Медицина мекемесі// Грамматикалық материалдарды жүйелеу: ырықты етістер шағы // Health care institutions
A medical facilities (any location at which medicine is practiced regularly) includes small clinics, doctor offices, urgent centers and large hospitals with emergency rooms and trauma centers.
The number and quality of medical facilities depends on area's prosperity of life and quality of life
A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded and deals with the primary health care needs of populations in local communities.
Hospitals specialize in treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays.
Some clinics are associated with a hospital or medical schools.
Specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals.
Some hospitals deals with psychiatric, cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic problems, and so forth.
Some hospitalsare affiliated with universities for medical research and some of them – teaching hospitals are the training centers of medical personnel (physicians and nurses.
Most of hospitals are funded by governments or charities (in China, government funds only 10% of hospitals) and some of them are funded by health organization, health insurance companies, or charities.
Any hospital has specialized staff (professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses) and equipment.
in the past, hospitals were founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders.
There are over 17,000 hospitals in the world.
The word “hospital”means “places of hospitality”.
For example, the Royal Hospital Chelsea was established in 1681 as a retirement and nursing home for veteran soldiers.
Outpatients go to a hospital for diagnosis, treatment or therapy but they don’t stay there overnight.
“Inpatient” means that the patient needs prolonged treating or monitoringof procedure during recovery process.
Inpatients stay there overnight or for several days or weeks or months.
Hospitals may have acute services (an emergency department or specialist trauma centre, burn unit or urgent care or in-patient departments.
Some medical facilities, like hospitals, may offer both types of care depending upon the needs of the persons involved.
A medical facility is, in general, any location at which medicine is practiced regularly. Medical facilities range from small clinics and doctor's offices to urgent centers and large hospitals with elaborate emergency rooms and trauma centers. The number and quality of medical facilities in a countryor region is one common measure of that area's prosperity and quality of life. In many countries, medical facilities are regulated to some extent by law.
A clinic (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a health care facility that is primarily devoted to the care of outpatients. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded, and typically cover the primary health care needs of populations in local communities, in contrast to larger hospitals which offer specialized treatments and admit inpatients for overnight stays. Some clinics grow to be institutions as large as major hospitals, or become associated with a hospital or medical school, while retaining the name “clinic." Types of specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs such as psychiatric problems (see psychiatric hospital), certain disease categories such as cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic problems, and so forth. In Germany specialized hospitals are called fachkrankenhaus; an example is Fachkrankenhaus Coswig (thoracic surgery). A hospital may be a single building or a number of buildings on a campus. Many hospitals with pre-twentieth-century origins began as one building and evolved into campuses. Some hospitals are affiliated with universities for medical research and the training of medical personnel such as physicians and nurses, often called teaching hospitals. Worldwide, most hospitals are run on a nonprofit basis by governments or charities. There are however a few exceptions, e.g. China, where government funding only constitutes 10% of income of hospitals.
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialized staff and equipment. Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organization, health insurance companies, or charities. Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable individuals and leaders. Today, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians, surgeons, and nurses, whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the founding religious orders or by volunteers. There are over 17,000 hospitals in the world. In accord with the original meaning of the word hospitals were originally “places of hospitality”, and this meaning is still preserved in the names of some institutions such as the Royal Hospital Chelsea established in 1681 as a retirement and nursing home for veteran soldiers. Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment or therapy and then leave (outpatients) without staying overnight; while others are admitted and stay overnight or for several days or weeks or months (inpatients). Hospitals usually are distinguished from other types of medical facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others often are described as clinics. Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore in the departments (or wards) they have. They may have acute services such as an emergency department or specialist trauma centre, burn unit or urgent care. Some hospitals have in-patient departments. “Inpatient” means that the procedure requires the patient to be admitted to the hospital, primarily so that he or she can be closely monitored during the procedure and afterwards, during recovery. An inpatient is admitted to the hospital and stays overnight or for indeterminate time, usually several days or weeks. Inpatient and outpatient are common terms in the medical field that can be used to describe a variety of care or facilities available to patients. Some medical facilities, like hospitals, may offer both types of care depending upon the needs of the persons involved.
III. Answer the questions:
1. What is a hospital?
2. What is an in-patient department?
3. What is an out-patient department?
4. What is the original meaning of the word hospital?
5. What for do patients go to a hospital?
6. What acute services may a hospital have?
7. What does “Inpatient” mean?
Медицина қызметкерлері // Грамматикалық материалдарды жүйелеу: ырықсыз етістер шағы. // Medical profession
Конспект
A general practitioner (GP) or physician is a medical practitioner who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education for all ages and all sexes.
The term general practitioner or GP is common in the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and several Commonwealth countries.
The degree of GPs requires:
5-6 or 4-6 years in medical school leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery;
5 years of GP specialty training.
Exams after GP specialty training includes
multiple choice questions called the Applied Knowledge Test (AKT);
the practical examination or a "simulated surgery" with 13 clinical cases
This Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) includes the data about interpersonal skills and clinical management (it is held 3-4 times in the year and takes in the specially designed centre at Croydon)
an electronic portfolio which is made up of case-based discussions, critique of videoed consultations.
Membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners (MRCGP) was previously optional.
Now it is compulsorily required.
And now nobody is allowed to practice without this postgraduate qualification.
After passing the exam or assessment, they are awarded the specialist qualification of MRCGP – Member of the Royal College of General Practitioners.
There are many arrangements under which general practitioners can work in the UK
a principal or partner in a GP surgery (are self-employed, but they have contractual arrangements with the NHS). NHS - the National Health Service.
salaried or non-principal GPs,
work in hospitals in GP-led acute care units, or perform locum work. Whichever of these roles they fill, the vast majority of GPs receive most of their income from the National Health Service (NHS).
GPs in the United Kingdom may operate in community health centres.
Visits to GP surgeries are free in all countries of the United Kingdom, but charges for prescription only medicine vary.
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have abolished all charges. In England, however, most adults of working age who are not on benefits have to pay a standard charge for prescription only medicine of 7.60 per item from April 2012.
A physician is a health care provider who practices the profession of medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring human health through the study, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments. They may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, or methods of treatment – known as specialist medical practitioners – or assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities – known as general practitioners. The ethics of medicine require that physicians show consideration, compassion and benevolence for their patients.
A general practitioner (GP) is a medical practitioner who treats acute and chronic illnesses and provides preventive care and health education for all ages and all sexes. They have particular skills in treating people with multiple health issues and comorbidities. The term general practitioner or GP is common in the Republic of Ireland, the United Kingdom and several Commonwealth countries. In these countries the word physician is largely reserved for certain other types of medical specialists, notably in internal medicine.
In the United Kingdom, doctors wishing to become GPs take at least 5 years training after medical school, which is usually an undergraduate course of five to six years (or a graduate course of four to six years) leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery.
During the GP specialty training program, the medical practitioner must complete a variety of assessments in order to be allowed to practice independently as a GP. There is a knowledge-based exam with multiple choice questions called the Applied Knowledge Test (AKT). The practical examination takes the form of a "simulated surgery" in which the doctor is presented with 13 clinical cases and assessment is made of data gathering, interpersonal skills and clinical management. This Clinical Skills Assessment (CSA) is held on three or four occasions throughout the year and takes place in the specially designed centre at Croydon. Finally throughout the year the doctor must complete an electronic portfolio which is made up of case-based discussions, critique of videoed consultations. Membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners was previously optional. However, new trainee GP's from 2008 are now compulsorily required to complete the MRCGP. They will not be allowed to practice without this postgraduate qualification. After passing the exam or assessment, they are awarded the specialist qualification of MRCGP – Member of the Royal College of General Practitioners. Previously qualified general practitioners (prior to 2008) are not required to hold the MRCGP, but it is considered desirable.
There are many arrangements under which general practitioners can work in the UK. While the main career aim is becoming a principal or partner in a GP surgery, many become salaried or non-principal GPs, work in hospitals in GP-led acute care units, or perform locum work. Whichever of these roles they fill, the vast majority of GPs receive most of their income from the National Health Service (NHS). Principals and partners in GP surgeries are self-employed, but they have contractual arrangements with the NHS which give them considerable predictability of income.
GPs in the United Kingdom may operate in community health centres.
Visits to GP surgeries are free in all countries of the United Kingdom, but charges for prescription only medicine vary. Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have abolished all charges. In England, however, most adults of working age who are not on benefits have to pay a standard charge for prescription only medicine of 7.60 per item from April
Емделушіні қараудың негізгі әдістері. Ырықты және ырықсыз етістердің грамматикалық құрылымының салыстырылымы///The main methods of patient work-up
X-radiation (X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
Its basic methods are:
- photographic plates;
- photographic film in cassettes;
- rare earth screens.
3. X-rays may be used for
1) – detecting pathology (gallstones or kidney stones);
2) – diagnosing of oral cavities
3) – as a radiation therapy of cancer including palliation)
4. The CJ is a large box-like machine with a short tunnel in the center
5a Patient lies on a narrow examination table
5b It slides into and out of tunnel.
5c X-ray tube and electronic detectors are located in a gantry, that rotate around the patient.
6. The computer workstation (scanner and monitors) is located in a control room.
7. Ct scanning uses the X-rays.
8. Different body parts absorb the X-rays differently.
9. Modern CJ- scanners large sections of body in a few second.
10. The CJ – scanning lasts about 30 minutes.
11. The portion requiring intravenous contrast injection usually lasts only 10 to 30 seconds.
12. Ultrasound examination uses high-frequency sound waves. It doesn’t use ionizing radiation.
13. Transducer (a hand – held device) generates and receives.
14. Computer produces detailed images on a monitor.
15. The Images may be used to determine size of the body. reveal pathology.
16. An endoscopy is a procedure allows to identify the function of vital organs using endoscopy.
17. An endoscopy is a flexible tube with light source.
18. It helps to identify dysfunctions and growths.
19. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is safer than X-ray cause it doesn’t use radiation.
20. It is better than CI because the image is more detailed and physicians can take the image at any angle.
21. Physicians use MRI for
- muscles, tendons, ligament injuries;
- diagnosing cancers;
- injuries of the brain and organs in the abdominal part
22. The ability to defect difficult illness put the MR at the forefront of the battle against many diseases.
X-radiation (composed of X-rays) is a form of electromagnetic radiation.
The detection of X-rays is based on various methods. The most commonly known methods are photographic plates, photographic film in cassettes, and rare earth screens. Regardless of what is "catching" the image, they are all categorized as "Image Receptors" (IR). X-rays may also be used to detect pathology such as gallstones or kidney stones which are often (but not always) visible. The use of X-rays as a treatment is known as radiation therapy and is largely used for the management (including palliation) of cancer; it requires higher radiation energies than for imaging alone, as X-ray imaging is useful in the diagnoses of common oral problems, such as cavities.
The CT scanner is typically a large, box-like machine with a hole, or short tunnel, in the center. You will lie on a narrow examination table that slides into and out of this tunnel. Rotating around you, the x-ray tube and electronic x-ray detectors are located opposite each other in a ring, called a gantry. The computer workstation that processes the imaging information is located in a separate control room, where the technologist operates the scanner and monitors your examination. In many ways CT scanning works very much like other x-ray examinations. X-rays are a form of radiation—like light or radio waves—that can be directed at the body. Different body parts absorb the x-rays in varying degrees. Modern CT scanners are so fast that they can scan through large sections of the body in just a few seconds, and even faster in small children. Such speed is beneficial for all patients but especially children, the elderly and critically ill. The CT examination is usually completed within 30 minutes. The portion requiring intravenous contrast injection usually lasts only 10 to 30 seconds.
Ultrasound examination uses high-frequency sound waves to view organs and structures inside the body. The waves are generated and received by a hand-held device called a transducer. The reflected waves are processed by a computer which produces detailed images for display on a monitor. Ultrasound is safe as it does not employ ionizing radiation like X-rays. It is a cheap, quick and non-invasive investigation – with no surgical procedure – for a wide range of referrals, although results can be unsatisfactory in obese (overweight) patients. An ultrasound is commonly used to produce a sonogram or picture of a baby in the uterus. The image may be used to determine the size of the baby, reveal multiple babies, identify some abnormalities and diseases, and is necessary for amniocentesis. Other conditions that can be detected using an ultrasound include early fetal death, an impending miscarriage, and placenta position. This procedure is used after a woman is 16 weeks pregnant.
An endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that allows physicians to identify and evaluate the function of vital organs as well as locate the presence of any type of abnormalities. The procedure is conducted using a device known as an endoscope. Under certain conditions, an endoscopy will sometimes make use of a similar device that is called a borescope.
An endoscope usually is composed of a tube that is either flexible or rigid, depending on the type of endoscopic procedure to be performed. The device includes a light source to illuminate the interior area that the physician wishes to observe, as well as a lens to help focus the view and to take photographs is necessary. The presence of the tube also makes it possible to utilize various types of medical instruments to gently move organs to one side or to harvest a tissue sample of some kind. The main purpose of an endoscopy is to allow the physician to observe what is happening within the body. The procedure can help the physician to identify signs that an organ is not functioning as it should, is enlarged, or in some other manner is not as it should be. At the same time, an endoscopy can be used to visually evaluate any type of abnormal growths present in or around an organ, such as a tumor.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is safer than X-rays because it does not use radiation. It provides more information than Computer Tomography about some head, neck and spinal disorders because the images are more detailed and have more contrast, meaning the differences between dark and light areas are stronger. Unlike Computer Tomography (CT), the images can be taken on any plan – any surface of the body seen from an angle. It is now used for imaging – taking images of – the brain and heart, and in oncology. Perhaps the most well-known use of magnetic resonance imaging is in the diagnosis of injuries to muscles, ligaments, tendons or cartilage, such as knee injuries or pulled muscles. MRIs are frequently used to detect cancers that would otherwise be difficult to diagnose, such as mesothelioma. The ability to detect abnormalities, such as cancers at their early stages, has put magnetic resonance imaging at the forefront of the battle against many diseases. MRIs also can be used to look for a wide range of other conditions, including brain injuries, damage to organs in the abdomen and spinal injuries.