2274

Lesson VIII.

НИ

Casing.

Grammar: Gerund.

АГ

Words and Expressions:

accumulate

—

накапливать

ка

aid

—

помощь

annulus

—

затрубное пространство

case off

—

крепить ствол скважины

е

обсадными трубами

casing

—

обсадная труба

т

derrick

—

буровая вышка

equip

—

о

оборудовать, оснаща ь

intermediate (salt) string

—

промежут чная бсадная колонна

(для перекрытия с леносных

отложен й)

joint

—

муфтовое соед нение

liner

—

хвостовик и

lower

—

б

опускать

loose earth

—

и

земля, грунт

осыпающаясял

loss

—

б

потеря

oil string

—

эксплуатационная обсадная

колонна

particle

ая

—

частица

penetrate

—

проникать

perform

—

выполнять

protect

н

—

защищать

reduce

—

уменьшать

screw

н

—

свинчивать

seal off

—

изолировать, герметизировать

section

о

—

секция (трубы)

sufficient

—

достаточный, подходящий

surface string

—

кондукторная (или первая)

обсадная колонна

string

к

—

колонна (труб)

I. Read the words:

е

equipment, wear,

capable, subject, saturation,

diameter,трeither, clearance,

precipitate.

л

31

the well is filled with cement under pressure.

АГ

During the further drilling operations the mud fluid moves along the annulus

ка

between the drill pipe and the casing; the lower part of the production string is

accumulate on the bottom of the hole, resulting in reducing speed and increasing the

wear of the bits.

о

т

е

III. Answer the following questions:

1.

What technology is used for protecting the hole of the well?

2.

How are the sections of casing connected withи

each other?

3.

Why is the annulus between the walls and the casing filled with cement?

4.

What is mud fluid used for?

б

л

IV. Arrange the following words in pairs of synonyms:

reinforce, perform, annulus, aid, well, help, make, consolidate, borehole, space,

и

fit, lower, put down, equip, important, efficient.

б

V. Arrange the following words in pairs of antonyms:

lift, increase, destroy, disconnect, reduce, lower, reinforce, connect, bottom,

inefficient, important, head, prevent, permit.

ая

VI. Find Gerund in the sentences and translate the sentences into Russian:

1.

Steel casing tubes are used for casing well holes off.

2.

н

To prevent underground water from entering the well the annulus between

the casing string and theн

walls of the well is filled with cement under pressure.

3.

There are several methods of preparing an oil well for producing.

4.

о

Bottoming in hard formation allows leaving the oil-producing zone entirely

open. (зона о крытого ствола).

5.

Cementing the oil string is necessary in loose, soft sands.

6.

Oneтрof the most common types of completion (заканчивание скважины)

consists of setting the

oil string of casing

through

the producing formation and

к

cementing it in place.

л

е7. By sealing off this space the casing is not exposed to high pressure.

32

8.

НИ

The operators remember this well producing at the beginning of the

development of this oil-field.

9.

The casing of this well needs cementing and the producing interval needs

perforating.

10. The purpose of the liner is keeping sand and solids out of the well but

allowing the passage of oil and gas into the well.

АГ

VII. Change infinitive into gerund in the following sentences changing “to”

into “for” where necessary:

ка

Example: To cement two or more strings of casing is necessary to provide the

borehole protection.

Cementing two or

more

strings of

casing

is

necessary for providing the

borehole protection.

е

1.

To shoot metal bullets through the casing is to perforate it.

2.

т

To complete the well is to equip it with necessary equipment and to prepare

it for operation.

о

3.

It is possible

to

produce from

different

pay zones (продуктивные

интервалы) through the same well bore.

и

4.

The same tubing (НКТ) may be used to support a pump.

5.

Sometimes to drill a small-diameter hole is both practical and economical.

VIII. Translate into English:

б

1.

Для укрепления

и

стенок скважины лиспользуют стальные обсадные

трубы.

2.

Между собой трубы соединяются с помощью резьбы.

3.

Спуско-подъемные операции ведутся различными приспособлениями.

4.

Затрубное пространство заполняется цементом.

ая

5.

Иногда частицы породы накапливаютсяб

на забое скважины.

6.

Это уменьшает скорость бурения и увеличивает износ долот.

н

IX. Translate the dialogue into English using, the terminological vocabulary.

Read the translated dialogue in persons.:

— Привет, давно тебя

е видел. Как твоя учеба в институте? На каком ты

курсе сейчас?

о

— Я уже на послед ем курсе (a final year student). Сейчас я занят (busy

with)св им дипломнымн

проектом.

— А какая тема твоего дипломного проекта? Насколько я помню, ты

учишься по специальности «Бурение нефтяных и газовых скважин»

к

— Да, ы прав. Я выбрал тему «Бурение на обсадных трубах» (Casing

Drilling). Это сравнительно новая технология.

— А длятрчего вообще нужны обсадные трубы?

л

— Они необходимы для защиты ствола скважины (borehole) от грунтовых

вод и осыпающегося грунта (loose earth). Интервалы пресной воды (fresh

еwater zones) также должны быть защищены от бурового и попутного

флюидов.

33

Lesson IX.

НИ

Drilling Fluids.

Grammar: Participle.

АГ

Words and Expressions:

clay

—

глина

ка

contamination

—

загрязнение

cool

—

охлаждать

consolidate

—

укреплять

е

coring

—

отбор керна

cost

— расход, затрата, цена

т

damage

—

повреждение

о

disadvantage

—

недостаток

evaluation

—

оценка

environment

—

окружающая среда

fluid

—

жидкость, флю д

general

—

обычный

initial

—

первонача ьныйи

influence

—

влияние

б

л

lubricate

—

и

смазывать

mud

—

буровой раствор, промывочная жидкость

mud off

—

гл низ ровать (стенки скважины)

penetration rate

—

скорость проходки

resistance

—

устойчивость, сопротивление

ая

трубныеб

tubular goods

—

изделия

via

—

через

wellbore

н

—

ствол скважины

I. Read paying attention to the pronunciation of the following words:

fluid, pump, surface, annular, requirements, mixture, advantage, disadvantage,

damage, initial, primarily, environment, lubricate.

тр

о

equivalents for the following words:

II. Give the Englishн

рото ная система,

поверхность, труба, колонна, сторона, тип, вода, нефть,

шлам, пласт, в ащать.

к

III. Translate the words of the same root:

е

low – lower, day – daily, extreme – extremely, few – fewer, general – generally,

prime – primarily, resist – resistant –

resistance, rotate – rotation, require –

л

requirement, mix – mixture, advantage – disadvantage, penetrate – penetration.

35

mixtures of clay and water or more complex systems.

АГ

The drilling fluids serve to cool and lubricate the bit, bring drill cuttings to the

ка

surface, cleaning the produced fluid, consolidate the walls of the drilled wellbore,

е

mudding them off, prevent formation damage, control pressures.

There are two basic types of mud systems: oil-base and water-base systems.

т

Each system has advantages and disadvantages. Major advantages of water-base

о

2) contamination resistance; 3) protection of tubular goods and 4) formation

stability.

б

и

A water-base system is generally the first choice primarily because of lower

и

initial costs and fewer environmental problems. л

Oil muds may cost more initially, but usually have lower daily costs.

The drilling fluid can be extremely important when coring and may strongly

influence the formation evaluation program.

ая

б

1.

What are drilling fluids?

2.

What purpose are they used for?

3.

What are the two basic types of drilling fluids?

4.

н

What are major advantages of water-base mud?

5.

What are major advantages of oil-base muds?

6.

What operation are drilling fluids extremely important for?

V.

Give

о

equivalents

for the following Russian

words and

the English

тр

н

expressions:

смазывать,

охлаждать, суточная

стоимость,

буровой

аствор,

л

е

к

36

VI. Fill in the blanks with proper words and expressions:

1.

Mud fluid is used with (percussion drilling, rotary drilling).

2.

The annular space is the space between the (drill pipe and borehole, surface

and hole).

АГ

3.

Drilling fluids serve (to heat, to cool) the bit.

4.

A water-base system is generally the first choice because of (higher, lower)

initial costs and (more, fewer) environmental problems.

НИ

5.

Oil muds may cost (less, more) initially, but usually have a lower daily cost.

6.

Drilling fluid can be extremely important when (logging, coring).

ка

VII. Translate into Russian paying attention to the participle:

1.

Mud fluid is used with the rotary drilling system.

е

2.

It is pumped into the hole.

3.

Drilling equipment is very important in oil industry.

4.

The drilled well was not far from the settlement.

т

5.

о

The well drilled by rotary rig is much cheeper than that drilled by

percussion system.

и

6.

Drilling fluid can be important when coring.

7.

Drilling muds bring drill cuttings to the surface cleaning the produced fluid.

8.

Muds consolidate the walls of the wellbore mudding them off.

VIII. Translate into English:

и

б

1.

. (mud fluid, important)

Буровые растворы очень важны в урениил

2.

Буровой раствор закач вают в скважину через вращающуюся

бурильную колонну. (pump, via, drill, string)

3.

Буровой раствор необходим для охлаждения и смазки долота, выноса

шлама на поверхность (necessary, lubrications, cooling, to bring … to the surface)

4.

Существует несколько типовббуровых растворов. (several)

IX. Speak on: a) the purpose of drilling fluids; b)two basic types of mud

systems.

ая

X. Translate the dialogue into English using the terminological vocabulary and

conversational expressions.

— Привет!

н

— Привет. Ты идешьн

в институт?

— Да, я иду в библиотеку. Мне нужен материал по буровым растворам.

о

— К сожалению, я не могу тебе помочь, т.к. я учусь на экономическом

факуль е е. А для чего нужны буровые растворы?

— Это специальные жидкости для охлаждения и смазки долота, очищения

добываемоготрфлюида, укрепления стенок ствола скважины.

—

Понятно. Насколько я понимаю (as far as I understand), буровые

к

растворы имеют определенный, особый состав, не так ли?

е— Да, ты совершенно прав. Это могут быть простые смеси глины и воды

и и же более сложные смеси.

л

37