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of the well; on rare occasions; routine and complicated tests; standard equipment;НИ specially designed; case history of a well; the potential test, a 24-hour period; fixed conditions; automatically controlled, wireline measurement; an item of equipment; newly completed well, state regulatory group; selected depth, fluid levels; scheduled intervals; valuable information; maximum possible flow rate; stabilized rate of flow.
I. Find the Russian equivalents for the following English word combinations of
the list a) in the list of word combinations b):
a) well testing; well performance; producing well, determine the performance
b) автоматически управляемый; специально cпроектированный;
добывающая |
скважина; в |
редких случаях; ценная информация, |
поведение |
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скважины; |
опробование |
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скважины; |
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определение |
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потенциального дебита скважины; определить поведение скв жины; сутки; |
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только что законченная скважина; стандартное оборудование; максимально |
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возможный |
расход |
жидкости; |
уровни жидкости; |
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сложные |
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испытания; картина поведения скважины в период эксплуатации и изменения |
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ее характеристик во |
времени; |
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(скважины); |
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стабилизировавшиеся |
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стабилизированный расход жидкости; измерения с помощью каната;
специально предназначенный; каждый отдельный предмет оборудования; |
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государственный регулятивный орган; установленные интервалы. |
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II. Find synonyms to the following words of theи list a) in the word list b), read |
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and translate them: |
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a) |
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performance of the well |
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formation |
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many |
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recently |
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obtain |
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main |
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conduct |
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бget |
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accurately |
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estimate |
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reservoir |
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regulate, fit |
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fixed (conditions) |
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opening |
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major |
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behavior of the well |
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newly |
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deplete |
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adjust |
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occasion |
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purpose |
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zone |
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orifice |
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define |
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effect |
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take place |
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occur |
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a large number |
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calculate |
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stabilized (conditions) |
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event |
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give |
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determineтр |
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influence |
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apparatus |
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aim |
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carefully |
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furnish |
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declineе |
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carry out |
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interval |
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device |
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61 |
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Э
III. Read the pairs of antonyms given below and translate them. |
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lower into the well — pull to the surface |
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standard — specially designed |
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newly — long ago |
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slight — considerable |
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frequent — rare |
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producing well — shut-in well |
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similar — different |
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simple — complicated |
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automatically — manually |
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allowable — prohibited |
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IV. Read the following words — internationalisms and translate them into |
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test, procedure, information, personnel, routine, standard, apparatus, accurately, |
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history, reservoir, potential, period, battery, interval, practice, effect, characteristic, maximum stabilize, risk, interpret.
V. Read and translate the following term definitions.
made to determine the performance of an oil or gas well. The procedure followed is called testing. There are a large number of types of well tests, and each is conducted
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Performance of an oil or gas well is its behavior during its producing life. |
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Well testing is a procedure of determining theи |
performance of the well. |
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True case history of a well is the information about the behavior of the well |
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and about changing its characteristics and parametersл |
in a certain period of time. |
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Potential test is a measurement of the largest amount of oil and gas a well |
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will produce in 24-hour period. |
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5. |
Test unit is an equipment needed for a potential test available as standard |
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equipment. |
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Bottom-hole pressure test is aбmeasure of the reservoir pressure of the well |
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taken at a specific depth. |
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Flowing bottom-hole pressure test is a measurement taking while the well |
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continues to flow. |
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Shut-in bottom-hole pressure test is a measurement after the well has been |
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shut in for a certain period of time. |
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9. Productivity test is the determination of the effects of different flow rates on |
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the pressure and establishing certain physical characteristics of the reservoir. |
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VI. Read the introduction to the text “Well testing” and the part called “The |
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Potential test”, translate into Russian and be ready to answer the questions. |
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тр |
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Well Testing |
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In producing gas and oil, more and more importance is being placed upon most |
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efficient performance of the producing wells. Generally, some sort of test must be |
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62
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to obtain certain information about the well. Some types of tests are made often, and |
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some may be made only on rare occasions. (See list of tests in Chapter 15). Various |
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personnel make the many well tests, some of which are routine and some of which |
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are complicated. Depending upon the type of test to be performed, the standard lease |
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producing equipment may be all that is necessary for the test. In other tests, specially |
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designed apparatus may be necessary. In any event, it is very important that the test |
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be done accurately since well-test data presents the true case history of a wellНИand |
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the reservoir in which it is completed. |
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The Potential Test |
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The most frequently conducted well test is the potential test, which is a |
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measurement of the largest amount of oil and gas a well will produce in a 24-hour |
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period under certain fixed conditions. The produced oil is measured in an automati- |
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cally controlled production and test unit (See Fig. 2) or by wireline measurement in |
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т |
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the lease tank, and the produced gas is measured at the same time with equipment |
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о |
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such as an orifice meter or an orifice well tester. The major items of equipment |
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needed for a test of this type will usually be available as standard equipment at the |
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lease tank battery as shown in Fig. 1. |
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A test of this type is normally made on each newly completed well and often |
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63 |
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during its production life. The information obtained from this test is generally required by the state regulatory group, which assigns a producing allowable which must be followed by the operator of the well. At later intervals similar tests are made and producing allowables are adjusted according to the results of the tests. Very often these tests are performed by the producer to help in establishing proper pro-
duction practices. |
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АГ |
НИ |
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The Bottom-Hole Pressure Test |
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A bottom-hole pressureаяtest is a measure of the reservoir pressure of the well |
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taken at a specific depth, or at midpoint of the producing interval. The purpose of |
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this test is to measure the pressure in the zone in which the well is completed. In |
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gage; and the gageоis then pulled to the surface and taken from the well. There are several variations to this type of test such as the "flowing bottom-hole pressure test,"
making this test, a specially designed pressure gage is lowered into the well by
means of a wire line as in Fig. 3; the pressure at the selected depth is recorded by the
which is a measurement taken while the well continues to flow, and a "shut-in
furnish valuable information about the decline or depletion of the zone in which the well has been producing.
bottom-hole pressure test," which is a measurement taken after the well has been |
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shut in for a specified length of time. These shut-in tests also give information about |
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fluid levelsк |
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A series of bottom-hole pressure tests conducted at scheduled intervals will |
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64
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potential test and the bottom-hole pressure test, Fig. 1 and 3. The purpose of thisНИtest is to determine the effects of different flow rates on the pressure within the producing zone of the well and thereby establish certain physical characteristics of the reservoir. In this manner, the maximum potential rate of flow can be calculated without risking possible damage to the well which might occur if the well were
Productivity Tests
Productivity tests are also made on both oil and gas wells, and include both the
produced at its maximum possible flow rate. |
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The procedure in conducting a productivity test is first to measure the "closed- |
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in bottom-hole pressure" of the well, then open the well and produce it at several |
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stabilized rates of flow. At each rate of flow, the "flowing bottom-hole pressure" is measured. These data, when interpreted by the engineer, provide an estimate of the maximum flow to be expected from the well.
variations, is the most widely accepted method of determining the capacity of gas
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еThis type of testing is done on both oil and gas wells; and, with some slight |
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65
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wells. In a majority of the states which produce gas, the regulation of gas production is based upon a test of this type.
VI. Answer the questions to the introduction and to the part of the text “The |
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Potential Test”. |
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НИ |
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What must be made to determine the performance of an oil or gas wells? |
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2. |
What in this procedure called? |
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АГ |
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3. |
What is the purpose of well testing? |
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Who usually makes well tests? |
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What equipment is usually used for this purpose? |
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What is the most frequently conducted well test — the potential test? |
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What is the difference between the produced oil and gas measurements? |
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VIII. Study Fig.1and describe the major items of standard equipment for a |
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potential test. |
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Read and translate the names of the test-unit components.т |
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Follow the flow of the produced fluid or gas from the reservoir to the lease- |
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oil storage tank and describe this process. |
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Tell what each component of this test-unit is responsible for. |
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IX. Translate the text “The Bottom-Hole Pressure Test” in written form |
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minding proper translation of the terms and stylistics of the special technical text. |
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Looking at Fig.3 answer the following questionб |
in written: |
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What is the procedure of measuring the reservoir pressure by wireline? |
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X. Read the text “Productivity Tests” silently and speak about |
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a) the purpose of this test; |
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b) the procedure of conducting this test. |
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XI. Translate into English using the terminological vocabulary of the |
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Lesson XIII. |
Определениеая |
забойной температуры |
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Это измере ие проводится вместе (along with) с измерением забойного |
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давления. Его цельо н— определить t° на забое скважины или в интервале над (above) забоем. Пр цедура этого измерения заключается в спуске специально предназначенного термометра в скважину с помощью (by) канатной линии.
Темпера урные данные (data) необходимы для инженера в решении проблем о природе добываемой нефти или газа. Измерения t° также помогают определить
(to locate) утечки в трубах. |
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66 |
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Lesson XIV |
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НИ |
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Artificial lift |
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Words and expressions |
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АГ |
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accomplish |
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выполнять |
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air-balance tank |
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— уравнительный |
резервуар для |
сжатого |
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воздуха |
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beneath |
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— внизу, под, ниже |
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bridle |
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приспособление |
для подвески |
н сосных |
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штанг |
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cable |
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кабель |
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carrier bar |
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удерживающий |
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кроншт йн, |
держатель |
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т |
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полированного штока, штанги |
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centrifugal pump |
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электроцентробежный насос (ЭЦН) |
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clamp |
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зажимное устройство |
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compress |
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сжимать |
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couple |
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соединять |
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crank |
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кривошип, коленчатый рычаг |
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cycle |
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цикл |
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cylinder |
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цилиндр |
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discharge |
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разгрузка |
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divide |
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делить |
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downstroke |
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ход вн з (поршня) |
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electric motor |
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электродвигатель |
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flexible |
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ги кий |
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gas engine |
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газовыйб |
двигатель |
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gear reducer |
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редуктор станка-качалки |
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horse head |
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головка балансира (станка-качалки) |
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hydraulic |
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гидравлический |
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impart |
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передавать, сообщать |
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in excess of |
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свыше, более |
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loop |
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петля (каната), обводная линия |
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piston |
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поршень |
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pitman |
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шатун балансира |
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plunger |
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плунжер |
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pneumatic |
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пневматический |
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полированный шток |
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polished rod |
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prime mover |
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первичный двигатель |
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pumpingтрunit |
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насосная установка |
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revolution |
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оборот |
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ring |
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кольцо |
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rodе |
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насосная штанга |
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rotate |
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вращаться |
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67 |
Э
Sampson post |
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стойка балансира |
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shaft |
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вал |
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speed reduction |
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снижение скорости, уменьшение числа |
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оборотов |
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АГ |
НИ |
stroke |
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ход |
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sucker-rod string |
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колонна насосных штанг |
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tee |
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тройник |
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underside |
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снизу, с нижней стороны |
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upstroke |
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ход вверх (поршня) |
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V-left drive |
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клиновидная ременная передача |
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walking beam |
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коромысло станка-качалки |
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I. Find the Russian equivalents for the English word combinations of the word |
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list a) in the list of word combinations b). |
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a) artificial lift; natural energy; high-pressure liquids; surface equipment; up- |
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о |
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and-down motion; bottom-hole pump; beam pumping unit; walking beam, power
plant, polished rod clamp, flexible material; pitman crank; revolutions per minute sucker-rod pumping; hydraulic-powered pumping; plunger-type pump; hydraulic cylinder piston; field installation.
b) |
кривошип на шатунный механизм; пиунжерный насос; коромысло |
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станка-качалки; насосно-компрессорная |
б |
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(механизированная) добыча нефти; |
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зажим |
и |
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вверхл |
-вниз; естественная энергия; |
полированного штока; движение |
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добыча с помощью штангового насоса; станок-качалка; гибкий материал; жидкости под высоким давлением; насос, установленный в призабойной зоне, наземное оборудование, источник энергии; оборотов в минуту; добыча с
помощью гидравлического насоса; |
поршень |
гидравлического цилиндра, |
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промысловая установка. |
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б |
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II. Read the pairs of antonyms and translate them into Russian. |
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production by natural energy — production by artificial lift |
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general — special |
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high pressure — low pressure |
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surface equipment — bottom-hole equipment |
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high speed — slow speed |
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balance — counterbalanceн |
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upstroke — downstroke |
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inside — outside |
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vertical — horizontal |
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discharge — intake |
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long-strokeтр — short stroke |
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III. Read and translate the following words-internationalisms. |
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еlift, energy, method, |
combination, |
reduction, |
operate, electric, motor, cable, |
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material, compress, hydraulic, vertical, balance, cylinder, type, pneumatic
68
Э
IV. Translate the following term definitions into Russian. |
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1. |
Artificial lift is a production with the help of oil-well pumps which lift oil |
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from the reservoir. |
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2. |
Beam pumping is a method of artificial lift with the help of pumps at the |
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bottom of the hole run by a string of rods. |
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3. |
Hydraulic-powered sucker-rod pumping is a means of pumping oil with |
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sucker rods and bottom-hole plunger-type pump run by high-pressure fluids. |
НИ |
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Electrical submersible (погружные) pumps are bottom-hole centrifugal |
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pumps. |
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Pumping unit is a set of surface equipment necessary to impart an up-and- |
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down motion to the sucker-rod string to which the bottom-hole pump is connected.
6. Gear reducer is a mechanism for imparting rotation from one shaft to the |
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other one. |
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7. Counter weight is a set of weights attached to the crank or to one end of the |
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walking beam to counterbalance the weight of the rods and part of the weight of the |
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fluid. |
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о |
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8. Pitman crank is a mechanism for changing rotation to the up-and-down |
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motion of the walking beam necessary to operate the pump. |
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9. Pneumatic sucker-rod pumping is a method of artificial lift when compressed |
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air is used in the lift cylinder to move the rod string. |
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10. Horse head is the head of the walking beamиover which a cable is looped by |
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means of which the rod string is lifted. |
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of the walking beam. |
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11. Sampson post — is a supporting elementл |
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V. Read and translate the text “Artificial lift”, the passage “Surface |
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equipment” and answer the questions to it. |
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ая |
бArtificial lift |
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When pressures in the oil reservoir have fallen to the point where a well will |
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н |
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not produce by natural energy, some method of artificial lift must be used.
Used for this purpose are oil-well pumps, which are divided into three general groups: 1, pumps at the bottom of the hole run by a string of rods; 2, pumps at the
bottom of the |
hole run by high-pressure liquids; and 3, bottom-hole centrifugal |
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pumps. Another method of artificial lift uses high-pressure gas to lift the oil from the |
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reservoir. |
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Surface Equipment |
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The Pumping Unit is a complete set of surface equipment necessary to impart |
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an up-and-down motion to the sucker-rod string, to which is connected the bottom- |
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1 shows the parts of such a unit. Fig. 2 shows a field installation of |
hole pump. Fig.тр |
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a beam pumping unit. |
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НИ |
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