II. Read and translate the text: The lungs
The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces.
The lung has the apex extending upward 3-4 centimetres (cm) above the level of the first rib.
The base of the lung is located in the convex (выпуклый) surface of the diaphragm.
The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior border is thin and overlaps (перекрывать) the pericardium.
The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions. In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15% heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.5-4 liters in the male and it is 3-3.5 liters in the female.
The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one. In infants the lungs are of a pale rose colour, but later they become darker.
The structure of the lung consists of an external serous coat, the visceral layer of the pleura, a subserous elastic tissue and the parenchyma or proper substance of the lungs.
The aorta is the main vessel of the systemic arteries or the arteries of the general system. It begins at the upper part of the left ventricle, goes up, arches over the root (корень) of the left lung to the left side of the trunk at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra. On its way from the fifth thoracic vertebra to about the level of the last thoracic vertebra it is called the thoracic aorta.
Then it goes down through the diaphragm. From the point of the last thoracic vertebra to the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra it is called the abdominal aorta.
It then goes to the border of the fourth lumbar vertebra and here it finishes dividing into the left and right iliac arteries.
III. Answer the questions:
1. What are the main organs of the respiratory system?
2. What is the structure of the lungs?
3. What is the weight of the lungs?
4. Why is the right lung heavier the left one?
5. What is the color of the lungs?
6. What is the function of the lungs?
7. What is the function of aorta in the lungs?
IV. Say true or false:
1. There are three lungs in the human body located in the abdominal cavity.
2. In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr.
3. The aorta is the main vessel of the systemic arteries or the arteries of the general system.
4. The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one.
5. The lungs are triangular in shape.
V. Complete the sentences:
1. The lungs are …….. …….. .
2. The lung has …… ……… ……. .
3. The weight of the lungs varies according to ……. …….. …….. .
4. The aorta is …… …… ……. .
5. In infants the lungs are …… ……. ……. .
VI. Grammar exercise:
Form the degrees of comparison from the following adverbs. Try to give the examples in sentences:
1. clean
2. badly
3. much
4. painfully
5. well
6. efficiently
7. early
8. high
VII. Retell the text.
VIII. Revision test:
1.
Complete the sentence:
…. are the organs of the respiratory system.
lungs
heart
by the mediastinum
the pleura
conical
2.
Complete the sentence:
There are … in the human body.
heart
two lungs…
by the mediastinum
the pleura
conical
3.
Complete the sentence:
The lungs are separated from each other … .
lungs
.. two lungs…
by the mediastinum
the pleura
conical
4.
Complete the sentence:
The lungs are covered with … .
lungs
.. two lungs…
by the mediastinum
the pleura
conical
5.
Complete the sentence:
The lugs are … in shape.
lungs
.. two lungs…
by the mediastinum
the pleura
conical
6.
Complete the sentence:
Each lung has …. … .. .
base, apex, two borders and three surfaces
first rib
in the convex surface of the diaphragm
the posterior borders
the anterior border
7.
Complete the sentence:
The apex is above the level of the …. .
base, apex, two borders and three surfaces
first rib
in the convex surface of the diaphragm
the posterior borders
the anterior border
8.
Complete the sentence:
The base of the lung is located …. .
base, apex, two borders and three surfaces
first rib
in the convex surface of the diaphragm
the posterior borders
the anterior border
9.
Complete the sentence:
…… of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column.
base, apex, two borders and three surfaces
first rib
in the convex surface of the diaphragm
the posterior borders
the anterior border
10.
Complete the sentence:
… is thin and overlaps the pericardium.
base, apex, two borders and three surfaces
first rib
in the convex surface of the diaphragm
the posterior borders
the anterior border
11.
What are the lungs?
A). the organs of vision
B). the organs of thinking
C). the organs of respiration
D). the organs of taste
E). the organs of perspiration
12.
How many lungs does a person have?
A). one
B). two
C). three
D). four
E). five
13.
Where are the lungs located?
A). in the skull
B). in the abdomen
C). in the orbit
D). in the chest
E). in the auricle
14.
What is the main function of the lungs?
A). to circulate the blood
B). to digest food products
C). to inhale carbon dioxide and to exhale oxygen
D). to inhale oxygen and to exhale carbon dioxide
E). to move the blood through vessels
15.
Find the odd word:
A). pleura
B). ventricle
C). bronchiole
D). windpipe
E). alveoli
16.
What are the main organs of the respiratory system?
A). heart
B). stomach
C). liver
D). limbs
E). lungs
17.
How many lobes has the left lung?
A). one
B). two
C). three
D). four
E). five
18.
How many lobes has the right lung?
A). one
B). two
C). three
D). four
E). five
19.
Give the synonym to the following word:
chest
A). breastbone
B). abdominal cavity
C). thorax
D). back
E). trunk
20.
What is the main cause of lungs’ diseases:
A). smoking
B). warm weather
C). drinking alcohol
D). drugs
E). good ventilation
21.
What is the shape of the lungs:
A). triangle
B). rectangular
C). conical
D). round
E). square
22.
What is the color of the lungs at birth?
A). brown
B). pink
C). dark
D). yellow
E). white
23.
Find the disease of the lungs:
A). asthma
B). myocardial infarction
C). angina pectoris
D). ischemia
E). heart failure
24.
Find the disease of the lungs:
A). cholera
B). diphtheria
C). jaundice
D). acute bronchitis
E). appendicitis
25.
Find the disease of the lungs:
A). ulcer
B). gastritis
C). whooping cough
D). peritonitis
E). Botkin’s disease
26.
Find the correct form of adverb:
The lungs are ……. elastic.
A). more highly
B). highlier
C). highly
D). highliest
E). the most highly
27.
Find the correct form of adverb:
The left lung is also …… smaller, allowing room for your heart.
A). slightly
B). most slightly
C). the most slightly
D). the slightliest
E). slightlier
28.
Find the correct form of adverb:
People who have a large lung capacity can send oxygen around their body ……..
A). fastest
B). the fastest
C). the most fast
D). faster
E). the faster
29.
Find the correct form of adverb:
Since the lungs process air, they are the only internal organs that are ……… exposed to the external environment.
A). constantliest
B). most constant
C). more constantlier
D). constantlier
E).constantly
30.
Find the correct form of adverb:
During exercise, the diaphragm contracts, forcing the air out …….. and forcefully.
A). quicklier
B). the most quickly
C). more quickly
D). the more quickly
E). quickliest
31.
Find the correct form of adverb:
Good health habits like eating a balanced diet, exercising and reducing the stress in your life will help you breathe …… .
A). the easier
B). easier
C). the easy
D). the easiest
E). the more easy
32.
Find the correct form of adverb:
Breathing is so important that you don't have to spend all your time thinking "breathe in, now breathe out" - your body does that ……...
A). automatically
B). more automatically
C). the more automatically
D). the most automatically
E). automaticallier
33.
Find the correct form of adverb:
Tubes inside the lung become …….. inflamed, producing excess mucus.
A). the chronically
B). chronically
C). the chronicalliest
D). the chronicallier
E). the most chronically
34.
Find the superlative form of the following adverb:
well
A). best
B). good
C). the best
D).better
E). the better
35.
Find the superlative form of the following adverb:
quickly
A). the most quickest
B). quicker
C). quickest
D). more quickly
E). quikliest
36.
Find the superlative form of the following adverb:
slowly
A). the most slowly
B). most slowly
C). slowliest
D). the slowliest
E). slowlier
37.
Find the superlative form of the following adverb:
far
A). the farthest
B). more father
C). the most farthest
D). farthest
E). the most far
38.
Find the superlative form of the following adverb:
early
A). the most early
B). more early
C). earlier
D). earliest
E). the earlier
39.
Find the superlative form of the following adverb:
correctly
A). most correctly
B). correctliest
C). the most correctly
D). thу correctliest
E). correctlier
40.
Find the superlative form of the following adverb:
often
A). oftener
B). more often
C). the most often
D). oftenest
E). the oftenest
41.
Find the comparative form of the following adverb:
early
A). the most early
B). more early
C). earlier
D). earliest
E). the earlier
42.
Find the comparative form of the following adverb:
quickly
A). the most quickest
B). quicker
C). quickest
D). most quickly
E). quikliest
43.
Find the comparative form of the following adverb:
well
A). best
B). good
C). the best
D).better
E). the better
44.
Find the comparative form of the following adverb:
slowly
A). the most slowly
B). more slowly
C). slowliest
D). the slowliest
E). slowlier
45.
Find the comparative form of the following adverb:
often
A). oftener
B). more often
C). the most often
D). oftenest
E). the oftenest
46.
Find the adverb:
A). soon
B). difficult
C). difficulty
D). activity
E). healthy
47.
Find the adverb:
A). fluid
B). cavity
C). quick
D). often
E). several
48.
Find the adverb:
A). slow
B). correct
C). slowly
D). heavy
E). warm
49.
Find the adverb:
A). support
B). suburb
C). back
D). suddenly
E). ahead
50.
Find the adverb:
A). clearly
B). auricle
C). orbit
D). heart
E). blood