- •Московская финансово-промышленная академия
- •Unit 1. The Structure of English legal System
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Classification of English Law
- •Legal Personality
- •Natural persons
- •Corporations
- •Unincorporated associations
- •The Sources of English Law
- •Case law
- •Legislation
- •The Courts in Great Britain European Community Law
- •The direct applicability and direct effectivity of Community law
- •Legislation
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 2. Business Organisations
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading.
- •A. The Sole Trader
- •B. The Partnership
- •The existence of a business
- •Carried on in common
- •With a view of profit
- •Persons capable of being partners
- •Firm and the firm name
- •Illegal Partnerships
- •The Relations of Partners to One Another
- •Partnership Property
- •The rights of Partnership Inter Se
- •The expulsion of a partner
- •Duties of Partners Rendering true accounts and full information
- •Duty to account for secret profits
- •Duty not to compete with the firm
- •The relations of Partners to Persons dealing with Them Powers of partners to bind the firm
- •Liability for Debts and Contractual Obligations
- •Liability in Torts
- •Vicarious liability
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 3. Business Organisations The Registered Company
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. C. The Registered Company
- •Unlimited liability companies
- •Limited liability companies
- •Private and public companies limited by shares
- •Groups of Companies: Holding and Subsidiary Companies
- •Separate legal person
- •The Constitution of a Registered Company
- •The contents of the Memorandum
- •The name clause
- •Change of name
- •Common law restrictions on choice of name: ‘passing off’
- •The registered office clause
- •The capital clause
- •Company Promoters
- •Fiduciary duties of promoters
- •Pre-incorporation contracts
- •Provisional Contracts by Public Companies
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 4. Business Organisations The Registered Company as Itself
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Directors
- •The appointment of directors
- •The retirement of directors
- •Age restrictions on directors
- •Disqualification of directors
- •Duty to disqualify unfit directors of insolvent companies
- •The Company Secretary
- •The Enforcement of Directors’ Duties
- •Common law exceptions to the rule in Foss V. Harbottle
- •Illegal acts
- •Personal rights of a shareholder
- •The form of the minority action.
- •Statutory exceptions to Foss V. Harbottle
- •Just and equitable winding up
- •Department of Trade investigations.
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 5. Shares and Shareholders
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Shares and Shareholders
- •The rights and liabilities of the shareholder
- •Registered and bearer shares
- •Mortgages of shares
- •Classes of share
- •Variation of shareholders’ rights
- •Becoming a Member of a Company
- •Ceasing to be Member
- •Transfer of Shares
- •Restrictions on transfers
- •The Register of Members
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main point of the text.
- •Control of Rogue Dealers
- •Monopolies
- •Mergers
- •The Consumer Protection Act 1987
- •Defective product
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 7. Bankruptcy
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Bankruptcy
- •Persons who can be made bankrupt
- •The bankruptcy petition
- •The consequences of the bankruptcy order
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •Unit 8. The Law of Agency
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Definition of Agency
- •Types of Agent
- •The Authority of the Agent
- •By conscent of the principal
- •Ratification
- •Authority by operation of the law: agency of necessity
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 9. The Law of Tort
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение
- •2. Text for reading.
- •Importance of Tortious Liability
- •Torts affecting the person
- •Torts affecting property
- •Torts affecting economic rights
- •Torts affecting reputation
- •Torts affecting rights generally
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 10. The Law of Contract
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. The Law of Contract
- •Essentials of a Contract
- •Contracts for the Sale of Goods
- •The Form of the Contract
- •The Implied Terms in a Contract for the Sale of Goods
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 11. Contracts of Employment
- •1. Words to be remembered.
- •2. Text for reading. Contracts of Employment The Contract for Service and the Contract for Services
- •The distinguishing criteria
- •The position of casual workers
- •The position of temporary workers
- •Vicarious Liability
- •Continuity of Employment
- •Formation of the Contract of Employment.
- •Terms implied into a contract of employment by the common law
- •Terms implied into contracts of employment by statute
- •Unfair dismissal
- •Remedies for unfair dismissal
- •Transfers of undertakings.
- •Fixed Term and Performance Contracts
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 12. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. The Nature and Classification of Business Property
- •Introduction into English Law of Real Property
- •Freehold estates
- •Leasehold estates
- •Equitable estates
- •Legal and equitable estates compared
- •Registered and Unregistered Conveyancing
- •Unregistered conveyancing
- •Registered conveyancing
- •The Classification of Estates and Interest in Land: Unregistered and Registered Unregistered land
- •Registered land
- •Choses in Possession
- •Choses in Action
- •Assignable choses in action
- •Negotiable choses
- •Negotiable instruments.
- •Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
- •3. Questions.
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text. Unit 13. The Nature of Security
- •1. Words to be learned.
- •2. Text for reading. Securities for Loans The Nature of a Security
- •Mortgages of Land
- •Legal mortgages
- •Mortgage by demise.
- •Legal charge.
- •Priority and Protection of Mortgagees
- •Mortgage protection in unregistered conveyancing
- •Mortgage protection in registered land
- •3. Questions
- •4. Find the following sentences in the text.
- •5. Recite the main points of the text.
- •Vocabulary a
- •Latin terms
Intellectual Property Rights Trade marks and brand names
A brand is a name that customers know and react to. The brand manipulates a buyer’s perception of the thing’s worth and adds value. The value of the brand is the impression of extra worth that it engenders in customers, whose loyality is thus that bit more secure. Brand loyalty leads to increased profit: BMW cars and IBM computers are not significantly better than their rivals but customers will pay significantly more for them. Branding emerged only in the last 100 years and by 1890 most countries had trade mark legislation establishing a name as a legally protectable asset. It was late in the last century that producers of products could take advantage of new mass-manufacturing techniques, distribution networks and advertising to win customers on a national or international scale. To distinguish their products they gave them distinctive names to differentiate them from ‘own label’ products of local retailers. George Eastman called his camera Kodak because it was ‘short, vigorous, incapable of being misspelt... and meant nothing’.
The commercial significance of brands has led to a number of brand-driven take-over deals, with bidders prepared to pay in excess of the asset value of the target company to acquire valuable brand names on the basis that it is almost impossible to create a megabrand from scratch. Thus Nestle paid £2.55 billion – more than five times the book value – for Rowntree to acquire the rights to Kit-Kat, After Eight, Smarties and Polo.
Unregistered trade marks are protected by the common law tort of passing off, but registered trade marks are protected by statute.
Registered trade marks.
A tarde mark is ‘any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings’; it may ‘consist of words (including personal names), design, letters, numerals or the shape of goods or their packaging’.
Marks cannot be registered if identical with an earlier trade mark covering identical goods or services, or where similarity of mark and goods or services is likely to cause confusion to the public. This extends to unregistered marks protected by any rule of law (that is, passing off), or protected in any other form, that is copyright, design right or registered designs.
3. Questions.
What is the difference between tangible and intangible property?
How is intellectual property protected?
In what ways can freehold estates be inherited?
In what case can equitable estates arise?
What kind of interests are called overriding?
What is required for assignment of intangible property to be legal and effective?
How can choses in action be negotiated?
What features do negotiable instruments have?
Why is brand legally protected?
What is a trade mark?
4. Find the following sentences in the text.
В состав материальной собственности входят товары и земля, которые могут быть объектом физического владения.
Компания, разрабатывающая новый продукт при помощи, в том числе, изобретательской деятельности, защищает изобретение путем регистрации патента.
Арендаторы владеют недвижимостью на основании контракта
Владелец продает землю одному лицу по доверенности для «пользования» другого лица.
Они возникают, когда несоответствие с правовыми формальностями препятствует передаче земельной собственности.
Прежде, чем осуществлять передачу права собственности на землю, необходимо подтвердить права продавца.
Чек с надписью «счет оплачивается (только)...»действителен лишь между партнерами, без права передачи.
Автомобили BMW и компьютеры IBM ненамного лучше, чем продукция их конкурентов, но потребители заплатят за них значительно больше.
К 1890 г. в большинстве стран существовало законодательство о торговых марках, где название рассматривалось как защищенная законом собственность