Phonetics
.pdfTHE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2005)
CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) |
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© 2005 IPA |
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Bilabial |
Labiodental |
Dental |
Alveolar |
Post alveolar |
Retroflex |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Pharyngeal |
Glottal |
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Plosive |
p |
b |
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t |
d |
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† |
∂ |
c |
Ô |
k |
g |
q |
G |
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/ |
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Nasal |
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m |
M |
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n |
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= |
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≠ |
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N |
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– |
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Trill |
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ı |
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r |
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R |
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Tap or Flap |
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« |
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Fricative |
F |
B |
f v |
T D |
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s |
z |
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S Z |
ß |
Ω |
C |
J |
x |
V |
X |
‰ |
© ? |
h H |
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Lateral |
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Ò |
L |
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fricative |
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Approximant |
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√ |
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® |
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’ |
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j |
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 |
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Lateral |
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l |
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¥ |
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˚ |
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approximant |
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Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.
CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC)
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Clicks |
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Voiced implosives |
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Ejectives |
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> |
Bilabial |
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∫ |
Bilabial |
' |
Examples: |
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ñ |
Dental |
Î |
Dental/alveolar |
p' |
Bilabial |
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< |
(Post) alveolar |
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˙ |
Palatal |
t' |
Dental/alveolar |
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¯ |
Palato alveolar |
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ƒ |
Velar |
k' |
Velar |
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Ñ |
Alveolar lateral |
Ï |
Uvular |
s' |
Alveolar fricative |
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(Continued on inside back cover)
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
A Course in Phonetics
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
A Course in
Phonetics
Sixth Edition
PETER LADEFOGED
Late, University of California, Los Angeles
KEITH JOHNSON
University of California, Berkeley
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
A Course in Phonetics, Sixth
Edition
Peter Ladefoged and Keith
Johnson
Publisher: Michael Rosenberg
Development Editor: Joan M.
Flaherty
Assistant Editor: Jillian D’Urso
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Shea
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© 2011, 2006, 2001 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
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Library of Congress Control Number: 2009938969
ISBN-13: 9781428231269
ISBN-10: 1-4282-3126-9
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Printed in Canada
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 13 12 11 10 09
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
This book has always been for
Lise
Thegn
Katie
This edition is dedicated to Jenny.
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
Contents
Preface x
PART I: INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS |
1 |
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CHAPTER 1 |
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Articulation and Acoustics |
2 |
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Speech Production |
2 |
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Sound Waves |
6 |
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Places of Articulatory Gestures |
8 |
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The Oro-Nasal Process |
13 |
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Manners of Articulation 14 |
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Stop 14 |
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Oral Stop |
14 |
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Nasal Stop |
14 |
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Fricative |
14 |
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Approximant |
15 |
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Lateral (Approximant) |
15 |
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Additional Consonantal Gestures |
15 |
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The Waveforms of Consonants |
17 |
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The Articulation of Vowel Sounds |
19 |
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The Sounds of Vowels |
21 |
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Suprasegmentals |
23 |
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Exercises |
29 |
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CHAPTER 2 |
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Phonology and Phonetic Transcription |
33 |
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The Transcription of Consonants |
35 |
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The Transcription of Vowels 38 |
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Consonant and Vowel Charts |
42 |
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Phonology |
45 |
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Exercises |
48 |
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Performance Exercises |
52 |
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vi
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
CONTENTS vii
PART II ENGLISH PHONETICS |
55 |
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CHAPTER 3 |
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The Consonants of English |
56 |
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Stop Consonants |
57 |
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Fricatives |
65 |
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Affricates |
67 |
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Nasals |
67 |
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Approximants |
68 |
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Overlapping Gestures |
69 |
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Rules for English Consonant Allophones |
72 |
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Diacritics |
77 |
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Exercises |
77 |
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Performance Exercises |
82 |
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CHAPTER 4 |
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English Vowels |
85 |
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Transcription and Phonetic Dictionaries |
85 |
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Vowel Quality |
87 |
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The Auditory Vowel Space |
88 |
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American and British Vowels 89 |
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Diphthongs |
92 |
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Rhotic Vowels |
94 |
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Unstressed Syllables |
96 |
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Tense and Lax Vowels |
98 |
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Rules for English Vowel Allophones 100 |
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Exercises |
102 |
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Performance Exercises |
105 |
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CHAPTER 5 |
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English Words and Sentences 107 |
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Words in Connected Speech |
107 |
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Stress |
111 |
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Degrees of Stress |
113 |
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Sentence Rhythm |
116 |
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Intonation |
118 |
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Target Tones |
127 |
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Exercises |
131 |
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Performance Exercises |
134 |
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Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
viii CONTENTS
PART III GENERAL PHONETICS 135
CHAPTER 6
Airstream Mechanisms and Phonation Types 136
Airstream Mechanisms |
136 |
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States of the Glottis |
148 |
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Voice Onset Time |
151 |
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Summary of Actions of the Glottis |
156 |
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Exercises |
157 |
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Performance Exercises |
160 |
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CHAPTER 7 |
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Consonantal Gestures |
163 |
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Articulatory Targets |
163 |
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Types of Articulatory Gestures 172 |
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Stops |
172 |
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Nasals |
174 |
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Fricatives |
174 |
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Trills, Taps, and Flaps |
175 |
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Laterals |
178 |
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Summary of Manners of Articulation |
180 |
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Exercises |
181 |
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Performance Exercises |
183 |
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CHAPTER 8 |
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Acoustic Phonetics |
187 |
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Source/Filter Theory |
187 |
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Tube Models |
190 |
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Perturbation Theory |
192 |
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Acoustic Analysis |
193 |
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Acoustics of Consonants |
198 |
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Interpreting Spectrograms |
204 |
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Individual Differences |
212 |
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Exercises |
215 |
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CHAPTER 9 |
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Vowels and Vowel-like Articulations |
217 |
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Cardinal Vowels |
217 |
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Secondary Cardinal Vowels |
222 |
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Vowels in Other Accents of English |
224 |
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.