax. No work of man could live up to grandeur of those twin towers above perfect west porch in which "Great Peter", biggest bell in England, takes hourly stock of Time.

4. Glory of York Minster is glory of its glass. It is said to contain two-thirds of fourteenth century glass in England. Guide told us how many acres it would cover.

V. I lost him and Americans when I saw "Five Sisters" window. This window is queen among windows, tall, slender, mellow poem in glass for which I have no words. No words can describe it: it must Be seen.

Exercise 120. Use the proper article.

1. One of greatest discoveries made by Charles Dickens was name of Pickwick. It is well known that he annexed this name in Bath. There is village called Pickwick. I went there to see it. It is one-street hamlet on Bath-London road, and all houses in this hamlet are built of stone washed attractive khaki colour.

1. At entrance to village street stands big sign with name writ-

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ten on it in tall green letters, so that every one who passes points suddenly and says: "Ooh! Look - just fancy-Pickwick!"

III. "Does family named Pickwick live here?" I asked native. "No," he said.

"Does place take its name from family that used to live here?" "I don't know."

"Did Charles Dickens take name of Mr. Pickwick from this vil­lage or from man called Pickwick?"

"I don't know," replied my negative friend...

IV. So I set my shoulders to investigate origin of name, and I discovered at length how Pickwick entered English literature.

When Dickens visited Bath White Hart Hotel was owned by man called Moses Pickwick. (What name!) That was beginning of immortalization of Pickwick!

V. But who was Moses Pickwick, and how did name originate?

There is curious story about him. He was, it is said, great-grand­son of foundling. Woman driving through village of Wick, near Bath, saw bundle lying on side of road which on investigation proved to contain first Pickwick. She took him home, cared for him, and christened him Eleazer Pickwick, otherwise Eleazer picked up at Wick!

VI. In course of time foundling founded family in Bath, which grew rapidly prosperous. When Dickens arrived on scene great-grand­ son of Eleazer was man of wealth and position. Dickens provided fame.

From this it was step to the Bath Directory. Here I found that there are five Pickwicks living in Bath today.

Exercise 121. Use the proper article.

I. After time book fell from his hand. He grew nervous, and horrible fit of terror came over him. What if Alan Campbell should be out of England? Days would elapse before he could come back. Perhaps he might refuse to come. What could he do then? Every moment was of vital importance.

II. They had been great friends once, five years before - almost inseparable, indeed. Then intimacy had come suddenly to end. When they met in society now, it was only Dorian Grey who smiled; Alan Campbell never did.

3. He was extremely clever young man, though he had no real appreciation of the visible arts, and whatever little sense of beauty of poetry he possessed he had gained entirely from Dorian. His domi­nant intellectual passion was for science. At Cambridge he had spent great deal of his time working in Laboratory.

4. Indeed, he was still devoted to study of chemistry, and had laboratory of his own, in which he used to shut himself up all day long, greatly to annoyance of his mother, who had set her heart on his standing for Parliament and had vague idea that chemist was

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person who made up prescriptions. He was excellent musician, how­ever as well, and played both violin and piano better than most amateurs. In fact, it was music that had first brought him and Do­rian Grey together - music and that indefinable attraction that Dorian seemed to be able to exercise whenever he wished.

V. This was man Dorian Grey was waiting for. Every second he kept glancing at clock. As minutes went by he became horribly agi­ tated. At last he got up, and began to pace up and down room, looking like beautiful caged thing. He took long stealthy strides. His hands were curiously cola.

Suspense became unbearable.

VI. At last door opened, and his servant entered. He turned glazed eyes upon him.

"Mr. Campbell, sir," said man.

Sigh of relief broke from his parched lips, and colour came back to his cheeks.

"Ask him to come, in at once, Francis." He felt that he was himself again. His mood of cowardice had passed away.

Exercise 122. Use the proper article.

1. "They oughtn't to have called me Fleur," she mused, "if they didn't mean me to have my hour, and be happy while it lasts." Nothing real stood in way, like poverty, or disease - sentiment only, ghost from unhappy past! Jon was right. They wouldn't let you live, these old people! They made mistakes, committed crimes, and wanted their children to go on paying!... She got up, plucked piece of honeysuckle, and went in.

2. It was hot that night. Both she and her mother had put on thin, pale low frocks. Dinner flowers were pale. Fleur was struck with pale look of everything: her father's face, her mother's shoul­ders; pale panelled walls, pale grey velvety carpet, lamp-shade, even soup was pale. There was not one spot of colour in room, not even wine in pale glasses, for no one drank it. What was not pale was black-her father's clothes, butler's clothes, curtains black with cream pattern. Moth came in, and that was pale. And silent was that half-mourning dinner in heat.

III. Soames leaned back, image of pale patience, as, if resolved on betrayal of no emotion.

"Listen!" he said. "You're putting feeling of two months - two months - against feelings of thirty-five years? What chance do you think you have? Two months - your very first love affair, matter of half dozen meetings, few talks and walks, few kisses - against what you can't imagine, what no one could who hasn't been through it. Come, be reasonable, Fleur! It's midsummer madness!"

IV. Fleur tore honeysuckle into little, slow bits.

"Madness is in letting past spoil it all. What do we care about past? It's our lives, not yours."

Soames raised his hand to his forehead, where suddenly she saw moisture shining.

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"Whose child are you?" he said. "Whose child is he? Present is linked with past, future with both. There's no getting away from

that."

V. She had never heard philosophy pass those lips before. Im­pressed even in her agitation, she leaned her elbows on table, her chin on her hands.

"But, Father, consider it practically. We want each other. There's nothing whatever in way but sentiment. Let's bury past, Father."

His answer was sigh.

Exercise 123. Comment on the use of articles.

Thomas Gainsborough (1727-1788)

Gainsborough was born in Suffolk. He was the youngest of the nine children in the family. He went to school in his native town.

When a boy he was very good at drawing, and according to a story about him, he made such a good portrait from memory of a thief whom he had seen robbing a garden that the thief was caught.

Gainsborough painted portraits and landscapes and is often com­pared with Reynolds; his style is also influenced by the Dutch mas­ters and Van Dyck. Despite these influences he worked out his per­sonal style.

He succeeded as a portrait-painter. Among his most famous por­traits are the portrait of Mrs. Siddons, a famous actress in a blue dress, and the picture known as "Blue Boy" - a boy in a blue cos­tume. In his portrait of Mrs. Sheridan we see a woman in a light blue. A definite artificiality in Gainsborough's painting constitutes his

own style.

Gainsborough was fond of painting landscapes. Even in the por­trait painting he is an out-of-door painter. If you think of his finest portraits you will immediately remember that the backgrounds are well-observed country scenes. The famous "Blue Boy" is placed against an open sky and a background of brown and green land­scape. In Mrs. Sheridan's portrait the background is the wide sky and broad view into the valley.

He loved the country-side of his childhood and often said that the Suffolk country-side had made him a painter.

He lived in that period when landscape painting was not in fashion. Rich people did not spend money on landscapes. So, it's re­ally remarkable that there were more than 40 unsold landscapes in his studio at the time of his death.

The portraits are painted in clear tones. His colour is always tender and soft. Light tone scheme and use of light blues and yel­lows belongs essentially to his earlier period. Later, when he came into contact with the Van Dyck pictures he enriched his palette but he always tended to cool scheme and blues predominated in his paintings.

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Exercise 124. Comment on the use of articles. Щ

I. Here, beside the sea I suffered a "horrible experience" which I could not bring myself to describe. Let me now describe what happened. I sat looking at the sea when I saw a monster rising from the waves. Out of a perfectly calm empty sea, at a distance of perhaps a quarter of a mile, I saw an immense creature break the surface and arch itself upward. At first it looked like a black snake, then a long thickening body with a ridgy spiny back followed the elongated neck! I could not see the whole of the creature, but the remainder of its body, or perhaps a long tail, disturbed the water round the base of what had now risen from the sea to a height of twenty or thirty feet. The creature then coiled itself so that the long neck circled twice. I could see the sky through the coils. I could also see the head with remarkable clarity, a kind of crested snake's head, green-eyed, the mouth opening to show teeth and a pink inte­rior. Then in a moment the whole thing collapsed, the coils fell, and then there was nothing but a great foaming swirling pool where the creature had vanished.

П. There was no fog now. Twilight had just been overtaken by darkness, and a bright fierce little moon was shining, dimming the stars and pouring metallic brilliance onto the sea and animating the land with the ghostly intent presences of quiet rocks and trees. The sky was a clear blackish-blue, entertaining the abundant light of the moon but unillumined by it. The earth and its objects were a thick fuzzy brown. The shadows were strong, the silence was vast, differ­ent in quality from the foggy silence of the morning, punctured now and then by an owl's cry or the barking of a distant dog.

Ш. A bright satellite, a man-made star, very slowly and some­how carefully crossed the sky in a great arc, from one side to the other, a close arc, one knew it was not far away, a friendly satellite slowly going about its business round and round the globe. Later I opened my eyes with wonder and the sky had utterly changed again and was no longer dark but bright, golden... and now I was looking into the vast interior of the universe, as if the universe were quietly turning itself inside out The moon was gone, the sea had fallen dark, in submission to the stars.

Exercise 125. H

Use the proper article.

Clanging chatter of wheels as train started woke Bart out of un­easy doze. He got up and leaned on lowered window. Air pressed down upon him with soft, dusty weight. Little siding, faintly fit with glow of kerosene lamps, was oasis in night Faces of night officer and guard gleamed fitfully. Woman and two children got off train. He could sec smaller child staggering with weariness, rubbing his sleepy eyes, then man came up to them, emerging abruptly from darkness.

There was burst of welcoming voices, woman's laugh, and sound of it mingled with hanging of doors and shuddering of engine gath­ering speed.

Woman's laugh stayed in his mind. He wondered what Jan would think of this country. As far as he knew she's never^ been away from coast. He wondered how she would fit into tile at Nelungaloo. Frowning, he lit cigarette and leaned against door, watching lights of train stencilling pattern of light and shadow on

countryside. ... \- "^;«_-

He had never thought of Jan meeting his people before, and even now he knew that he only played with thought. Mum and Dad were so old-fashioned, that if he took girl home, they would con­sider her visit as good as shouting engagement from house-tops. He grinned at thought. It would be just sort of thing to send Dad off handle. He thought of all times his father had lectured him on proper attitude to women.

78

INDEX

(Numbers refer to exercises)

Apposition; article with the noun in apposition; 31-34

Conceit: article with nouns denoting things or persons identified by the context: If.

16 Equivalent: article replaced by its equivalent; I Day and seasons article with nouns denoting parts of day and seasons; 27-29, 63-

64 Generic use: article used in a generic sense; 49-50 Individual nouns: article with the nouns "school", "bed", "hospital", "town", etc.;

40-41, 61 Intensifiers: articles modified by the intensifying words "such", "rather", "what",

"quite": 12-13 Limiting attribute: article with nouns having a limiting attribute: 7, 14 Manner: article with nouns in adverbial phrases of manner 38-39; 68 Meals: article with the names of meals: 24-26, 62 Mentioned objects; article with nouns denoting things or persons already

mentioned: 6 Nationalities: article with nouns denoting nationalities and nations: 91 Numerals: article with numerals: 90 Object: article with the noun object: 5 Omission: omission of the article in coordinative word groups: 83, omission of the

article in enumeration: 84 Predicative: article with the noun predicative: 4 Prepositional phrases: article in "in-phrases": 67, article in "like-phrases"; 66,

article in "of-phrases": 44-45, 69-73, article in "with-phrases": 65 Proper nouns: article with proper nouns; 21-23, 52 Revision; revision exercises: 53-60, 92-125 Season: see: day and season Set phrases: article in set phrases: 37, 85, 86 Subject: article with the noun subject: 2; 3

Substantives words: article with substantives parts of speech: 87-89 Summary: summary exercises: 19-20, 30, 35-36, 42-43, 46, 48, 51, 74, 80-82 Uncountable nouns: article with uncountable nouns; 8-9, 11, 47, 75, 77-79 Unique objects: article with nouns denoting unique or generally known objects: 17-

18 Weather: article with nouns denoting states of weather 10

CONTENTS

Предисловие. 3

Part I. Elementary Knowledge of Articles 8

Revision Exercises 36

Pa r t II. Articles in Regular Use.... 41

Revision Exercises — 59

General revision..............................................................................63

Index................................................................................................80

_f

УЧЕБНАЯ БИБЛИОТЕКА «СТЕЛЛЫ»

М.Я. БЛОХ, В.С. ДЕНИСОВА, Е.А. ИСТОМИНА, А.С СААКЯН

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ АРТИКЛЬ (ПРАКТИКУМ) *'*

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ Научный редактор М.Я. Блох

Москва «СТЕЛЛА» 1993

УДК 820-815.6

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Рецензенты:

кандидат филологических наук, доцент А.В. Куценко (Московский педагогический государственный университет)

кандидат филологических наук, доиент ИИ. Шустилова (Московский педагогический университет)

Пособие представляет собой сборник упражнений для студен­тов отделений английского языка университетов и педагогических вузов. Пособием может пользоваться также широкий круг лиц, изучающих английский язык самостоятельно. Целью пособия является привитие учащимся навыков правильного употребления артиклей в устном и письменном общении на английском языке.