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Сумский государственный университет

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Микроконтроллеры ЭВМ

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Interfacing with C plus plus-programing communication with microcontrolers (K. Bentley, 2006)

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Appendix B - Software

C++ Keywords

Operator Precedence

ASCII Character Set

C++ Keywords

asm	private
auto	protected
break	public
case	register
catch	return
char	short
class	signed
const	sizeof
continue	static
default	struct
delete	switch
do	template
double	this
else	throw
enum	try
far	typedef
float	union
for	unsigned
friend	virtual
goto	void
if	volatile
inline	while
int
interrupt
long
near
new
operator

APPENDIX B - SOFTWARE 481

Operator Precedence

The table below shows the precedence of C++ operators. The highest priority is given to the operators on the first row and the lowest priority is given to the operator in the last row. Operators placed on the same row have the same priority. The operators are used from left to right, except for the rows marked with a †. These rows are used from right to left. For example, a=b; is used from right to left. That is, b’s value is assigned to a.

Table B-1 Operator precedence.

Operators

()	[] -> :: .
!	~	+	-	++	--	&	*	†
sizeof			new		delete			†
.*	->*
*	/	%
+	-
<<	>>
<	<=	>	>=
==	!=
&
^
\|
&&
\|\|
?:								†
=	*=	/=	%=	+=	-=	&=	^= \|= <<= >>=	†
,

482 APPENDIX B - SOFTWARE

ASCII Character Set

NUL	DLE	SP	0	@	P	`	p
0x00	0x10	0x20	0x30	0x40	0x50	0x60	0x70
SOH	CD1	!	1	A	Q	a	q
0x01	0x11	0x21	0x31	0x41	0x51	0x61	0X71
STX	DC2	"	2	B	R	b	r
0x02	0x12	0x22	0x32	0x42	0x52	0x62	0x72
ETX	DC3	#	3	C	S	c	s
0x03	0x13	0x23	0x33	0x43	0x53	0x63	0x73
EOT	DC4	$	4	D	T	d	t
0x04	0x14	0x24	0x34	0x44	0x54	0x64	0x74
ENQ	NAK	%	5	E	U	e	u
0x05	0x15	0x25	0x35	0x45	0x55	0x65	0x75
ACK	SYN	&	6	F	V	f	v
0x06	0x16	0x26	0x36	0x46	0x56	0x66	0x76
BEL	ETB	'	7	G	W	g	w
0x07	0x17	0x27	0x37	0x47	0x57	0x67	0x77
BS	CAN	(	8	H	X	h	x
0x08	0x18	0x28	0x38	0x48	0x58	0x68	0x78
HT	EM	)	9	I	Y	i	y
0x09	0x19	0x29	0x39	0x49	0x59	0x69	0x79
LF	SUB	*	:	J	Z	j	z
0x0A	0x1A	0x2A	0x3A	0x4A	0x5A	0x6A	0x7A
VT	ESC	+	;	K	[	k	{
0x0B	0x1B	0x2B	0x3B	0x4B	0x5B	0x6B	0x7B
FF	FS	,	<	L	/	l	\|
0x0C	0x1C	0x2C	0x3C	0x4C	0x5C	0x6C	0x7C
CR	GS	-	=	M	]	m	}
0x0D	0x1D	0x2D	0x3D	0x4D	0x5D	0x6D	0x7D
SO	RS	.	>	N	^	n	~
0x0E	0x1E	0x2E	0x3E	0x4E	0x5E	0x6E	0x7E
SI	US	/	?	O	_	o	DEL
0x0F	0x1F	0x2F	0x3F	0x4F	0x5F	0x6F	0x7F

Index

- .................................................	150
--.................................................	150
!
! .................................................	150
!=.................................................	150
#
# .....................................................	3
#define.....................................	288
#endif .......................................	288
#ifndef.....................................	288
$
$ ...................................................	31
%
%c ...................................................	49
%d ...................................................	49
%f ...................................................	49
%s ...................................................	49
%X, %x ..........................................	49
&
& .........................	161, 163, 186, 368
(
( .....................................................	6
)
) .....................................................	6
*
* .........................................	161, 186
*/.....................................................	7
.
.exe............................................	300
.lib............................................	300
.obj............................................	300
/
/*.....................................................	7

:
:: ..................................................	83
;
; ...................................................	79
?
?: ................................................	155
\
\n ................................................	313
\r ................................................	313
^
^ ...................................................	52
^= ...................................................	55
{
{ .........................................	9, 45, 79
}
} .........................................	9, 45, 79
~
~ .................................................	150
“
“ “..............................................	287
+
+ .................................................	150
++ ................................................	150
<
< .................................................	149
< >................................................	287
<< ....................................................	8
<= ................................................	149
=
== ................................................	150

484 INDEX

>
> .................................................		149
->.................................................		164
>=.................................................		149
0
0x...................................................		31
0x378............................................		32
0x379............................................		32
0x37A............................................		32
8
8254 .............................................		400
A
abstract objects...............................		58
AbstractMotor class......		211, 213
access attributes .......	79, 90, 118, 145
private...................................		79
protected......................		79, 131
public .....................................		79
access specifiers ...................		122, 133
private.................................		133
protected............................		133
public ...................................		133
ADC
dual slope .................................		336
flash..........................................		340
single slope...............................		334
successive approximation		........338
ADC class......................................		348
ADC0804 .....................................		339
ADConvert() ...........................		352
address decoding..........................		349
aliasing .........................................		345
analog to digital converter...		See ADC
anode..............................................		41
aperture interval ...........................		341
arrays......................................		11, 157
one dimensional .......................		158
subscript ...................................		158
two dimensional .......................		159
B
back-emf ......................................		210
BASE..............................................		29

base address .............................		27, 32
base class ...............................		64, 121
base_adr.exe ..........................		46
BASE+1.........................................		29
BASE+2.........................................		29
bias.................................................		43
bifilar winding .............................		205
binary .............................................		30
binary logic ....................................		24
bioskey()................................		257
bipolar output...............................		114
bit ...................................................		26
block ............................................		148
body .................................................		8
Brake() ....................................		214
break .................................		155, 157
breakdown voltage.........................		42
brushless motor............................		199
buffer ...............................	39, 41, 115
byte ................................................		26
C
calibration ....................................		324
carriage return................................		50
case............................................		157
catch .........................................		190
cathode...........................................		41
central processing unit .........		See CPU
ChangeAddress() ...................		93
char ................................................		16
chip select ....................................		349
chopper drive ...............................		209
class ...........................................		62
class definition.........................		62, 79
class hierarchy ...............................		64
CMOS............................................		25
coding ..........................................		274
comments.........................................		7
commutator..................................		198
compiler ...........................................		3
compiler directives.....................		3, 45
compound statement ....................		148
conceptual objects..........................		58
conditional expression .................		152
const .........................................		368
constant integer expression		..........157

INDEX 485

constructor................................	62, 81
copy....................................	81, 373
default ........................................	81
default ........................................	62
continue ..................................	155
conversion time............................	333
cout................................................	8
CPU..................................................	3
D
D25F connector..............................	26
DAC
R-2R Ladder.............................	111
summing amplifier ...................	110
DAC0800 .....................................	113
data area .......................................	185
data logging..................................	393
data types .........................................	9
floating point..............................	15
fundamental................................	15
integral .......................................	15
pointer ........................................	15
DC Motors ...................................	198
DCMotor class...................	212, 221
decimal...........................................	30
declaration......................................	89
define .........................................	45
Delay().....................................	412
delete .......................................	186
delimiters..........................................	4
de-referencing ..............................	161
derived classes .............................	121
destructor..................................	62, 82
default ........................................	62
dielectric absorption.....................	336
digital logic ....................................	24
digital to analog converter...	See DAC
diode.......................................	37, 305
double.............................................	16
do-while ....................................	152
driver......................................	41, 319
duty cycle.....................................	224
dynamic binding...........................	215
dynamic memory allocation.161, 185
E
early binding ................................	215

editor................................................	2
else ............................................	152
encapsulation .................................	63
encoder.........................................	201
endl................................................	8
enum....................................	228, 307
equality operators.........................	150
equivalent time sampling.............	346
event counting..............................	400
exception handling.......................	189
exclusive-OR ......................	See XOR
executable file..................................	5
exit().......................................	323
F
false clause...................................	152
field width................................	50, 98
filter .........................................	53, 55
float ............................................	16
for statement..............................	148
format specifiers ............................	49
forward voltage..............................	42
Forward()................................	214
free store ................................	20, 186
full-scale error..............................	117
functions
actual arguments to ....................	10
caller of ......................................	20
calling ..................................	14, 20
const .....................................	370
declaration of .......................	13, 19
default arguments to ................	219
definition of ...............................	12
formal arguments to...................	10
friend...................................	384
in-line.........................................	84
overloading ........................	82, 135
parameters to..............................	10
polymorphic.............................	212
prototype of..........................	14, 45
pure virtual...............................	216
return value of............................	10
syntax of ....................................	13
virtual ................................	233
G
gain error......................................	117

486 INDEX

GetADCValue() ......................	356
getch().................................	47, 50
getmaxx()................................	320
getmaxy()................................	320
GetPeriod() ...........................	309
GetSpeed()..............................	214
gotoxy()........................................	314
grapherror().........................	323
grapherrormsg()..................	323
graphresult() ......................	323
H
hardware triggered strobe.............	406
header files .......................................	7
heap........................................	20, 186
heatsink ..........................................	37
hexadecimal ...................................	30
I
I/O address .....................................	27
I/O stream.......................................	10
I/O streams ...................................	386
IDE.............................................	2, 47
identifiers .............................	9, 16, 17
declaration............................	16, 49
declared and initialised...............	17
if .................................................	152
ifstream ..................................	387
include directory ..............................	7
include files................................	7, 32
include statement .............................	7
incremental expression.................	150
inheritance........................	65, 72, 122
multiple ....................................	211
initgraph() ....................................	323
initializing expression ..................	149
inportb()..................................	47
input impedance ...........................	334
instantiation........................	63, 81, 89
int.................................................	16
Integrated Development
Environment.....................	See IDE
integration ....................................	335
interface board
power supply..............................	36
interface cable ................................	29

interrupts......................................	401
inversions.......................................	50
inverting input..............................	107
istream ....................................	387
K
kbhit() ....................................	178
keywords..........................................	9
L
late binding ....................	65, 213, 215
least significant bit...............	See LSB
LED ...............................................	41
characteristic curve ....................	42
LED class....................................	176
library...............................................	4
light emitting diode..............	See LED
line feed .....................................	3, 50
lineto() .........................................	323
linker................................................	5
loader ...............................................	5
logic families .................................	25
logic levels.....................................	24
loop counters................................	149
LSB................................................	30
M
macros..........................................	184
main().....................................	6, 45
mains supply ..................................	36
make files.....................................	299
MeasurePeriod() .................	309
member data ............................	62, 78
member functions ....................	62, 78
memory leak ................................	187
microstepping ..............................	210
modules........................................	283
monotonic error ...........................	334
most significant bit .............	See MSB
Motor class ........................	212, 217
moveto() ..................................	323
MSB...............................................	30
multiple file program ...................	282
multiplexer...................................	334
N
negative feedback ........................	109

INDEX 487

negative temperature coefficient..		305
new ..............................................		186
nibble .............................................		31
noise margins .................................		24
non-inverting input.......................		107
non-linearity.................................		117
NULL............................................		188
O
object class...............................	58, 61
object code .......................................		4
object file .........................................		3
object oriented programming.........		58
Off()..........................................		214
offset error....................................		117
ofstream ..................................		387
open loop......................................		225
operand...........................................		52
operational amplifier....................		106
operator(s)
address of .................................		161
bit-wise.......................................		52
indirection ................................		161
overloaded assignment.............		390
overloading ......................	380, 383
scope resolution .......................		138
operators
overloaded assignment...............		81
ostream.....................................		387
outportb()................................		44
P
parallel port ....................................		24
ParallelPort class ............	76, 99
parameter passing
by reference..............................		367
pass through objects.....................		388
pcb..................................................		24
PCTimer class ............................		409
pointer
this........................................		392
pointers.........................................		160
arithmetic .................................		167
arrays of ...................................		166
base class..................................		234
class objects .............................		163
constant ....................................		164

declaration ...............................		162
function....................................		170
functions returning...................		173
one dimensional arrays ............		164
scalars ......................................		162
two dimensional arrays ............		165
void........................................		173
polymorphism........................		66, 134
port.................................................		24
positive feedback .........................		109
power-pack ....................................		36
preprocessor.....................................		3
printer port .....................................		24
printf() ............................		47, 313
procedure abstraction...............		12, 14
project file....................................		299
pseudo-code .........................		274, 309
public interface ........................		60, 72
pull-up resistor...............................		39
pulse frequency modulation		.........200
pulse width modulation......	See PWM
pure virtual functions.....................		64
PWM............................................		224
Q
quadrature ....................................		201
quantisation..................................		333
error .........................................		334
level .........................................		343
quartz crystals ..............................		305
R
ReadPCTimer() ......................		412
ReadPort1().............................		95
real objects.....................................		58
real time sampling........................		346
rectifier...........................................		37
reflex measurement......................		417
relational operators ......................		149
return.........................................		19
return value ....................................		49
recipient .....................................		20
type ..............................................		9
Reverse()................................		214
RTL..................................................		5
Run-time library...................		See RTL

488 INDEX

S
sample and hold ...................	341, 343
scalar ..............................................	11
schematic diagrams........................	28
segment:offset ..............................	258
sentries .........................................	287
series resistance drive ..................	209
SetSpeed()..............................	214
settling time..................................	117
SignalLevel() ......................	308
signed and unsigned types..............	15
single timeout...............................	405
sink current...........................	109, 113
slew rate .......................................	343
source code.......................................	3
source current...............................	109
source file.........................................	3
speaker .........................................	402
square wave generator..................	406
stack .......................................	20, 186
static binding................................	215
stepper motors
bipolar ......................................	205
control of..................................	208
dynamic torque.........................	210
full stepping .............................	202
half stepping.............................	203
holding torque ..........................	210
hybrid .......................................	202
permanent magnet....................	202
pull-in torque............................	210
pull-out torque..........................	210
ramped step rate .......................	210
unipolar ....................................	205
variable reluctance ...................	202
StepperMotor class.......	212, 227
switch .......................................	156
syntax .....................................	4, 8, 83
T
text editors........................................	2
thermistor .............................	305, 324
this....................................	174, 392
throw..........................................	190
time base generation ....................	419
timer

clock signal ..............................	400
control register.........................	407
count value...............................	401
counter .....................................	400
counting format........................	404
gate signal ................................	401
interrupt ...................................	401
latch register.............................	402
modes of operation ..................	403
port addresses...........................	403
status ........................................	407
Timer 0 ................................	401, 402
Timer 1 ........................................	402
Timer 2 ........................................	402
transformer.....................................	36
transistor transistor logic......	See TTL
tri-state .........................................	339
true clause ....................................	152
true or false ..................................	149
try..............................................	189
TTL................................................	25
type casting ..................................	188
U
ULN2803A ....................................	41
unary operators ............................	150
undefined references........................	4
unipolar output.............................	114
unsigned ....................................	15
unsigned char.....................	16, 48
unsigned int .............................	16
V
variable names ...............................	16
VCO.............................................	304
VFC .............................................	304
Viewport.......................................	319
virtual ....................................	212
virtual functions.....65, 134, 212, 233
virtual ground.......................	108, 111
void..........................................	9, 48
voltage buffer...............................	115
voltage comparator ......................	109
voltage controlled oscillatorSee VCO
voltage inverter ............................	116
voltage regulator ............................	37
voltage ripple .................................	37

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