2274

Lesson X

НИ

Tubing

Words and combinations:

artificial lift

—

механизированная (насосно- компрессорная)

добыча нефти

АГ

bottom

—

забой скважины

conventional

—

традиционный, обычный

complete a well

—

закончить скважину

failure

—

выход из строя, поломка, неисправность

inch

—

дюйм

е

ка

liner

—

хвостовик

maintain

—

поддерживать

packer

—

пакер

pay zone

—

продуктивный интервал, из которого ведется

добыча

о

т

permit

—

позволять

pumping well

—

скважина, находящаяся на режиме насосно-

компрессорной эксплуатациии

range

—

диапазон

л

repair

—

ремонт

seal off

—

изол

ровать, герметизировать

support

—

б

поддерживать, являться опорой

suspend

—

подвешиватьи

tubing

—

насосно-компрессорные трубы (НКТ)

well head

—

б

устье скважины

workover

—

капитальный ремонт скважины (КРС)

II. Give the Russian equivalents for the following English word combinations:

repair of the casing; replacementая

of the liner; string of pipe; the flow string; to

н

н

support a pump, means of artificial lift; the bottom of the well; a pumping well; to

о

seal off the space; high pressure; a casing failure; a tubing packer; a small-diameter

hole; to complete a well.

тр

III. Give the English equivalents for the following Russian word combinations:

дорогос оящий ремонт;

добываемая нефть; поздняя стадия эксплуатации

(механизированная добыча); забой скважины; устье скважины; пакеры НКТ;

е

“расхаживание” НКТ, перфорированный интервал; продуктивный интервал;

л

контролькнад скважиной; стимуляция скважин; контроль за выносом песка.

42

IV. Translate the definitions of the following terms:

1.

Artificial lift is a method of production with the help of pumping units.

2.

To complete a well is to equip it with all necessary equipment and to prepare

it for production.

3.

Inch is a British-American unit of linear measures (25.4 mm).

4.

Liner is a lower part of a casing string or a component of a bottomhole drill

string assembly (BHA) (забойная компоновка).

НИ

5.

Failure is a fault or malfunction of equipment, its refusal to function.

6.

Packer is a device for isolating the casing and the tubing or for sealing off

some parts of the downhole equipment.

АГ

7.

Pay zone is a producing interval.

8.

Pumping well is a well to which some method of artificial lift is applied.

9.

To seal off is to isolate, to make proof and tight.

е

ка

10.Workover is well repair or well-stimulation treatment.

V. Read and translate the words of the same root:

press-

case-casing; place-replacement; tube-tubing-tubular; pump-pumping;

т

pressure; reduce-reduction; complete-completing-completion.

VI. Read and translate the text:

л

и

о

Tubing.

The casing and liner must remain in a well for a long time because of their

б

repair or replacement being rather costly. For this reason another string of pipe is

maintain continuous flow. Tubing is also required for supporting the pump in a

pumping well.

ая

Tubing packers are sometimes used in the tubing string for sealing off the

н

space between the tubing and the oil string of casing. By sealing off this space the

casing is not subjectedн

to high pressure, the chances of a casing failure being

reduced. Tubing packers prevent the tubing string from “working” or moving up and

down.

о

Sometimes it is both practical and economical to drill a small-diameter hole

the pay zone.

к

Tubingless completion with a small-diameter pipe provide for well control,

well stimulation,е

sand control, workover and an artificial lift system.

л

43

VII. Answer the following questions:

НИ

1.

Why is another string of pipe placed in the well?

2.

What is tubing?

3.

How may tubing be used?

АГ

4.

What size has tubing in diameter?

5.

What is tubing suspended from?

6.

What are tubing packers used for?

7.

What operations do tubingless completions provide for?

VIII. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1. Another string of pipe is placed in the well, through which the oil is produced.

2.

During the later life of the well the tubing may be used to support different

means of artificial lift.

3. The tubing is suspended from the well head to the bottom of the well.

ка

4. Tubing packers are used in wells where there are high reservoir pressure.

5. Tubing packers also support part of the weight of the tubing in the casing.

т

е

IX. Translate the following sentences into English:

1.

Ремонт или замена обсадной трубы сто

т очень дорого.

1.

Эта труба называется НКТ и

о

спользуется для прохождения

2.

добываемого флюида.

и

НКТ также используется в скважине находящейся на режиме насосно-

компрессорной добычи, для поддержкилнасоса.

3.

Пакеры предотвращают колонну НКТ от “расхаживания” или движения

вверх-вниз.

б

4. Обсадная колонна цементируется от забоя до устья и перфорируется

и

напротив продуктивного интервала.

б

X. Read and translate the following text:

Pipe strings of the well.

ая

Drilling terminology is mainly American because the oil industry grew up in

the United States. One of the main components of a rotary drilling is a drill string.

н

The drill string is a unit of cylindrical steel tubes connected by tool joints end

to end. It is a very expensiveн

rig equipment and must be replaced periodically. The

The string of pipe through which the oil is usually produced is called tubing.

к

The tubing is used as the flow string. Tubing is also required in a pumping well to

supportе

the pump.

л

44

XI. Speak briefly about:

а) drill string;

b) casing;

с) tubing

ка

о

т

е

и

л

б

и

б

ая

н

н

о

тр

е

к

л

Э

АГ

НИ

Lesson XI

НИ

Well treatment.

Words and combinations:

АГ

acidizing

––

кислотная обработка пласта

agitation

––

перемешивание

breaking

––

разрыв, разрушение

bridging

––

расклинивание (трещин)

conjunction

––

сочетание

counterbalance

––

противовес

crevice

––

расщелина, излом, разрыв, трещина в пласте

downhole

––

глубинный, внутрискважинный

drainage pattern

––

дренажная система

ка

flow capacity

––

пропускная способнос ь (ерещины)

fracturing

––

гидравлический разрыв пласта

gravel pack

––

гравийная набивка

т

high pressure pump

––

насос, работающ й опод большим давлением

impair

––

мешать, порт ть, затруднять

intimately

––

однородно

л

и

in – situ

––

на месте

invasion

––

вынос (песка в скважину), выпадение (песка)

involve

––

включать в себя

pore

––

пора

б

resin

––

смола и

resin – sand pack

––

набивка из тампонажного песка

slotted liner

––

б

хвостовик с щелевидными отверстиями

tension

––

нат жение

trap

––

ловушка; оказаться в ловушке (геологической)

walnut hull

––

скорлупа грецкого ореха

well stimulation

––

стимуляция скважины

well treatment

н

ая

технологическая обработка скважины

––

I. Find the Russian equivalents for the word combinations and expressions of

н

the list a) in the list of the word combinations and expressions b):

a) well treatment; to improve drainage pattern; to remove barriers; easy passage

тр

о

devices, downhole filters.

л

b) кразрыв

пласта; пропускная способность (трещины);

уменьшить

пов рхностное

натяжение; механические

устройства; технологическая

обработкае

скважины; расширить природные трещины; оказавшийся в ловушке

флюид;

улучшить дренажную систему;

характеристики

скважины;

46

II. Read and translate the definitions of the following terms:

АГ

1.

Acidizing is a process by which acids are applied to the producing formation.НИ

2.

Agitation is a process of mixing substances.

3.

Breaking is a process of crushing or destroying a structure or a substance.

4.

ка

Fracturing is a process required for breaking the formation in order to open

native fractures to increase the flow of the reservoir fluid into the well bore.

5.

Slotted liners and gravel packs as well as resin – sand packs are mechanical

devices for sand control.

е

6.

Surface tension is a force creating a blocking film preventing easy flow of

7.

fluids into the wellbore.

о

т

Well stimulation is a well treatment for removing barriers within the

л

III. Read and translate the text “Well treatment” and be ready to answer the

questions:

б

и

Well treatment

Wells

и

often may be treated to improve the natural drainage pattern, or to

Stimulation treatments are classified as fracturing, acidizing, or use of other special

chemicals.

ая

б

These processes are often used in combinations since they frequently help each

other. Programs

for

individual wells vary according

to

well characteristics and

н

conditions, economics, and end result desired.

Fracturing

Fracturing

is a

process by which fluid pressure

at

the bottom of a well is

о

developed by high-pressure pumps to the extent necessary to counter-balance the

weight of rock aboveнit plus an additional pressure required for actually breaking

тр

к

to keep the fractures open. The purpose of fracturing is to open native fractures to

increase the flow of the reservoir fluid into the well bore (Fig. 1).

л

е

47

Special Chemical Treatments

АГ

Special chemical treatments are those in which acid is not a material part.НИ

impairs flow of fluids to the well bore. Chemicals may be used to break this

о

т

е

Sand Control

Loose sand in producing oil or water wells is controlled by mechanical devices

such as slotted liners and gravel packs, or in-situ consolidationи

by chemical means.

б

Mechanical devices are installed in the well bore opposite the perforated producing

и

involves the conversion of

interval to act as downhole filters. Sand consolidationл

IV. Answer the questions:

ая

1.

What processes are known asбwell – stimulation treatments?

2.

How are stimulation treatments classified?

3.

Why are these processes often used in combinations?

4.

н

How do programs for individual wells vary?

5.

What is fracturing?

6.

What is the purpose of fracturing?

7.

What is acidizing?

8.

о

In what cases may special chemicals be applied?

9.

What kind of нsubstance do oil and water form?

10.Why is it necessary to break this emulsion?

11.How is loose sand controlled in the wells?

к

V. Study the Figures and answer the following questions:

е

Fig.1 тр

л

1. What does the Figure 1 show?

2. What purpose are the bridging materials placed in the fractures for?