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Fundamentals of Biomedical Engineering

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Copyright © 2007, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers

All rights reserved.

No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher.

All inquiries should be emailed to rights@newagepublishers.com

ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2549-9

PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD

NEWAGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS

4835/24,Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com

PREFACE

‘Bio’ denotes all things which are connected with life. Firstly man has learnt the use of herbs for treatment and the knowledge of botany becomes essential for the practitioner of medicine. Gradually man has learnt to apply laws of physics and chemistry to living things which has led to the evolution of sciences of biophysics and biochemistry. In recent years, there has been rapid progress in the field of the health care. The need to effectively utilize high technology equipment and systems in the health care necessitates the expertise of clinical engineers, hospital physicians and computer scientists. Hardly any patient today would pass through a hospital or even a family physician’s chamber without the use of this technology.

The knowledge of basic engineering and the need of biomedical engineers in health care is increasingly accepted. The biomedical engineering is the inter marriage of engineering and medicine. The biomedical engineering as a subject has been introduced in the engineering courses to equip the engineering graduates to work in the health care industry. It is, therefore, essential for engineering students of almost all disciplines to have a sound knowledge of biomedical engineering. This book is designed to explain the fundamentals of biomedical engineering in the areas of biomechanics, biofluid flow, biomaterials, bioinstrumentations and in use of computing in biomedical engineering. Though this book is chiefly based on the syllabus of Uttar Pradesh Technical University, but an effort has been made to cover the syllabus of several other universities as well as based on my experience of teaching.

I have endeavoured to present a systematic explanation of the basic concepts of the biomedical engineering by firstly introducing the topics of anatomical terms and planes, terms related to movements medical terminology, histology and physiological systems of the body. A large number of objective type questions are included to enhance the understanding of the principles of theory.

I express my gratitude to Dr. Jasdev Singh Sawhney, FRCR and Dr. Pooja Sachdev Sawhney MRCP for their valuable suggestions which have helped me immensly in conceptualizing and writing this book. I am also thankful to my doctoral guide, Dr. S. Prasad, NIET Greater Noida for moral support. I am also thankful to Dr. Sujay K.Guha, SMS, IIT kharagpur who has been my inspiration in the field of biomedical engineering.

I am also thankful to Dr. V.K. Goswami and the faculty of GNIT, Greater Noida specially Mr. Devraj Tiwari of Mechanical, Prof O.P. Sharma and Mr. Manish of Information Technology, Mrs. Minakshi Awasthi of Physics and Mr. S.D. Nautyal of library for their contributions.

Above all, I wish to record my sincere thanks to my wife, Jasbeer Kaur for her patience shown throughout the preparation of this book. I am also thankful to the staff of New Age Publishers

who have associated with the completion of this book. Last but not least, I want to thank Mr. K.K. Aggarwal, chairman and Dr. A.M. Chandra, Director of Lord Krishna College of Engineering, Ghaziabad where I joined recently for their constant encouragement.

I would appreciate receiving constructive suggestions and objective criticism from students and teachers alike with a view to further enhancing the usefulness of the book by e-mailing at channi_sawhney@hotmail.com

G.S. SAWHNEY

CONTENTS

 

Preface

v

1.

Introduction

1

2.

Concepts of Physics, Mechanics and Fluid Mechanics

23

3.

Biomedical Engineering

33

4.

Biomechanics of Bone

38

5.

Biomechanics of Soft Tissues

48

6.

Skeletal Joints

52

7.

Mechanics of the Spinal Column

57

8.

Mechanics of Upper Limbs

62

9.

Mechanics of Lower Limbs

74

10.

The Cardiovascular System and Blood Flow

89

11.

The Respiratory System

111

12.

Kidney and Blood Flow

122

13.

Prosthesis and Therapeutic Devices

127

14.

Orthosis

141

15.

Metallic Biomaterials

146

16.

Polymeric Biomaterials

151

17.

Bioceramics

158

18.

Composite Biomaterials

162

19.

Biogradable Polymeric Biomaterials

165

20.

Orthopedic Prostheses Fixation

167

21.

Physiological Signals and Transducers

169

22.

Signal Processing

181

23.

Digital Image Acquisition and Processing

186

24.

Radiography

194

25.

Computed Tomography

204

26.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

213

27.

Ultrasound Imaging

219

28.

Radioisotopes and Radiotherapy

226

 

viii

 

29.

Nuclear Medicine

232

30.

Health Care Information and Communication

235

31.

Biotelemetry

239

32.

Application of Computer in Medicine

244

33.

Telemedicine

249

34.

Database Design Topologies and Network Security

255

 

Bibliography

260

 

Index

262

INTRODUCTION

If only tool in your bag is a hammer then every problem in the world appears to be a nail.

ANATOMICAL TERMS AND PLANES

1.The body is made up of the head, trunk and limbs. The trunk consists of the neck, thorax (chest) and abdomen (belly). The lower part of the abdomen is the pelvis. This word is

also used for the bones of the pelvis. The lowest part of the pelvis or in other words the lowest part of the trunk is the perineum. The central axis of the trunk is the vertebral column, and the upper part of it (cervical part) supports the head.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Head

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Neck

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thorax

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Arm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fore Arm

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Radial side

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Abdomen

Ulnar side

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pelvis

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hand

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Perineum

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dorsal surface

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Palmar surface

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Thigh

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Leg

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Foot

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dorsal surface

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Planter surface

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Anatomical Terms

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