B.Crowell - Newtonian Physics, Vol

A

acceleration 76 as a vector 157 constant 87 definition 82 negative 79

alchemy 17 area

operational definition 35 scaling of 37

area under a curve 85 area under a-t graph 86 under v-t graph 85

astrology 17

B

Bacon, Sir Francis 20

C

calculus differential 70

fundamental theorem of 91 integral 91

invention by Newton 69 Leibnitz notation 70 with vectors 161

cathode rays 18 center of mass 55 motion of 55

center-of-mass motion 55 centi- (metric prefix) 23 Challenger disaster 89 circular motion 167

nonuniform 169 uniform 169

cockroaches 44

coefficient of kinetic friction 123 coefficient of static friction 122 component

defined 138 conversions of units 28 coordinate system

defined 59 Copernicus 64

D

Darwin 19

delta notation 57 derivative 70

second 91

Index

Dialogues Concerning the Two New Sciences 37 dynamics 53

E

elephant 46 energy

distinguished from force 106

F

falling objects 73 Feynman 75 Feynman, Richard 75 force

analysis of forces 124 Aristotelian versus Newtonian 97 as a vector 160

attractive 119 contact 99

distinguished from energy 106 frictional 121

gravitational 120 net 100 noncontact 99 oblique 119

positive and negative signs of 99 repulsive 119

transmission of 126 forces

classification of 118 frame of reference

defined 59

inertial or noninertial 109 French Revolution 23 friction

fluid 123

kinetic 121, 122 static 121, 122

G

Galilei, Galileo. See Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei 37

gamma rays 18 grand jete 56 graphing 61 graphs

of position versus time 60 velocity versus time 69

H

high jump 56

Hooke’s law 128

I

inertia

principle of 64 integral 91

K

kilo- (metric prefix) 23 kilogram 25 kinematics 53

L

Laplace 17 Leibnitz 70 light 18

M

magnitude of a vector defined 146

matter 18

mega- (metric prefix) 23 meter (metric unit) 24

metric prefixes. See metric system: prefixes metric system 22

prefixes 23

micro- (metric prefix) 23 microwaves 18

milli- (metric prefix) 23 model

scientific 121 models 56 motion

rigid-body 54 types of 54

Muybridge, Eadweard 155

N

nano- (metric prefix) 23 Newton

first law of motion 100 second law of motion 104

Newton, Isaac 22 definition of time 25

Newton's laws of motion in three dimensions 140

Newton's third law 114

O

operational definitions 24 order-of-magnitude estimates 47

P

parabola

222 Index

motion of projectile on 139 Pauli exclusion principle 19 period

of uniform circular motion 173 photon 117

physics 17 POFOSTITO 116 Pope 37

prefixes, metric. See metric system: prefixes projectiles 139

pulley 129

R

radial component defined 175 radio waves 18 reductionism 20 Renaissance 15

rotation 54

S

salamanders 44 sans culottides 24 scalar

defined 146 scaling 37

applied to biology 44 scientific method 15 second (unit) 24 significant figures 30 simple machine

defined 129 slam dunk 56

Stanford, Leland 155 strain 128

Swift, Jonathan 37

T

time

duration 57 point in 57

transmission of forces 126

U

unit vectors 152

units, conversion of 28

V

vector 53 acceleration 157 addition 146 defined 146 force 160 magnitude of 146 velocity 156

Metric Prefixes

(Centi-, 10 –2, is used only in the centimeter.)

Notation and Units

symbol meaning

is proportional to

≈is approximately equal to

~on the order of

The Greek Alphabet

Earth, Moon, and Sun

The radii and radii of orbits are average values. The moon orbits the earth and the earth orbits the sun.

Subatomic Particles

The radii of protons and neutrons can only be given approximately, since they have fuzzy surfaces. For comparison, a typical atom is about 10-9 m in radius.

Fundamental Constants