4. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary.

The biggest layer of the English word-stock is made up of neutral words, possessing no stylistic connotation and suitable for any communicative situations. This group doesn’t have a special stylistic coloring.

Literary words serve to satisfy communicative demands of official, scientific, poetic messages (common literary, terms, poetic words, archaic words, barbarisms and foreign words, nonce-words).

Colloquial words are employed in non-official everyday communication (common colloquial words, slang, jargonisms, professional words, vulgar words, colloquial coinages).

Special literary vocabulary:

1) terms – words, denoting objects, processes, phenomena of science and technique (indicate the technical peculiarities, create a special atmosphere);

2) poetic and highly literary words – mostly archaic or very rare, used to produce an elevated effect;

3) archaic words:

- obsolescent words – the word becomes rarely used;

- obsolete words – have already gone completely;

- archaic words – are no longer recognizable in modern English;

4) barbarisms – belong to EV, aren’t made conspicuous in the text, have synonyms; foreignisms – don’t belong to EV, have no synonyms (express some exact meaning);

5) literary coinages:

- neologisms – new word or a new meaning for an established word

- nonce-words – words, coined to suite particular situation.

Special colloquial vocabulary:

1) slang – words or expressions that are very informal and are not considerate suitable for more formal situation (highly emotive and expressive);

2) jargonisms – group of words whose aim is to preserve secrecy on or another social group;

3) professionalisms – words used in a profession or calling by people connected by common interests;

4) dialectal words – words, which use is generally confined to a definite locality;

5) vulgarisms – obscene words, the use of which is banned in any form as being indecent;

6) colloquial coinages – spontaneous and elusive words, which can be unfixed in dictionaries.

5. Syntactical expressive means and sd.

A sentence can be of any length, as there are no limits. One-word sentences possess a very strong emphatic impact. If a sentence opens with the main clause, this sentence is called «loose». Similar structuring of the beginning and end of sentence produces balanced sentences known for stressing the logic and reasoning the content.

Punctuation is much poorer than intonation and with the help of dots, dashes, commas and other points we can specify the meaning of the written sentence, which in oral speech would be conveyed by the intonation.

Rhetorical questions don’t demand any information and are used to call the attention of listeners.

One of the most prominent places among the SDs dealing with arrangement of members belongs to repetition – recurrence of the same word or phrase:

- anaphora – repeating of the beginnings (A…, A…, A…)

- epiphora – repeating of the ends (…A, …A, …A)

- framing – the beginning is repeated in the end (A…A)

- catch repetition – the end of one sentence is repeated in the beginning of another (…A, A…)

- chain repetition – presents several catch repetitions (…A, A…B, B…C)

- successive repetition – repeated unit occurs in various positions (…A, A, A…)

Repetition adds rhyme and balance to the utterance.

Parallel constructions always include some type of several lexical repetitions; produce very strong effect.

Chiasmus – reversed parallelism; if the first sentence has a direct word order, the second will have it inverted.