B.Crowell - The Modern Revolution in Physics, Vol
.6.pdfA
absorption spectrum 83 Albert Einstein 11 angular momentum
and the uncertainty principle 97 in three dimensions 97 quantization of 96
atoms
helium 105 lithium 105 sodium 106
with many electrons 105 averages 47
rule for calculating 47
B
Balmer Johann 102
Bohr
Niels 102 bound states 82 box
particle in a 82
C
Cambridge 68 carbon-14 dating 53 cat
Schrödinger's 86 chemical bonds
quantum explanation for hydrogen 83 classical physics 44
complex numbers
use in quantum physics 91 coordinate transformation
defined 15
correspondence principle 31, 32
D
Darwin Charles 44
Davisson C.J. 76 de Broglie
Louis 76 decay
exponential 51 rate of 54
digital camera 62 duality
wave-particle 67
Index
E
Eddington Arthur 44
Einstein
Albert 43, 61
and randomness 44 electron
as a wave 76 spin of 104 wavefunction 79
emission spectrum 83 energy
equivalence to mass 35 quantization of for bound states 82
Enlightenment 44 evolution
randomness in 44 exclusion principle 105 exponential decay 51
rate of 54
G
gas
spectrum of 83 geothermal vents 44 Germer
L. 76 goiters 51
gravitational mass 36 group velocity 81
H
half-life 51 Heisenberg
Werner 84
Heisenberg uncertainty principle 84 in three dimensions 98
helium 105 Hertz
Heinrich 64 hydrogen atom 99
angular momentum in 96 classification of states 96 energies of states in 102 energy in 96
L quantum number 99 momentum in 96
n quantum number 99
I
independence
Index 121
statistical 45 independent probabilities
law of 46 inertial mass 36 invariants 30 iodine 51
J
Jeans
James 44
K
kinetic energy relativistic 33
L
Laplace 43 lightlike 27
M
mass
equivalence to energy 35 gravitational 36
inertial 36 matter
as a wave 75 Maxwell 13
measurement in quantum physics 86 Michelson-Morley experiment 13 Millikan
Robert 65 molecules
nonexistence in classical physics 75 momentum
relativistic 32, 38
N
neutron
spin of 104 Newton
Isaac 43 normalization 47
O
ozone layer 61
P
particle
definition of 67 particle in a box 82
path of a photon undefined 68 Pauli exclusion principle 105 periodic table 106
phase velocity 81
122 Index
photoelectric effect 63 photon
Einstein's early theory 63 energy of 65
in three dimensions 71 pilot wave hypothesis 68 Planck
Max 66
Planck's constant 66 probabilities
addition of 46 normalization of 47
probability distributions averages of 50 widths of 50
probability distributions 48 probability interpretation 69 proper time 42
protein molecules 95 proton
spin of 104
Q
quantum dot 82 quantum moat 96 quantum numbers 100 quantum physics 44
R
radar 61 radio 61
randomness 44 relativity
general theory of 23 special theory of 23
Russell Bertrand 44
Rutherford Ernest 43
S
Schrödinger
Erwin 86
Schrödinger equation 89 Schrödinger's cat 86 Seurat
George 63 Sirius 83 sodium 106 spacelike
defined 27 spectrum
absorption 83 emission 83
spin 104
of electron 104 of neutron 104 proton 104
Star Trek 83 states
bound 82
T
Taylor G.I. 68
time dilation 21 timelike 27 tunneling 88 twin paradox 23
U
ultraviolet light 61 uncertainty principle 84
in three dimensions 98
V
velocities
relativistiv combination of 30 velocity
group 81 phase 81
relativistic combination of 38
W
wave
definition of 67 dispersive 80
wave-particle duality 67 pilot-wave interpretation of 68 probability interpretation of 69
wavefunction
complex numbers in 91 of the electron 79
Wicked Witch of the West 75 work-kinetic energy theorem
relativistic 39
Index 123
124 Index
Photo Credits
All photographs are by Benjamin Crowell, except as noted below. In some cases I have used historical photographs for which I know the date the picture was taken but not the photographer; in these cases I have simply listed the dates, which indicate the copyrights have expired. I will be grateful for any information that helps me to credit the photographers properly.
Chapter 1
Einstein: ca. 1905
Chapter 2
Eclipse: 1919
Large Hadron Collider: Courtesy of CERN.
Chapter 3
Mount St. Helens: Public-domain image by Austin Post, USGS.
Pu'u O'o: Public-domain image by Lyn Topinka, USGS.
Chapter 4
Ozone maps: NASA/GSFC TOMS Team.
Photon interference photos: Lyman Page.
Chapter 5
Wicked witch: W.W. Denslow, 1900. Quote from The Wizard of Oz, by L. Frank Baum, 1900.
Chapter 6
Hindenburg: Arthur Cofod Jr., U.S. Air Force, 1937, courtesy of the National Air and Space Museum Archives.
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