Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
Московский государственный институт электронной техники (технический университет)
И.Ю. Виноградова
Практикум по грамматике английского языка «Неличные формы глагола:
инфинитив, герундий, причастие»
(для студентов 2-го курса факультета иностранных языков)
Утверждено редакционно-издательским советом института
Москва 2005
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УДК 800.8
Рецензент: доц. Л.Ю. Стицей
Виноградова И.Ю.
Практикум по грамматике английского языка «Неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, герундий, причастие» (для студентов 2-го курса факультета иностранных языков). - М.: МИЭТ, 2005. - С. 64.
Практикум содержит теоретические сведения и упражнения по теме «Неличные формы глагола: инфинитив, герундий, причастие», сводные таблицы грамматических структур, вопросы для самоконтроля.
Практикум предназначен для студентов второго курса факультета иностранных языков и отделения переводчиков МИЭТ, изучающих практическую грамматику английского языка.
© МИЭТ, 2005
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THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (THE VERBALS)
The verb has finite and non-finite forms. The non-finite forms are called verbals. The verbals unlike the finite forms of the verb don’t express person, number or mood. So they cannot be used as the simple verbal predicate. There are three verbals in English: the infinitive, the gerund and the participle. The verbals combine the characteristics of the verb with those of the other parts of speech.
THE INFINITIVE
The infinitive is a non-finite form of the verb, which has verbal and nominal characteristics. So the infinitive has a double nature: nominal and verbal.
The nominal characteristics
The infinitive can be used:
1) as a subject of the sentence:
e.g. To go on like this was dangerous. 2) as a predicative:
e.g. Her plan was now to drive to Bath during the night. What I want is to be left alone.
3) as an object:
e.g. He didn’t want to be left alone.
The verbal characteristics
1.The infinitive of transitive verbs can take a direct object. e.g. He began to feel some curiosity.
2.The infinitive can be modified by an adverb. e.g. I can not write so quickly.
3.The infinitive has the category of aspect and tense correlation, the infinitive of transitive verbs has also the category of voice.
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The Forms of the Infinitive |
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|
|
Tense |
|
Voice |
|
Active |
|
Passive |
|
|
|
||
Indefinite |
to write |
|
to be written |
|
to stand |
|
--- |
Continuous |
to be writing |
|
--- |
|
to be standing |
|
--- |
Perfect |
to have written |
|
to have been written |
|
to have stood |
|
--- |
Perfect-Continuous |
to have been writing |
|
--- |
|
to have been standing |
|
--- |
The infinitive has 6 forms. Verbs which are not used in the Passive Voice have only four forms.
The category of aspect and tense correlation
The Indefinite Infinitive expresses an action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, so it may refer to the present, past or future.
e.g. I am glad to meet you. I was glad to see Mr. Paul. It may also express posterior action.
e.g. I hope to see you tomorrow.
The Continuous Infinitive also denotes the action simultaneous with the action expressed by the finite verb, but it is an action in progress. So the Continuous Infinitive is not only a tense form, but also an aspect form, expressing time and manner in which the action is presented.
e.g. She seems to be losing her temper.
The Perfect Infinitive denotes:
a)an action prior to the action expressed by the finite verb: e.g. I was glad to have spoken to him.
b)after such verbs as: to mean, to expect, to intend, to hope – and the modal verbs ought to, should, could – used in the Past Indefinite, The Perfect Infinitive shows that the hope or intention was not carried out:
e.g. I meant to have gone there.
The same meaning can be expressed by the Past Perfect of the finite verb followed by the Indefinite Infinitive. e.g. I had meant to go there.
c)after the modal verbs must, may/might – the Perfect form expresses probability with regards to a prior action:
e.g. She must have lost her pen. (I am almost sure.) She may have lost her pen. (I am not sure.)
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She might have lost her pen. (I am not sure at all.)
The Perfect Continuous Infinitive denotes an action which lasted certain time before the action of the finite verb. It is not only a tense form, but also an aspect form.
e.g. For about 10 days we seemed to have been living on nothing but cold meat and cake. The infinitive has the category of voice.
e.g. It is so glorious to love and to be loved.
In sentences with the construction ‘there is’ the infinitive of some verbs can be active or passive. e.g. There is no time to lose. = There is no time to be lost.
The use of the infinitive without the particle ‘to’ (the bare infinitive)
In Modern English the infinitive is chiefly used with the particle to. Still there are cases when the so-called ‘bare infinitive’ (the infinitive without the particle to) is used:
1) after auxiliary verbs:
e.g. We shall go there at once.
2)after modal verbs except ought to, to have to, to be to: e.g. You must do it at once.
3)after verbs denoting sense perception: to hear, to see, to feel: e.g. I never saw you look so before.
NOTE: the verb to be after the verb to feel is used with to. e.g. I felt this to be very true.
The verb to feel expresses here mental perception.
4)after the verb to let: e.g. Let us go home.
5)after the verb to make and the verb to have: e.g. What makes you think so?
I had them take my luggage.
6)after the verb to know when its meaning is close to to see, to observe (the verb to know never has this meaning in the Present Indefinite):
e.g. Have you ever known me tell a lie?
NOTE: after the verbs to hear, to see, to make in the Passive Voice the to-infinitive is used. e.g. He was heard to mention it.
They were seen to leave the house.
7)after the verb to help the Infinitive is often used without to:
e.g. Help me carry/to carry this box.
8)after the expressions had better, would rather, would sooner, cannot but, nothing but: e.g. You had better go to bed.
I cannot but think so.
There was nothing left for him to do but watch and wait.
9)in sentences beginning with why, what, whether:
e.g. Why not come and talk to her yourself?
The particle to is often used without the infinitive, if it is easily understood from the context. e.g. He and his three men could not defend Nick even if they wanted to.
The functions of the infinitive
1. The infinitive as a subject (Pattern 1A). In this function the infinitive is always used with the particle to. e.g. To tell her the truth under the circumstances is not at all necessary.
The sentences can open with the introductory it, which serves an introductory subject. The introductory it isn’t translated into Russian. (Pattern 1B)
e.g. It is useless to discuss the question.
2.The infinitive as a predicative (Pattern 2). e.g. My intention is to get into the Parliament.
The infinitive can also be used as a part of a predicative (Parttern3). e.g. The house of Mrs. Betty was not so easy to find.
3. The infinitive as a part of a compound verbal predicate:
a)with modal verbs, modal expressions the infinitive forms part of a compound verbal modal predicate: e.g. We must not leave him by himself any longer.
b)with verbs denoting the beginning, duration or end of an action ( to begin, to start, to continue, to end, to stop, etc.) the infinitive forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate:
e.g. At sunrise it started to show.
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The constructions used to + infinitive and would + infinitive which express repeated actions in the past also belong here:
e.g. I used to play tennis when I was a child.
4.The infinitive as an object (Patterns 4 A, B). e.g. Leila had learned to dance at school.
The infinitive can be preceded by the introductory object it. It is not translated into Russian. e.g. He found it impossible to leave the spot.
5.The infinitive as a part of the Complex Object. e.g. I never saw you act this way before.
This construction is usually translated into Russian by a subordinate clause. 6. The infinitive as an attribute (Patterns 5 A, B, C).
The infinitive as an attribute is rendered into Russian by an infinitive (mostly after abstract nouns), by a subordinate clause or by a finite verb serving as the predicate of a simple sentence (after ordinal numerals and the adjective the last).
e.g. I have not had time to examine this room yet. She was not a woman to suffer in silence.
He was the first to offer his hand to the Russians.
The infinitive as an attribute often has a modal meaning of obligation or possibility. e.g. I’ve got my wife and little boy to look after.
There must be a lot of things in this world to make you very happy. Sometimes the infinitive used as an attribute implies idea of purpose.
e.g. Here is a nice book to read before going to bed.
The passive infinitive is seldom used in the attributive function. e.g. It is a book to read. (not ‘to be read’)
Exceptions: there is nothing to be done (to do), smth to be seen/to be said (to say, to see).
7.The infinitive as an adverbial modifier: a) of purpose (Pattern 6):
e.g. I have come here to speak to you.
The infinitive can be introduced by in order to, so as.
e.g. Once he was studying for three hours so as not to get a bad mark at school. b) of result (Pattern 7):
e.g. You are too young to wear black. I was too busy to see anyone. This chiefly occurs after adjectives modified by the adverbs enough, too.
c) of comparison (or manner), with the additional meaning of purpose. It is introduced by the conjunctions as if, as though:
e.g. As though to remind him, the clock began to chime. d) of attendant circumstances:
e.g. She was driven away, never to revisit this town.
8.The infinitive as a parenthesis. These phrases include:
needless to say |
to put it another way |
so to speak |
to say nothing (the least) of |
to be honest |
to start with |
to be more exact |
to sum up |
to cut a long story short |
to take an example |
to judge from (by) |
to tell the truth |
e.g. To put it mildly, he was not up to the mark.
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|
|
The Subject |
Pattern 1 |
|
|
A |
is |
necessary |
|
||
to do smth |
was |
impossible |
to be done |
will be |
a mistake (a noun) |
|
would be |
to do smth |
e.g. To tell her the truth under the circumstances is/was not at all necessary.
B |
|
necessary |
|
|
|
important |
|
|
is |
interesting |
to do smth |
it |
was |
easy |
to be done |
|
will be |
difficult |
to be doing |
|
|
strange |
|
|
|
simple |
|
|
|
nice |
|
e.g. It is necessary to go and explain it to her. It is nice to be speaking English again.
The Predicative
Pattern 2
… is … was … will be
e.g. What I want is to be left alone. The main thing was to get a permit.
The Secondary Predicative
Pattern 3
|
|
nice |
|
smb |
is |
hard |
|
smth |
was |
difficult |
to do (at, with) |
|
|
pleasant |
|
|
|
impossible |
|
e.g. Mr. Jones is pleasant to talk with.
|
|
|
The Object |
Pattern 4 |
|
|
|
A |
|
to agree |
|
to promise |
to do smth |
to decide |
to do smth |
to offer |
to be doing smth |
to pretend |
to be doing smth |
to remember |
to be done |
to want |
to be done |
to forget |
|
to mean |
|
|
|
to like |
|
e.g. She pretended not to be listening.
B |
to do smth |
to be glad |
to be doing smth |
pleased |
to have done smth |
astonished |
to have been doing smth |
angry |
to be done |
delighted |
to have been done |
afraid |
|
e.g. She was pleased to see me. He was glad to be talking to man. They were astonished to have found me here.
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The Attribute
Pattern 5
A
the first
the last to do smth the second
e.g. He was the second to cross the finish line.
B
somebody
nobody to do smth anything
someone
e.g. I have nothing to give you. Have you anything else to say?
C |
|
man |
|
place |
to do smth |
time |
|
thing |
|
e.g. He is just the man (not a man) to do so. There is no place to put an ice-box.
|
|
The Adverbial Modifier of Purpose |
Pattern 6 |
|
|
|
to get smth |
|
to do smth |
to be given smth |
|
|
in order |
to get smth |
|
so as |
to be given smth |
e.g. I have come to speak to you. She wore very high heels so as to look a little taller. She pretended to be quite well not to be taken to the doctor.
The Adverbial Modifier of Result
Pattern 7
|
young |
|
to do smth |
too |
old |
(enough) |
to be done |
|
easy |
|
to have done |
|
difficult |
|
to have been done |
e.g. You are too young to wear black. She is old enough to be taken for his master.
PREDICATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE INFINITIVE
1.The Objective - with - the Infinitive (the Complex Object).
2.The Nominative - with - the Infinitive (the Complex Subject).
3.The For – Complex.
The Objective - with - the Infinitive Construction
It is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case. (The relation between the noun or pronoun and the infinitive is similar to that of subject and predicate. So the infinitive may have a subject of its own.) In the sentence this construction has the function of the Complex Object. It is used (Pattern 8):
1) after verbs of sense perception: to hear, to see, to watch, to feel, to observe, to notice (Pattern 8 A): e.g. I haven’t heard anyone call me.
I saw Brown enter the room.
After these verbs only the Infinitive Indefinite Active is used. If the meaning is passive we use participle II. e.g. I saw the fire conquered.
NOTE: when the verbs to hear and to see express mental perception (to hear = to learn, to see = to understand), they cannot be followed by the Complex Object, but require an object clause.
e.g. I hear that you have given up the idea of going there.
2) after verbs denoting mental activity to know, to think, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feel, to trust:
e.g. I believe him to have no conscience at all.
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NOTE: after the verbs of mental activity the Perfect Infinitive is used but seldom (Pattern 8 D).
3)after verbs of declaring: to pronounce, to declare and to report: e.g. The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.
4)after verbs denoting wish and intention: to want, to wish, to desire, to intend: e.g. I want you to come and dine with me.
5)after verbs denoting feeling and emotion: to like, to dislike, to love, to hate (Pattern 8 D): e.g. I dislike you to talk like that.
6)after the verbs denoting order and permission to order, to allow (Pattern 8 C):
e.g. He ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning. She had never allowed the name of John to pass her lips.
Here we find the Objective - with - the Infinitive only if the object is expressed by a noun or a pronoun denoting a lifeless thing or when the infinitive is passive.
7)after verbs denoting compulsion: to make, to cause, to have (Pattern 8 B): e.g. Light steps made him turn his head.
8. The Objective – with – the Infinitive is widely used with the preposition for. Occasionally it occurs with the preposition on or upon (after the verb to rely).
e.g. I rely on you to come in time. I rely upon you not to say that.
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SENTENCE PATTERNS |
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Complexes with the Infinitive |
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The Objective – with - the Infinitive Construction |
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Pattern 8 |
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|
A |
|
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to see |
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|
hear |
smb do smth |
|
feel |
|
|
e.g. I saw him drop the cup. |
|
|
B
to let
make smb do smth have
e.g. The sound of his voice made me start.
C |
|
to order |
smb to do smth |
allow |
smth to be done |
forbid |
|
e.g. They allowed him to return this book on Monday. |
|
|
|
D |
|
to like |
|
prefer |
smb to do smth |
want |
smth to have been done (is used but |
know |
very seldom) |
expect |
|
e.g. I expect him to be disappointed. |
|
The Nominative – with – the Infinitive Construction
It is a construction in which the infinitive is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case.
The peculiarity of this construction is that it does not serve as one part of the sentence; the other forms part of a compound verbal predicate. But the whole construction is the complex subject to the predicate of the sentence.
e.g. Edith is said to resemble me.
This construction is used with the following groups of verbs in the Passive Voice: 1) with verbs of sense perception: to see, to hear, to watch, to feel, to notice (Pattern 9A):
e.g. The rider was seen to disappear in the distance.
If a process is expressed, Participle I Indefinite Active is used. e.g. Her father was heard approaching at that moment.
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2)with verbs of mental activity: to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, to suppose (Pattern 9B): e.g. He was thought to be honest.
3)with the verbs: to make, to allow, to permit, to order, to command, to force, to request , the so-called verbs of permission, request, order (Pattern 9A):
e.g. Little boy was aroused and made to put on his clothes. They were requested to be ready by 7 o’clock.
4)with verbs to say and to report:
e.g. She is said to be a very good student.
The pilot is reported to have started on his flight.
5)with such verbs as to seem, to appear, to happen, to turn out. Here the predicative is in the Active Voice (Pattern 9D):
e.g. She seems to know the subject well.
6)with the word-groups to be likely, to be sure, to be certain (Pattern 9C):
e.g. He is sure to marry her.
SENTENCE PATTERNS
Complexes with the Infinitive
The Nominative – with – the Infinitive Construction
Pattern 9
A |
|
seen |
|
|
|
heard |
|
|
is |
expected |
to do smth |
smb |
was |
told |
to be done |
|
will be |
ordered |
|
|
|
asked |
|
|
|
allowed |
|
e.g. He was heard to say that. She is expected to be back any minute.
B |
|
|
to do smth |
|
is |
known |
to be done |
smb |
was |
supposed |
to be doing smth |
|
will be |
believed |
to have done |
|
|
considered |
to have been done |
|
|
|
to have been doing |
e.g. He is known to have been one of the most popular writers. |
|||
|
|
|
|
C |
|
|
to do smth |
|
is |
sure |
to be done |
smb |
was |
certain |
to be doing smth |
|
will be |
(un)likely |
to have done |
|
|
|
to have been done |
|
|
|
to have been doing |
e.g. The old man was (un)likely to have made a mistake. Things are sure to get better.
D |
|
to do smth |
|
seem(s), seemed, will seem |
to be done |
smb |
appear(s), appeared, will appear |
to be doing smth |
|
happen(s), happened, will happen |
to have done |
|
|
to have been done |
|
|
to have been doing |
e.g. Some emotion seemed to be torturing him. He seems to notice nothing unusual. The picture proved to have been stolen.
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The For –Complex
It is a construction in which the infinitive (mostly in its Indefinite, Passive or Continuous forms) is in predicate relation to a noun or pronoun preceded by the preposition for.
The for-complex is used as:
1)subject (often with the introductory it) (Pattern 10): e.g. For me to ask would be a mistake.
I think it is a shame for people to spend so much money.
2)predicative:
e.g. That was for him to find out. 3) object (Pattern 11A, B):
e.g. He waited for her to speak.
He asked for the papers to be brought. 4) attribute (Pattern 12A, B):
e.g. The best thing for you to do is to ask him. 5) adverbial modifier:
a) of purpose (Pattern 13):
e.g. They’ve left the thermometer for the doctor to see. b) of result (Pattern 14):
e.g. He spoke loud enough for you to hear.
|
|
|
SENTENCE PATTERNS |
|
|
|
The For – Complex |
Pattern 10 |
|
|
The Subject |
|
|
|
|
|
|
hard |
|
|
is |
easy |
for smb to do smth |
It |
was |
good |
to smb to be doing smth |
|
will be |
bad |
for smth to be done |
|
would be |
impossible |
|
|
|
important |
|
e.g. It will be best for her to go home.
It was unusual for a woman to be seen smoking.
Exceptions:
|
|
nice |
|
|
is |
kind |
|
it |
was |
sensible |
of smb to do smth |
|
will be |
silly |
|
|
|
stupid |
|
|
|
tactless |
|
e.g. It was silly of you to ask that question.
Pattern 11 |
|
|
The Object |
|
|
|
|
A |
to long |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
wait |
for smb to do smth |
|
|
arrange |
smth to be done |
|
|
mean |
|
|
|
to be anxious |
|
|
e.g. I am anxious for you to succeed. |
|
||
I did not mean for you to stay here. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
B |
|
difficult |
|
to make |
|
easy |
|
think |
it |
necessary |
for smb to do smth |
believe |
|
important |
|
|
|
best |
|
e.g. Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell you the truth. He thinks it best for you to stay here.
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The Attribute
Pattern 12
A
somebody
nothing for smb to do smth anyone
e.g. There is no one for the children to play with There is nothing else for me to stay.
B
man
time for smb to do smth thing
place
e.g. It is not the right time for us to speak about it.
The Adverbial Modifier of Purpose
Pattern 13
|
|
|
|
to do smth for smb to do smth |
|
|
e.g. He stood aside for us to pass in. |
|
|
||
|
Pattern 14 |
|
The Adverbial Modifier of Result |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
easy |
|
|
|
|
too |
difficult |
(enough) |
for smb to do smth |
|
|
|
young |
|
|
|
|
|
old |
|
|
|
e.g. The rain can last long enough for us to miss the train.
Infinitive Phrases
Infinitive phrases are introduced by conjunctive adverbs: when, why, how; conjunctive pronouns: who, what, which; the conjunction whether.
Infinitive phrases are used in the sentence as: 1. Subject.
e.g. How to do it is a difficult question. 2. Predicative.
e.g. The question is whom to invite. 3. Object.
e.g. She wasn’t sure when to begin. 4. Attribute.
e.g. You haven’t answered my question where to get these books.
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EXERCISES
1. Use the infinitive in brackets in the required form of the Active or Passive Voice.
1.How fortunate he is (to travel) all over the world and (to see) so much of it! 2. Jennifer pretended (to read) a book and not (to notice) me. 3. It is so thoughtful of you (to book) the tickets well in advance. 4. I hate (to bother) you, but the man is still waiting (to give) a definite answer. 5. He hated (to bother) with trifling matters when he had many more important questions (to decide). 6. She would never miss a chance (to show) her efficiency, she was so anxious (to like) and (to praise). 7. The idea was too complicated (to express) in just one paragraph. It seemed it would take not less than a page (to put) it into words. 8. Is there anything else (to tell) him? I believe he deserves (to know) how the matter stands and (to tell) all about it. 9. Although he is a young writer, his book is likely (to publish) and (to appear) on sale pretty soon. It is sure (to sell) well and (to sell) out in no time. 10. Perhaps it would bother him (to tell) about the quarrel. 11. The only sound (to hear) was the ticking of the grandfather's clock downstairs.
12.Not (to answer) would have been a wrong step. 13. We don't seem (to acquaint), at least I can't remember ever (to meet) him. 14. The third key remained (to test).
2.Use the infinitives with or without the particle to.
1. Show me what ___ do. 2. He was ___ have taken part in that competition but he fell ill. 3. All I did was ___ give him a little push. 4. Rather than ___ wait any more, I decided ___ go home by taxi. 5. I have ___ feed animals as well as ___ look after the children. 6. It’s easier ___ do it yourself than ___ explain to somebody else how ___ do it. 7. Do you want ___ have lunch now or ___ wait till later? 8. I don’t know where ___ put the car. 9. I’d like ___ lie down and ___ go to sleep. 10. You’re looking tired. Why not ___ take a holiday? 11. He was made ___ pay back the money. 12. Could you help me ___ unload the car? 13. We both heard him ___ say that I was leaving. 14. I can’t
___ decide whether ___ answer her letter. 15. I made them ___ give me the money back. 16. She lets her children
___ stay up very late. 17. You’d better ___ see what she wants. 18. Need I ___ do the washing up? 19. She will probably ___ be elected. 20. Do you think she might ___ be joking?
3. State the function of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. He folded the paper, put it in his pocket and went home to show it to his wife. 2. She was frank enough to admit that she had only achieved her own fine sense of humour by the most arduous study and concentration. 3. She considered her engagement book, nodded, and began to make notes. 4. It was just that the only way to be nasty to her father in that connection was to take her mother's side. 5. But their paths never seemed quite to cross. 6. He went into his room, shut the door, and sat down to his desk to study. 7. To resign now would be an admission of failure. 8. 'May I be seated?' he said, seating himself heavily. 9. No one thought to look in the boiler. 10. He heard a car pull up before the house and a horn honk. 11. And yet he was perceptive enough to understand too that the town had begun slowly but inexorably to re-evaluate him. 12. Jill did not want Jimmy to come to dinner at all. 13. Steve felt himself turn bright red. 14. I am going to tell you something to save your life. 15. It isn't necessary for us to leave so soon. The show doesn't start till eight. 16. The trouble was that the very examples she used to prove her point were the ones that served to convince him most firmly that it would be impossible to find a better place. 17. He stopped to buy an evening paper. 18. It is easier to pull down than to build.
4. Change the structure of the following sentences so as to use the infinitive as subject.
1. The question is not so easy to answer. 2. There was no necessity to re-do it. 3. The thought of it cheered him up.
4.I was amazed to see it. 5. He felt ashamed when he read the letter. 6. Worrying and fussing was useless. 7. All they wanted was to make themselves understood. 8. He wanted to see the play staged as soon as possible. 9. My companion was discreet enough not to mention it. 10. I must ask a few questions on the matter. It is my duty.
11.You say he kept his opinion to himself. Is it usual of him? 12. How greatly disappointed we were when we found that it was only a joke! 13. The sight of them made us laugh. 14. The sculpture was completely ruined. The restoration was impossible. 15. The car's engine is out of order. The repair will take not less than two days.
5.Make up sentences so as to use the infinitive in bold type as predicative.
1. your next task, the results, to check up, of the observations, is. 2. I meant, was, the last thing, to offend you. 3. every success, and, I have come for, is, to wish you, what, to congratulate you. 4. on the subject of research, to write, his job, abstracts of articles, was, in the laboratory. 5. could do you good, is, the only thing, to take a long rest, that. 6. to see himself, the most exciting experience, for the first time, was, he had ever had, in a film. 7. an experienced lawyer, was, the next move, to consult, he had made. 8. what turn, is, the best thing, things will take, to do, to see, now.
6. Insert the infinitives given in brackets. Use prepositions if necessary.
1. I have a lot of things ___ and many problems ___ (to think, to consider). 2. How many classes have you got ___
this week? (to attend). 3. There were usually hundreds of matters, big and small, ___ (to attend). 4. He would never fail to find something ___ even if there was little or nothing ___ (to say, to speak). 5. She always came with some little story ___ looking for somebody ___ it (to tell). 6. Tell the child matches are a dangerous thing ___ (to play). 7. There are two more games ___, and the tournament will be over (to play). 8. Mr Snodgrass was the first ___ the
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astonished silence (to break). 9. The first patient ___ was a small boy in his early teens (to examine). 10. Safety is the first principle ___ in shooting competitions (to observe). 11. He complained that he was always the last ___ (to inform). 12. I am the last man ___ a question of the kind (to ask). 13. Among the last ___, they attracted the attention of the entire gathering (to arrive). 14. He found that he was the only one ___ the discrepancy (to notice). 15. If there is to be a vacancy I would like to be the one ___ the job (to offer). 16. These houses were among the few
___, after a great fire (to survive).
7. Point out the Complex Object in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian.
1. Next day, though I pressed him to remain, Kevin left me. 2. I never heard him speak of those whose work had a certain analogy with his own. 3. Rusty was so busy he didn’t notice her coming in. 4. I am not at all sure that in her own interests I shan’t require her to return to me. 5. I tried to induce your father to give him the authority he desired. 6.... he was good at court games, had a number of big game fishing records and had just shown himself to be a coward. 7. Your wife says that nothing you can do will ever induce her to divorce you. 8. She was known very soon to be the perfect parlour-maid. 9. Short of actually beating his wife, he perceived nothing to be done. 10. Soames, glanced at her beneath his eyelids, nodded, and he saw Irene steal at him one of her unfathomable looks. 11. So I think I'd like you to know that it's just well to be prepared, so that if she did go suddenly it wouldn't be any shock to you. 12.... as we walked out into the snowy yard we saw the tail light of a car turn the corner at the end of the black alley. 13. She wanted him to see Adel with the other children - to see how dignified and polite she was. 14. Paul watched him destroy the sheet. 15. You could hardly have expected me to go to the garage.
8. Point out the Complex Subject in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. But I don't happen to know anything. 2. You would never be likely to fall in love with me. 3. It doesn't seem to do her any harm, that's the cheeriest thing about it. 4. We are working now and we'll be sure to pay you Saturday. 5. I was not sure how a reporter was supposed to behave on occasions like this. 6. He thinks she's a stenographer but she turns out to be a writer. 7. She would be sure to throw her arms round his neck and say, 'Oh, Jo, how I make you suffer!' 8. We have not been required to undertake any work. 9. I don't happen to see any difference between them. 10. That is supposed to be a rose. 11. He seemed to be turning it over in his mind. 12. The changes are likely to be announced in the April Budget. 13. The old man seemed to have lived a life on the roads. 14. The picture is supposed to be the passage of the Red Sea. 15. Kilimanjaro is a snow covered mountain and is said to be the highest mountain in Africa. 16. The company was reported to be paying starvation wages to its black workers. 17. He was known to have refused office in the interests of his profession. 18. He was compelled to write his weekly review. 19. At the end of ten minutes he appeared to have solved his troubles with the machine. 20. Some members of the action committee are believed to have spoken yesterday.
9. State the form and function of the infinitive. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. Why loose your temper over a little thing like that? 2. He made an effort to do his homework. 3. She hurried so as not miss the train. 4. She was announced to be the winner. 5. To tell the truth, I’m sick and tired of this nonsense. 6. It was my intention to show her the great change in my character. 7. They had arranged to visit the laboratory the next day. 8. Would you be so good as to answer the telephone if it rings? 9. He is very anxious to see you. 10. There is some information I want you to obtain. 11. He is certain to come tomorrow. 12. To relieve my feelings I write a letter to Robert. 13. Not to go back was awful. 14. He was touched by her desire to help him. 15. She claims to have read his diary. 16. Why not try to be a writer? 17. He is glad to be training young children again. 18. Would you be so good as to answer the telephone if it rings? 19. To make matters worse, it began to rain and soon we got wet to the skin. 20. He heard her lift the receiver and give the number.
10. Translate the sentences into English.
1. Идти в кино было слишком поздно. 2. Не забудьте принять таблетки от головной боли. 3. Они первыми приехали, следовательно, первыми и уедут. 4. Ей нечего было сказать. 5. Его письма обычно заставляли ее смеяться. 6. Она была слишком удивлена, чтобы говорить об этом. 7. Он достаточно умен, чтобы понять вашу шутку. 8. Пойдите и найдите кого-нибудь еще, кто мог бы помочь нам. 9. У нее была привычка приходить ко мне каждое утро и спрашивать, что я хочу на завтрак. 10. Он совсем не знал, как начать письмо. 11. Он не ожидал, что я так быстро уйду. 12. Она пыталась заставить его носить очки. 13. Многие из пассажиров, по-видимому, были туристами. 14. Оказалось, что я хорошо его знаю. 15. Им трудно было успевать за мной. 16. Я, кажется, хорошо вас знаю. Я, должно быть, встречал вас у своих родителей. 17. Ему трудно угодить. 18. В этом доме удобно жить. 19. Он приехал в 7 и увидел, что все готово. 20. Короче говоря, мы не ожидали, что они придут так рано.
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