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desk and in every home. In 1975 the company Microsoft (anabbreviation of microcomputer software) was formed. It soon became simply “Microsoft”®.

3.Microsoft helped to make the computer easier to use with its developed software, and made it a commercial success. The success of Microsoft began with the MS-DOS computer operating system. Microsoft went on to achieve success.

4.With his great success in the computer software industry also much criticism came. With his ambitious and aggressive business philosophy, Gates or his Microsoft lawyers have been in and out of courtrooms fighting legal battles almost since Microsoft began.

V. Прочитайте текст ещё раз и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

How did Microsoft influence the market?

ВАРИАНТ IV

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения.

1.He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842.

2.He has gone bankrupt.

3.They were inventing a new device.

4.Most of the family went back to Sweden in 1859.

II. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и укажите, являются ли они определением или обстоятельством. Переведите предложения.

1. The beginning scientist studied the explosives in his father’s

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laboratory.

2.He had never been to school or University but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty was a skilful chemist and excellent linguist mastering Swedish, Russian, German, French and English.

3.When asked we were surprised.

4.They saw a broken apparatus in the laboratory.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения.

1.Probably because he could not find ordinary human love, he never married, he began to care deeply about the whole mankind.

2.The capital was allowed to be safely invested to form a fund.

3.The money of this fund must be distributed every year in the form of prizes.

4.In choosing the prize winner no consideration should be given to the nationality of the candidates.

IV. Прочитайте и постарайтесь понять содержание текста. Перепишите и переведите 3-й и 4-й абзацы.

ALFRED NOBEL – A MAN OF CONTRASTS

1. Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts. He was a son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire, a scientist who cared for literature, an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but led a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad when

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remained alone. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him, a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone in a foreign country.

2.He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father, Emmanuel, made a strong position in the engineering industry. Emmanuel Nobel invented the landmine and got plenty of money, but went bankrupt. Most of the family went back to Sweden in 1859. Four years later Alfred returned there, beginning his study of explosives. It occurred that he had never been to school or University but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty he was a chemist and linguist having mastered Swedish, Russian, German, French and English.

3.Probably because he could not find ordinary human love, he never married, he began to care deeply about the whole mankind. His will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding work in physics, chemistry, physiology, medicine, economics, literature and promotion of world peace is a memorial to his interests and ideals.

4.The capital was to be invested to form a fund. The interest of this fund is to be distributed every year in the form of prizes to those who, during the previous year did work of the greatest use to mankind within different fields. In his will Nobel wrote that in choosing the prize winner no consideration should be given to the nationality of the candidates.

V.Прочитайте текст ещё раз и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

What did Nobel write in his will?

ВАРИАНТ V

I. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них

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глагол-сказуемое, определите его видовременную форму и залог.Переведите предложения.

1.He was one of the most prominent scientists and was working much.

2.During many years he headed the Committee, the staff of which was mainly composed of his pupils.

3.He will have studied this subject by next year.

4.Students were attracted to him not only because he was an outstanding scientist but also because of his charming personality and gentle manner.

II. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и укажите, являются ли они определением или обстоятельством. Переведите предложения.

1.We used connecting components to assemble this device .

2.They were happy working with equal skill in every branch.

3.He was the first scientist in Russia introducing the microscope.

4.He was also one of the greatest Russian scientists who later became the first elected President of the Academy of Sciences.

III. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения.

1.He may be called the founder of the practical geology.

2.He will be able to begin his scientific activity.

3.She had to work hard to teach at the Institute.

4.Everybody must know his work as it is very useful.

IV. Прочитайте и постарайтесь понять содержание текста. Перепишите и переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.

Слова к тексту

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LEONARDO DA VINCI

1.Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the Renaissance man. He is widely considered to be one of the most talented person ever to have lived.

2.Born the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant woman, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the Florentine painter, Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice and spent his last years in France, at the home awarded to him by Francis I.

3.Leonardo is known as a painter. Two of his works, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper, are the most famous, most reproduced and the most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time,

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respectively, their fame approached only by Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam.

4. Leonardo’s drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also regarded as a cultural icon, being reproduced on everything from the Euro to textbooks to t-shirts. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings survive, the small number due to his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques. Nevertheless, these few works, together with his notebooks, which contain drawing, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists only rivaled by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo. He conceptualized a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power and a calculator.

V. Прочитайте текст ещё раз и письменно ответьте на вопрос:

How many Leonardo’s paintings are known nowadays?

ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ

RUSSIA

Russia is one of the largest countries in the world. The population of Russia is about 150 million people. The capital of our country is Moscow. It was founded in 1147.

The total area of Russia is over 17 million square kilometers. It is situated both in Europe and in Asia. On the Russian territory there are 11 time zones. The country is washed by seas and oceans. There are many rivers in Russia, the longest are the Volga, the Yenisei and the Ob. The deepest lakes are the Baikal and the Ladoga. Some parts of our country are covered with mountains and hills. Russia borders on many countries. Among them are Estonia, Latvia, Poland, China,

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Mongolia, Korea.

There are different types of climate on its territory. It is very cold in the North even in summer, and very warm in the South even in winter. There are no countries in the world where such a great variety of flora and fauna can be found as in our land. Our country has numerous forests, plains and steppes, taiga and tundra, highlands and deserts.

The Russian Federation is very rich in mineral resources, such as oil, natural gas, coal, iron, gold and others.

As for the political system, Russia is a federal republic. The legislative body of the country is the State Duma and the executive body is the government, headed by the Prime Minister. The president is the head of the state. The judicial power belongs to the system of Courts comprising the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and federal courts.

The national symbols of the Russian Federation are a white-blue-red banner and a double-headed eagle.

In spite of the fact that economic situation is rather difficult nowadays we believe in the great future of Russia.

DANGEROUS ROADS

The M25, the motorway around London, opened in 1986. Today people call it the biggest car park in Europe. Every morning on the radio we hear about jams, road repairs and crashes. One day we will hear: “There is a traffic jam on the M25 in both directions. If you are driving to work, we advise you to go home”.

Winston Churchill, the prime minister of Great Britain in the XX century described the car as the curse of the century. This is also true of the XXI century. It can be funny to compare advertisements of cars with the reality of driving them. Cars are symbols of freedom and

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wealth. But when you are stuck (stick – застревать) in a traffic jam, all cars are just metal boxes for sitting in.

5,000 people a year are killed on British roads, and 40,000 are inj ured. As for children, road accidents are a major cause of death.

There are some advantages of having a car: you can drive when and where you want to, visit places of interest and carry heavy things with you. One of the disadvantages is that even if there is only one person in a car, it pollutes the air.

Many people think that if you build more roads, the traffic will move more quickly. But research shows that if there are more roads, there will be more cars on them. If the public transport system works, more people will use it. If trains carry more people, the roads will not be so crowded. The public transport also has some disadvantages: on trains and buses – public transport – you can travel only according to the time-table and on definite routes.

By 2025, parking all the cars in Britain will need an area larger th an the area of London.

WHAT IS A MANAGER?

A number of different terms (термин) are often used instead of the term “manager”, including “director”, “administrator” and “president”. The term “manager” is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations such as universities, hospitals and social work agencies.

So, who do we call “manager”?

In its broad meaning the term “manager” applies to the people who

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are responsible for making and carrying out decisions within a certainsystem. A personnel manager directly supervises people in an organization. Financial manager is a person who is responsible for finance. Sales manager is responsible for selling of goods.

The work of a manager is decision-making. When a problem exists a manager has to make a decision to solve it. In decision-making there is always some uncertainty and risk.

Management is a variety of specific activities. Management is a function of planning, organizing, coordinating, directing and controlling. Any managerial system, at any managerial level, is characterized in terms of these general functions.

Managing is a responsible and hard job. He should do a lot. In all types of organizations managerial efficiency depends on manager’s direct personal relationships, hard work on a variety of activities and preference for active tasks.

WHAT IS A ROBOT?

In all times nearly each production process was in need of handling operations (нуждаться в ручной обработке). At first they had to be performed by man or manual labour. The development of microprocessors, computer technologies, industrial robots, automated equipment and flexible automated systems with built-in control systems made it possible to relieve people from handling heavy loads (переноска тяжёлых грузов).

We know the prototypes of modern robots were used to transport objects over some distance, because human contact with such objects was either hazardous (рискованный) or uncomfortable. The first manipulators applied in the atomic industry were developed between 1940–1950. Such manipulators were also used in different areas of industry.

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The first robot for industrial application appeared on the USA market in 1962. The phrase “industrial robot” is known to have appeared at the same time. In Russia the first serious results in robot design and its application in industry were achieved in the sixties. The first underwater computer-controlled automatic manipulator was designed in 1968 and the first types of modern industrial robots were developed in 1971.

Robots fill the gap between special-purpose automated machines and human labour and provide a substitute for man when the operation consists of the same basic motions every cycle. Their advantages are considered to be the ability to work for two and three shifts, to work in hazardous situations, to transfer heavy loads.

Modern industrial robots are powerful re-programmable machines of different shapes, sizes and capabilities. They increase labour productivity and solve problems of workers’ safety. They have demonstrated capability to do a lot of jobs: painting, welding, assembling and so on.

MACHINE-TOOLS

Machine-tools (станки) are used to shape metals and other materials. The material to be shaped is called the workpiece (рабочая деталь). Most machine-tools are now electrically driven. Machine-tools with electrical drive are faster and more accurate than hand tools: they were an important element in the development of mass-production processes, as they allowed individual parts to be made in large numbers so as to be interchangeable.

All machine-tools have facilities for holding both the workpiece and the tool, and for accurately controlling the movement of the cutting tool relatively to the workpiece. Most machining operations generate large amounts of heat, and cooling fluids (охлаждающие

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