CONTENTS
ABSTRACT..............................................................................................................................3
1 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS ...............................................................................................4
2 SALE..................................................................................................................................8
3 TRENDS..............................................................................................................................9
3.1 RISING TREND..............................................................................................................9
3.2 DOWNWARD TREND................................................................................................10
3.3 SIDEWAYS TREND.....................................................................................................11
4. LITERARY LIST.............................................................................................................12
ABSTRACT
"Import and Export. Sale. Trends "Nizhnevartovsk: branch SUSU, NvFl-231, 2014, 12 p., Bibliographer. 12 names.
The aim of this work is to study and disclose the data subjects.
Оbjectives:
Expand the concept of the terms of these topics.
Expand species give their description.
Disclosure of the structure of each topic.
1. Exports and imports
The total value of exports and imports of a country defines its foreign trade turnover . The volume of all world trade is calculated by summing the only export volumes of each country.
When comparing the values of exports and imports to a country fixed trade balance . Balance is positive when exports exceed imports. Conversely, when the volume of imports outpaced exports , recorded a negative balance of foreign trade . Most often, these situations are reflected in one category - net exports , which depending on the balance of trade will be displayed with a "plus " or " minus" . Positive net exports increase national product and the negative decreases it.
The value of net exports is reflected in the trade balance . Trade balance - it is a public accounting ratio between exports and imports of goods and services . He , in turn, as the document is part of the balance of payments . The balance of payments recorded state cash flows going into and out of the country.
To analyze the efficiency of world trade using a variety of indicators , including the volume of exports (imports ) per capita , export (import ) quota . In particular, the export quota - an indicator that captures the share of exports in the general volume of production in the country and is regarded as the ratio of the value of exports to the value of domestic product. Application of these indicators characterizes the level of openness of the national economy for the foreign market and the degree of participation in the international division of labor.
To international trade was mutually beneficial to its members , should emerge most effective for each country exports and imports. In practice, the efficiency is determined by an adequate system of world prices and international settlements .
In international trade, dominated by export-import operations . Foreign trade turnover of a separate state is the sum of exports and imports. Globally, the value of exports is comparable to world trade .
Under export understood export abroad of goods, technology and services for their implementation in the foreign market . Export items can be goods produced in the country, and goods imported into and processed in it. A special form is re- exports , ie export previously imported goods have not undergone processing in the country.
Import - this is the import of goods , technologies and services for sale on the domestic market as well as for transit to third countries . In the volume of imports included re-importation from abroad have not undergone processing of domestic goods - reimport .
The fact of export and import of goods is fixed at the time of crossing the border and is reflected in the customs and foreign trade statistics. Export operation selling country import operation corresponds to the buyer country .
International trade is a form of communication between producers in different countries , based on the emerging international division of labor , and expresses their mutual economic dependence .
Structural changes taking place in the economy of the countries under the influence of scientific and technological development , specialization and cooperation in industrial production increasing interaction of national economies . This contributes to increased international trade. International trade , which determines the movement of all the cross-country trade flows , growing faster than production . According to research by foreign trade , for every 10 % increase in global production , accounting for 16 % increase in the volume of world trade. Thereby creating more favorable conditions for its development. When failures occur in trade , development and production slows .
The term " foreign trade " refers to a country's trade with other countries , consisting of paid import ( import) and paid export ( export) of commodities .
Diverse foreign trade activities are grouped by product specialization in trade in finished goods torus th vlyu machinery and equipment , trade in raw materials and trade in services.
International trade is called paid aggregate turnover among all countries of the world. However, the concept of " international trade " is used in a narrower sense : for example , the aggregate turnover of the industrialized countries , the aggregate turnover of developing countries , the aggregate turnover of any continent , region, such as Eastern Europe, etc.
World trade is considered as the total exports of all countries of the world . This method of calculation due to the fact that exports of all countries of the world is both imports of these countries (not counting the cost of transport and cargo insurance ) , so the addition of numbers of world exports and imports would lead to double counting .
Trade balance - the difference between the value of exports and imports. If the ratio is in favor of exports , the trade balance is active, and the balance - positive if the value of imports exceeds the value of exports , the trade batten passive , and its negative balance , with a "minus" sign .
The UN Statistical Commission recommends that the export and import of all goods and material values , which due to their export or import increase or decrease the material resources of the country. In exports and imports, thus includes also products import and export of which are carried out on a commercial basis , ie in order to provide support grant aid ( government , private or public ) or in the form of grants .
However, the volume of world trade is not included the cost of all services , including the nature of the material (construction and installation , design and survey works , patents, licenses , know-how , the printing of books , promotional materials , etc.). In general, the cost of global trade in services represents about a quarter of world exports.
In international practice, statistical records of exports and imports , as a rule, the date of registration is the point of transfer of goods across the customs border of the country.
The value of exports and imports are calculated in most countries contract prices given to a single basis , namely export - at prices "fob " import - at prices " CIF ".
Statistical evaluation of goods on fob (free on board - free on board ) includes in addition to the cost of the goods all the costs associated with its delivery to the spacecraft , including loading on board. For land shipment fob price means the price of goods on a " Franco- land border of the exporting country ," which in addition to the cost of the goods includes the cost of its delivery to the border of the exporting country .
Price cif (cost, insurance, freight - cost, insurance , freight) includes cost of goods on terms fob - port of departure plus the cost of insurance of goods in transit and transportation ( sea freight ) to port of destination . For land shipment cif price corresponds to the notion of " Franco- border of the importing country ." Since evaluation methods fob (« Franco- border of the exporting country ") and cif (« Franco- border of the importing country " ) are homogeneous in the statistical treatment of world trade names fob and cif bases have become universal and are used in all types of traffic.
Value of world imports is always higher than the value of exports in the amount of freight and insurance , as the world is estimated on the basis of export prices fob, and the global import - based on prices cif.
Account of the counterparty , ie countries between which the foreign trade turnover in modern statistical practice in most cases is carried out on a " production - consumption ." In accordance with this method imports reflected the country of production ( origin) of goods and exports - the country of consumption goods.
In accordance with the recommendations of the UN Statistical Commission , which are accepted by the majority of countries, including Russia , the country of origin or production is considered the country where the products of agriculture and forestry have been grown , mined minerals , and finished products developed in whole or in part. Partial output of goods means a change of its content , forms, etc. The country of consumption means the country where the product will be used for the purposes for which it is intended , or will be processed , subject to repair or further processing . It is understood that the repacking , sorting and blending are neither processing nor additional treatment.