Unit 2 elements of buildings

Text: Elements of Buildings

Grammar:

• Prepositions ((Синявская, p. 21–22)

• Substitution words one, ones (Синявская, p. 398 – 400)

• The Passive Voice (ГТ – 22 – 23)

Word-building models:

• adjective stem + -ly  adverb

• noun stem + -ic  adjective

• verb stem + -ment  noun

• verb stem + -tion/ -sion/ -ion  noun

New words:

1. adjacent, a. [q´ Geıs(q)nt] смежный

2. attach, v . [q´tætS] прикреплять

3. elevation, n. [elı´veıSn] фасад

4. enclosing, a. [ın´klqVziN] ограждающий

5. ensure, v. [ın´Suq] обеспечивать

6. encounter, v. [in´kauntq] сталкиваться

7. environment, n. [ın´vairqnmqnt] окружающая среда

8. framework, n. [´freımwO:k] каркас, несущая конструкция

9. lighting, n. [´laıtıN] освещение

10. load-bearing, adj. [lqVd´be(q)rıN] несущий

11. mullion, n. [´mAlıqn] средник

12. oppose, v. [q´pqVz] сопротивляться, противостоять

13. privacy, n. [´praıvqsı] изоляция

14. resist, v. [rı´zıst] сопротивляться

15. sill, n. [sıl] нижний брусок оконной рамы

16. step, n. [step] ступенька

17. transmit, v. [trqns´mıt] передавать

18. transom, n. [´træns(q)m] фрамуга

19. vary, v. [´ve(q)rı] отличаться, изменяться

1. Translate the following derived words.

Model 1: verb stem + -tion/ -sion/ -ion  noun

To tense – растягивать  tension – растяжение.

To combine  combination; to found  foundation;

to transmit transmission; to act  action;

to ventilate  ventilation; to include  inclusion;

to compress  compression; to part  partition

to consider  consideration; to communicate  communication.

Model 2: adjective stem + -ly  adverb

Free – свободный  freely – свободно.

Simple  simply; individual  individually;

principal  principally; full  fully

possible  possibly; safe  safely.

Model 3: noun stem + -ic  adjective

Cube – куб  cubic – кубический.

science  scientific; style  stylistic;

number  numeric; base  basic;

metal  metallic; atmosphere  atmospheric.

Model 4: verb stem + -ment  noun

To attach – прикреплять  attachment – прикрепление.

To reinforce  reinforcement; to develop – development;

to establish  establishment; to equip  equipment;

to replace  replacement; to improve  improvement.

2. Read the following international words. What Russian words do they associate with?

Basic, to classify, column, communication, compression, element, to form, function, individual, material, limit, person, position, practice, reaction, slag block, stable, stress, structure, technique, type, view.

3. Find the synonyms.

1. to ensure a) to arrange; b) to provide; c) to employ.

2. to oppose a) to resist; b) to give up; c) to keep.

3. to transmit a) to continue; b) to prevent; c) to transfer.

4. load a) strain; b) stock; c) stress.

5. tread a) footprint; b) step; c) walk.

6. to attach a) to join; b) to attract; c) to disconnect.

7. privacy a) loneliness; b) connection; c) isolation.

4. Put the correct word into each gap.

1. If they want ... they have to open a large window.

a) combination; b) ventilation; c) partition.

2. Each beam in this structure ... as a supporting element.

a) transmits; b) acts; c) opposes.

3. The ... is of reinforced concrete.

a) classification; b) structure; c) function.

4. Walls act as … elements.

a) footing; b) lying; c) enclosing.

5. Roofs and walls keep out phenomena of …

a) environment; b) basement; c) development.

6. Four vertical prestressed concrete columns are attached to the ...

a) force; b) formwork; c) framework.

7. Doors are ... between the door-frames.

a) finished ; b) applied ; c) positioned.

8. Party walls are sound ...

a) developed ; b) standardized ; c) insulated.

5. Give Russian equivalents to the following word combination.

• building techniques

• forces acting on any member of a building

• elements lying below main level

• opposing forces

• basic structural elements

• load-bearing and non-load-bearing elements

• walls attached to the frame of a building

• walls acting only as enclosing elements

• enclosing elements serving for lighting and ventilation

• building distinguished by pleasant elevations

6. Using the dictionary find the right translation (part B) of the word combinations (part A).

A. Party wall, cross wall, end wall, side wall, top-hung window, sliding window, pivoted window, revolution window, sliding door, folding door, casement door, French door.

B. Двустворчатая дверь, верхнеподвесное откидное окно, квартироразделяющая стена, складывающаяся дверь, раздвижное окно, поперечная стена, застекленная дверь, боковая стена, распашное окно, раздвижная дверь, торцевая стена, поворотное окно.

7. Put in the proper preposition (of, in, into, from, onto, to, for, between).

1. South Ural State University is the largest higher school ... our city.

2. It started to function in 1943 with a handful... people.

3. The construction lasted ... many years.

4. The natural forest is the beautiful background ... the University complex.

5. Have you graduated ... the University?

6. The dwelling to move … was built in the country.

7. Floors carry their own weight and that of partitions and transmit this loading … walls and beams.

8. There is a covered passage … two blocks of the University.

8. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to the meaning of the words ''floor'', ''stor(e)y'', ''level''.

floor – 1) перекрытие; 2) пол; 3) этаж.

stor(e)y – этаж

level – уровень

1. The structure is a steel frame with precast concrete floors and non-load-bearing panel and brick walls.

2. The construction is of load-bearing brick walls with reinforced concrete floor slabs.

3. The first floor plan was divided into ten classrooms and a long corridor.

4. All the equipment was placed on the floor in the main hall.

5. The block is four storeys in height and is zigzag shaped on plan to give privacy to each flat.

6. The door on the left of the main window leads to offices on the upper floors.

7. The block contains fifty-six three-room dwellings and eighty-two two-room flats at fifth floor level.

8. The site of this building was occupied by two houses destroyed in the war and has been developed as two five-storey blocks of offices with ground floors shops.

9. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the function and meaning of ''one'', ''ones''.

1. All buildings erected at present may be divided into residential buildings and industrial ones.

2. This structure consists of a basic element and a secondary one.

3. Some buildings have very beautiful facades, but another have ones with additional elements.

4. Columns may be round and square ones.

5. Any rural house must have one front garden and one back garden.

6. One of the best buildings in this village is a kindergarten. It has some major rooms and some subsidiary ones.

7. One can imagine the future development of this huge region.

8. One should plan paying special attention to the natural character of this site.

9. Clubs, cinemas, schools, hospitals, sports structures and all the rest ones are common in our villages now.

10. Find and translate the sentences in which ''one'' is used as a substitution word.

1. The opportunity to meet a frequent word in a text is much greater than a rare one.

2. All buildings can be of two different forms of structure, the first one is the open-space type, the second one is the "box" type of structure.

3. The postwar year represented one of the hardest stages in history of Soviet building.

4. After having built this cinema we started a new one.

5. This method appears to be a good one.

6. This hotel is more beautiful. That one is less beautiful.

7. One thousand large enterprises were built in the countries of Africa.

11. Compare the following pairs of sentences given in Active and Passive Voice and translate them into Russian.

1. The group of architects developed this area. This area was developed by the group of architects.

2. Builders carried out the assembly work. The assembly work was carried out by builders.

3. The workers erected multi-storeyed blocks of flat. Multi-storeyed blocks of flat were erected by the workers.

4. The beam spans the open space. The open space is spanned with the beam.

5. The architect uses the open space type of structure for this building. The open space type of structure is used for this building.

12. Use the predicates of this sentences in Passive Voice and translate them.

Model: The company built this plant last year.

This plant was built by the company last year.

1. Industrial plants produce the equipment for building industry.

2. The workers will build the hotel in the nearest future.

3. The architect uses the large area between columns.

4. Students occupy two hostel blocks.

5. Builders provide the better dwelling.

6. They make these structural elements under off- site conditions.

7. Builders do much to reduce the work on the construction site.

8. They use the "box" type of structures for these blocks of flats.

13. Translate the following sentences. Mind the predicates in Passive Voice.

1. Window head is painted white.

2. Sun is not seen on the sky for half a year in the polar region of our country.

3. Circulation area is shown on the plan.

4. Communication means are greatly modified over the resent years.

5. The second floor is constituted of the course of rooms.

6. Furniture was changed in the main block of our University last year.

7. Various services are located in the basements of buildings.

8. Individual requirements of inhabitants are considered during the first stage of construction.

9. This little town is situated at the bottom of the hill.

10. More then one million people may be contained at Metro station at once.

14. Read and translate the text.