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Electricity

and

Magnetism

Benjamin Crowell

Book 4 in the Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks www.lightandmatter.com

Electricity and

Magnetism

The Light and Matter series of introductory physics textbooks:

1Newtonian Physics

2Conservation Laws

3Vibrations and Waves

4Electricity and Magnetism

5Optics

6The Modern Revolution in Physics

Electricity and

Magnetism

Benjamin Crowell

www.lightandmatter.com

Light and Matter

Fullerton, California

www.lightandmatter.com

© 1999-2002 by Benjamin Crowell All rights reserved.

Edition 2.1 rev. 2002-11-22

ISBN 0-9704670-4-4

To Arnold Arons.

 

Brief Contents

 

1

Electricity and the Atom.......

15

2

The Nucleus ..........................

41

3

Circuits, Part 1 ......................

71

4

Circuits, Part 2 ......................

95

5

Fields of Force ....................

109

6

Electromagnetism ..............

127

Exercises ...................................................

147

Solutions ....................................................

153

Glossary .....................................................

155

Index ...........................................................

157

Contents 9

Contents

Preface .........................................................

13

1

Electricity and

 

 

the Atom .....................

15

1.1

The Quest for the Atomic Force...........

16

1.2

Charge, Electricity and Magnetism ......

18

1.3

Atoms ..................................................

22

1.4

Quantization of Charge ........................

28

1.5

The Electron ........................................

31

1.6

The Raisin Cookie Model of the Atom . 35

Summary ......................................................

37

3

Circuits, Part 1 .........

71

Homework Problems ....................................

38

3.1

Current

72

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.2

Circuits .................................................

75

 

 

 

3.3

Voltage .................................................

76

 

 

 

3.4

Resistance ...........................................

80

 

 

 

3.5 Current-Conducting Properties of Materi-

 

 

 

 

als ...........................................................

87

 

 

 

3.6ò Applications of Calculus .....................

90

 

 

 

Summary ......................................................

91

 

 

 

Homework Problems ....................................

92

2

The Nucleus .............

41

 

 

 

2.1

Radioactivity ........................................

41

 

 

 

2.2

The Planetary Model of the Atom ........

45

 

 

 

2.3

Atomic Number ....................................

48

 

 

 

2.4

The Structure of Nuclei ........................

52

 

 

 

2.5

The Strong Nuclear Force, Alpha Decay

 

 

 

 

and Fission .............................................

56

 

 

 

2.6

The Weak Nuclear Force; Beta Decay 58

 

 

 

2.7

Fusion ..................................................

61

 

 

 

2.8

Nuclear Energy and Binding Energies. 62

4

Circuits, Part 2

95

2.9

Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation 65

2.10* The Creation of the Elements ..........

67

4.1

Schematics ..........................................

96

Summary ......................................................

69

4.2

Parallel Resistances and the Junction

Homework Problems ....................................

70

 

Rule ........................................................

97

 

 

 

4.3

Series Resistances ............................

101

 

 

 

Summary ....................................................

105

 

 

 

Homework Problems ..................................

106

10 Contents