Добавил:
Upload Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

Учебное пособие ч.1 - 2008

.pdf
Скачиваний:
63
Добавлен:
31.05.2015
Размер:
3.27 Mб
Скачать

? /, "# 87 ! # . .,

8 ACID-/ 0. ! ! . " .

# .

C . , / 0 # ! # 0 2 0 0 ! / 0 ! @'. # " 2 ! # ! # 28 # " ! # .. ? 2

# " 2 ! # ! / . ! # 0 - ., 0 / 8, # ", # ! .- ! . ! # ! / .,

! / # ! # 0 2 0. C .

" 8 9: « # ». C # . 8 / #-

2 , 2 ! # / # @' ! # 0 " " /. ? 1

/ ! 0, . . 1 0

" # " 2 / # . 0. B "#8-

. . #0 / # : - # 0 ! . ! / /.

. ! #2 #2 . @' -

. . " 2 #2 ! #2 # # ! #-

! ... #2 0 / 0 . . 0 2

#0 . , . . 2 0 -

# . 0. ' ! : . . . -

/ 0. # " 2 ! 7, ! . 0 " -

1. C # / ,

" ! # 0 2 0 #2 .

C # , # / 0

! # ! 1, ! 8 . 0 -

" ! 0 ! " 0 #2. ; #2 . ! # 0 / . " 2 5-

% # .

H / 0 / - : , " ! 87 ! 2 @' ., " # ! ! / ! # 0.

' / 0 9, . .

# . "

180

0, . " # # ! # 0 - /. H / 0 / , #2 - ! # 0 0 0 . . . / 0.. '#0 9 / / " . ! 1 ! #

!.

x # . #2 1 / ., ! ., 1 0 / # @' # ! #2-

#2 # ! / #2 8 ., ! -

/.

" 7 0 0-

, . 0 # 8 0.

. 9 / /

! #2 # /. '#0 - " . 2 . 2 # 2 , C @' # 0 2

. 0, / 0 # @'. "-

. 0 2 8 9 . / 8 " -

. ; #0/ ! / . 08 1

@', ! : ., " " ! 2 . 2 , C @' # 2 , " # . 9 /.

! # #8" ! /, . 087 " , C @' . 0 # / 0-

. 9 / . ! / ! # . ? #2 ! # : . 0 0 0 @'. x # ! "- " / 0 9 0, # # 0 -

87 0 .. x # ! 0 - /, C @' ! # # 1-

, " # . 9 /, . 00, . " .,

. 0.

. / - :99 . . -

/ . ! #2 #2 ! @'. !

# / : . . C @' ! 0 # 2 0

/ # . 0 . ! "#..

-!, " . " 2 ! . @'

/, #2 ! .. 8 -

, . 08 ! 8 0 ! 2 #2 !

.. @' . " 2 . 0, ! #

181

#2 ! .. , #2 " #2

! .. " ! 0. - , " 0 #8 2

. 2 0 9 .. < .-

! #, / 0 .- 0 @', 8 0 /,

. 0 / 0 ! 0.

'#0 1 0 : ! "# . # " 2 ! #2 ! / #2 0 / !# . " " (#- /) /. # # 87 ! / !.

1.? / 0 . ! # 2 ! 9-

. ., 2 ., ! -

. 0, : . 0 7 9.

2.; #2 . ! # 0 / #-

" 2 : # #2 ! # #2 - ! # 0. ? 2 # / ! # 08 0 ! #- # #2, ! ! # 0, #2 " ,

# " # ! # 0# 2 ! 0, . 0 - / 0, # # 0, ! . ! 0. . C @'

# / 0 / # 0 . . "#-

.

B .0 ! # 0 / C @' "# 2

@' (1, # !! ), - / 0 " 7 0. @# 0 0 . . 9- / /. x # ! / ! ## #2 " " -

/ # 0 ! ! " 2 0 "# .

., " " / ! # 0 "-

#0 0 #2 ! # 1 0 /, "#-

1 , 0 0 "#.

! # / . C @' . "# 2 8 @', 1, !! # #2 8

. , . " #21 "# . :# . -

, . .# C @' " " /, ! #2-

# .0 0 0 0 "#. "

. ! ! @', ! #, # 0

"# #2 . : . # . " 2 0 . . #2 ! #2 ,

182

"# . "E - : . . #2 0 0 - / @'.

C . 9 . / . " 8 - ! # . @', ! : . / . . - 9 / 2 0 1 0, 9 07 0 #-

# #2 ..

? / 0, " #087 0 #2 #

, 0 ".

x # / 0 " @', ! # .

#, 8 & ".

? . " ., # ! # 0 / 0

#2 # #2.

C 0 ! #2 #0, # #2 ! #-

/ # " " 2 0 , 2

C @' # 2 ! / ! # 0 ! #-

/ , " # #2 /, 0- 7 , 9 # 2 . . # ! # .. ! # 0 -

/ 0 # 9 2 0 #2 #, 9-

# #2 / #087. x # !-

0 0 " # #2 /, # " 2 ! ! # 0 / 0. '#0 ! - # / : " C @' ! #2 8 . . -

9 / / (two phase commit). : . 9 / 0 ! # / 7 #0 0

: ! ( ).

B ! @', 9 87 !- # 8 / 8, ! # . «! 2 0 9- /» . # . (. @'), . #0 ! # 0 # #2 /, / !- # /. # #2 @' #

"7 2, 9 /. x # 0 "

! #, ! #-

@' ! # #2 / #, #8 0 , ! # # ! 7

9 /.

183

0 0 0, # #2 C @'

9 /. C, " " 87 ! # 8

/ 8, 9 / 8, ! # 0 . « - 9 2 / 8» . # #2 . ..

! . . 9 / 8

9 / 8 ! # / # . ! ! ! # 0 / !-

# . - .. #2 . - # 0 0 . < # 0

! ! # ! # .

? # 0 0 ! ! #,

# # #2 . # 0 0

! 0 @'.

C 0 . ! 8

# 0 9 . / #2 @' !-

. ! 0 ., . #8" 8 . F8" 0 / 0 . ! # 0 0 # #2, !- : . " . # ! / 9 /.

. ! - " ! -

# .

/ ! . @' ", !-

# 7 # . # . ! # ., !-

0 2 !.

H / 0 ! # 0 ! / #2-

. #2 C @' - 0 (!#-

). #8" . 0 . !#-

! #2 # .. C . -

0 . " 2 ! ! # . " #

. "# / #

! #2 # 0 . 2- 1 0 9, ! " " 8 0 # #2 C @', # ! 8 0 #2 . 0 -

, # 0 2 ! .. ( . , " 0 . # . # " " -

. : # 0 # 1 . ?, -

. ! # 28 #8 2 9#, 87

184

! . . . -

#. ! : . # #- #2 . . 2 0 # ! @',

#2 ! #2 # # # ! #-

@' " ! # 2 !-

.

** *

" . . OLTP-

. . - 2 0 . C @' # . 2

# 2 # 0 " ! # #8" !! ! .. ".

'#0 # 0 ! # " C @' ! #2 - # /, ! # #2 2 !-

, ! 87 . 0 @'.

"7 ! / ! # 0 ! # " 0 - - #2 ! # 0 /, 9 " 0, # ! 2 # @', #2 - 9 / # 2. ?

2 # 0 ! # " 0 # -

0 " . / # 0 .-

. 1 /, " # !-

.

(, # / ! ., # -

. 1 ! .0 . 9 , 2

0 0 9 . / 0 @'. '#0 " " 2 ! "-

/, # 8 "# , ! ., # ! - ! 2

. #2 . # " 0 - ! 0 . @', ., ! . #,

# 8 0 1 /.

3.2. ) . 1 23 0 q--2 z 9 (BPM .)

ERP–. . . . ! # 0 ! / 0 #2 28 ! ! 0 0, 9 /-

185

#2 2 #0 -

! # 0, " 87 ! . 0 #-

! .. C ! # ERP–. 8 ! 1 0 #-

! #0 " 1 0 . #

! # 0. < #2 ! # :9- 9, . ! # 0 ! / 0..

.0 " # 0 ! # 0 (.

.) . ERP–. 8 0 -

.. ? # # 0 ! 2 ! # :9- 9 28 " BPM (Business Performance Management). ? . BPM, ! # ! .- 0 2 0 # 0 .! 0 IDC, . .. B ! ., # 0 .! 0 Gartner Inc. ! . 0

. CPM (Corporate Performance Management). ?

8 0 ., EPM (Enterprise Performance Management) SEM (Strategic Enterprise Management).

3.2.1. ! 0 1 1 BPM- .

BPM (Business Performance Management) : !-

2 / # ! / ! # 0

#, 87 #, . 87 - 1 9, ! / 0 #2-

/. BPM ! #0 ! ! 0 0. ! #0 2

/ #, . / 2 :99 2

0 #2 ! 1 8 : . / #0. ! #0 2 ! /- . 0 / #. (#8 BPM–! / 0

# / / #8 8 9 ! / !#, # / 8 2, .- #, # . #8 ! # :9- 9.

( ! #8" 0 . ! # 0, BPM ! #0 " ." / 8 :# .,

. 0 0:

-! / ! # 0;

-"-! / ! # 0;

186

-. ! # 0;

-9 . / . #.

? . " ., ! 0 BPM-. . ! "- #0 2 0 0: / !/ 0 ! # 0 ( . . !- # ! ! 0 8 ! # 1

! # /) 9 . / 0 . ( . . .!# ! .. , ! 87 # 8

BPM " ! 87 ! 8 # / 8).

/ !/ BPM # 0 ! /- # ! # 0, #8 87 ( . 3.2):

". 3.2. ( 3 1 23 0 2 BPM–.

-! # / # 0;

-. # 9, ! #087

: / #, . 87 0 ;

-!# , 7 8 !-

# / #;

-! 0 ., ! #087 # 2

0 #8 ! # :99 #-

!#;

187

-# #2, ! #087 # 1

2 ! «# :99»;

-# 9 ! # -

, ! . 87 #0. 0 ! . 2 : . " 1 0.

'#0 # / : / # PM-.!# #8- 8 # 9 ! # 0, ! #2 . #0 ( !!) ! # 0, :

. "8 0, !# 0 !-

0 (budgeting, planning and forecasting);

! # 0 / (. # 0) ! . / ! " #2 (profitability modeling and optimization);

9 . 0 " # 9

(statutory and financial reporting).

! / # ! # 0 # -

9 / #2 2 9 . / . # BPM. #, " # #087 - 9 . / BPM-. . 2 ! # 0,

# 87 9 / / # ! # 0 (Balanced Scorecard, Stern Stewart Integrated EVA Scorecard, Baldridge Criteria). 9 . / ., ! 87 !-

# ., ! #08 2 / #2 - 0 ( . 9, 9 !- #), 2 / # ! # 07 2,

9 . 2 "7 ! 8 . . /,

. # 87 8 : / # ! #087 8

# 0 . # ! # « #».

# ! / # " . ! # 2 -

! 0. : . 1 " #21 8 ! . 72

. 2 . # ". BPM-. ! #0-9 . 2 . / 0 #2, -

2 " . 2 ! .. . 9 /- #2-. # (Activity Based Costing), -

2 ! #2 0 #0 2 « .».

: ! #0 #8 # 1 ! 0 2 0 # 0 ! /-, ! 07 .!, : - / 2,

188

#2 # 9 ! " 8 (# ! !0- 8) 8 ! # / #.

" / # 0 9, # 087 -

, # !# 2 1 ! -

8 - ! ! . !# 0 "8- 0. BPM-. # 2 8 " . 8 #0 "8 0 9 / #2 2, #8 0 #-

! # # 9, ! 9-

! / ! . 0, ,

# #. C . # " ! 2 -

/ 9 / 9 / 9 . 0 "8 #0 #2 "-/ /, . 28

# / #8" . / -.

# , !# #, " . -

2 . - #0 # 0 0

! ! 0 0, 9 # 0 !-

. '#0 1 0 : BPM-.!# -

! #2 8 0 . BI (Business Intelligence – -

). .. !, -

0 BI–!# 9 ., ! #08 " OLAP–.. ? 0 . ! " " 2 " . 8 9 . / 8

# , 2

0. «! . "#» , . " ., " !-

2 «8 8 !» #0 ! # 9-

. /.

B ! . . ! # . PM-.!# 0 #0 0

. # / 9 (financial consolidation), 2 " " , !, ! " 0, 0 - # 7 , . " 8 # ! # 0PM-.!#, ! # # -

, 87 # ! 0 #2 !- ! 0.

? . 2 BPM-. "# !- " 28 / . . !

189