• Legal status

Main articles: Freedom of the pressandMedia law

Governments have widely varying policies and practices towards journalists, which control what they can research and write, and what press organizations can publish. Some governments guarantee the freedom of the press; while other nations severely restrict what journalists can research and/or publish.

Journalists in many nations have some privileges that members of the general public do not; including better access to public events, crime scenes and press conferences, and to extended interviews with public officials, celebrities and others in the public eye.

Journalists who elect to coverconflicts, whetherwarsbetween nations orinsurgencieswithin nations, often give up any expectation of protection by government, if not giving up their rights to protection by government. Journalists who are captured or detained during a conflict are expected to be treated as civilians and to be released to their national government. Many governments around the world target journalists for intimidation, harassment, and violence because of the nature of their work.[26]

• Right to protect confidentiality of sources

Main article: Protection of sources

Journalists' interaction with sources sometimes involves confidentiality, an extension of freedom of the press giving journalists a legal protection to keep the identity of aconfidential informantprivate even when demanded by police or prosecutors; withholding sources can land journalists in contempt of court, or in jail.

In the United States, there is no right to protect sources in afederalcourt. However, federal courts will refuse to force journalists to reveal sources, unless the information the court seeks is highly relevant to the case and there's no other way to get it. State courts provide varying degrees of such protection. Journalists who refuse to testify even when ordered to can be found incontempt of courtand fined or jailed.

• See also

Journalism portal

• Lists of journalists

• Citizen Journalism

• Creative nonfiction

• Hallin's spheres

• History of American newspapers

• History of journalism

• Journalism educationandJournalism school

• Journalism ethics and standards

• Journalism genres

• Non-profit journalism

• Objectivity (journalism)

• Reporters without borders

• SEEMO

• Journalism reviews

• American Journalism Review

• Columbia Journalism Review

• Health News Review

• Ryerson Review of Journalism

• Online Journalism Review

• References

  • Notes

1. ^Harcup 2009, p. 3.

2. ^"10 Most Censored Countries," Committee to Protect Journalists, 2 May 2012, page retrieved 23 May 2013.

3. ^"News values: immediacy and technology". Owenspencer-thomas.com.

4. ^"The State of the News Media 2013: An Annual Report in American Journalism," the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2 May 2012. Page retrieved 23 May 2013.

5. ^"The State of the News Media 2013: An Annual Report in American Journalism," the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2 May 2012. Page retrieved 23 May 2013.

6. ^"YouTube & News: A New Kind of Visual News," the Pew Research Center’s Project for Excellence in Journalism, 16 July 2012. Page retrieved 23 May 2013.

7. ^Harcup 2009, p. 4.

8. ^Corcoran, Mark (21 February 2012)."Drone journalism takes off".ABC News. Retrieved 25 March 2012.

9. ^"Gonzo Journalism". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 14 October 2012.

10. ^Robinson, Sue (2011). ""Journalism as Process": The Organizational Implications of Participatory Online News.".Journalism & Communication Monographs13(3): 137.

11. ^"rst Journalism School". Columbia.: University of Missouti Press. p. 1.

12. ^"THE COPY DESK AND THE DILEMMAS OF THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF ‘‘MODERN JOURNALISM’’ IN BRAZIL".Journalism Studies12(1). 2011.doi:10.1080/1461670X.2010.511956.

13. ^19 June 2006 (2006-06-19)."The Elements of Journalism: What Newspeople Should Know and the Public Should Expect - Introduction | Project for Excellence in Journalism (PEJ)". Journalism.org. Retrieved 2013-02-23.

14. ^IFJ (International Federation of Journalists) - Declaration of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists(DOC version)

15. ^"ASNE (American Society of Newspapers Editors) - Statement of Principles". Web.archive.org. Retrieved 2013-03-01.

16. ^"APME (Associated Press Managing Editors) - Statement of Ethical Principles". Web.archive.org. 2008-06-22. Retrieved 2013-03-01.

17. ^"(Society of Professional Journalists) - Code of Ethics". SPJ. Retrieved 2013-03-01.

18. ^Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe - Resolution 1003 (1993) on the ethics of journalism(see clause 33)

19. ^UK - Press Complaints Commission - Codes of Practice(see item 12, "Discrimination")

20. ^(Italian)Italy - FNSI's La Carta dei Doveri (The Chart of Duties)(section "Principi")

21. ^(Spanish)Spain - FAPE's Código Deontológico (Deontological Code)(seePrincipios Generales, item 7, "a")

22. ^(Portuguese)Brazil - FENAJ's Code of EthicsPDF (20.8 KB) (see Article 6, item XIV)

23. ^PACE Resolution 1003 (1993) on the Ethics of Journalism(see clause 22)

24. ^"Sycophancy and Objective Journalism".Advances in Applied Sociology(Scientific Research)2(3): 159–166. Sep 2012.ISSN2165-4328.

25. ^Peer, Limor; Thomas B. Ksiazek (2011). "YouTube and the Challenge to Journalism".Journalism Studies12(1): 45.

26. ^"Press Freedom Online". Committee to Protect Journalists.