Данилова_Английский_язык_Пособие134_copy

differenceisalsoseeninthewaythosetypesoftrucksareused.6.Whereas rigid haulers find their best usage at large surface mines and big quarries, wherethereisabundantspaceandhardlevelsurfacestodriveon,articulated haulersarebestusedatruggedandcrampedsites,suchaslargeconstruction sites. 7. The articulated hauler’s relatively small size also makes it able to drive on public roads between different worksites at a large construction project – something that is impossible for the largest haul trucks, which mightevenhavetobedisassembledtobemovedbetweendifferentlocations. 8. For transportation between different construction projects, articulated haulers usually have to be hauled on flatbed trailers as oversize cargo due to their width and weight, as well as their limited speed.

1.Be (function); Gerund (function).

2.Passive Voice; Infinitive (function).

3.Predicates (tense).

4.Modal verb; there are (translation).

5.PassiveVoice.

6.Superlative degree; noun groups.

7.Meaning of “s”; modal verbs; Infinitive (function).

8.Participle II (function); meaning of “have”.

Unit 4

Grammar: Functions of “to be” and “to have”; edforms.

Text A

DRLLING RIG

Part I

A drilling rig is a machine which is used to create holes in the ground. Drillingrigscanbemassivestructureshousingequipmentusedtodrillwater wells,oilwells,ornaturalgasextractionwells,ortheycanbesmallenough to be moved manually byone person. They have been used to sample subsurfacemineraldeposits,testrock,soilandgroundwaterphysicalproperties, and also can be used to install sub-surface facilities, such as underground utilities, instrumentation, tunnels or wells. Drilling rigs can be mobile equipmentmounted ontrucks, tracksortrailers, ormorepermanentlandor marine-based structures The term “rig” therefore generally refers to the complex of equipment that is used to penetrate the surface of the Earth’s crust.

Portabletrailermounteddrillingrigs havedrillratingsfrom 300to 800 feet (91 to 240 m) depending on mud pump flow and pressure ratings. Other, heavier, truck rigs being more complicated, more skill is required to run them. They are also more difficult to handle safely because they have the longer 20 to 30 foot (6.1 to 9.1m) drill pipe. Large truck rigs alsorequire a much higher overhead clearance to operate. Large truck drills have to use over 150 US gallons (570 l) or more of fuel per day, while the smaller portable drills are using a mere 5 to 20 US gallons (19 to 76 l) of fuel per day. Therefore smaller, more portable rigs are to be preferred in remote or hard-to-reach places, and they are more cost effective in this new era of high fuel prices.

There are many types and designs of drilling rigs, with many drilling rigs capable of combining different drilling technologies as needed. Drilling rigs can be described by power used as follows:

•Mechanical — the rig uses torque converters, clutches, and transmissions powered by its own engines, often diesel.

•Electric—themajoritemsofmachineryaredrivenbyelectricmotors, usually with power generated on-site using internal combustion engines.

•Hydraulic — the rig primarily uses hydraulic power. •Pneumatic — the rig is primarily powered by pressurized air.

•Steam — the rig uses steam-powered engines and pumps (obsolete after middle of 20th Century).

By method of rotation or drilling method the units are divided into the following types:

•No-rotation type includes direct push rigs and most service rigs.

•Rotary table — rotation is achieved by turning a square or hexagonal pipe at drill floor level.

•Top drive — rotation and circulation is done at the top of the drill string, on a motor that moves in a track along the derrick.

•Sonic — uses primarily vibratory energy to advance the drill string.

•Hammer — uses rotation and percussive force.

Part II

Drill technology has advanced steadily since the 19th century. There are various drill mechanisms which can be used to sink a borehole into the ground.Eachhasits advantages anddisadvantages,intermsofthedepthto which it can drill, the type of sample returned, the costs involved and penetration rates achieved. There are different types of drilling.

Auger drilling is done with a helical screw which is driven into the ground with rotation; the earth is lifted up the borehole by the blade of the screw. Hollow stem auger drilling is used for softer ground. Solid flight augers/ bucketaugers areusedinhardergroundconstructiondrilling.Smallaugers can be mounted on the back of a utility truck, with large augers used for sinkingpilesforbridgefoundations.Augerdrillingisrestrictedtogenerally soft unconsolidated material or weak weathered rock. It is cheap and fast.

Percussion rotary air blast drilling (RAB) uses a pneumatic reciprocating piston-driven“hammer”toenergeticallydriveaheavydrillbitintotherock. Thedrillbitishollow,solidsteelandhasapproximately20mmthicktungsten rods protruding from the steel matrix as “buttons”. The tungsten buttons are the cutting face of the bit. The use of high-powered air compressors, which push 900-1150 cfm of air at 300-350 psi down the hole also ensures drilling of a deeper hole up to approximately 1250 m.

Air core drilling and relatedmethods usehardenedsteel ortungstenblades to bore a hole into unconsolidated ground. The drill bit has three blades

arranged around the bit head, which cut the unconsolidated ground. The rods are hollow and contain an inner tube which is inside the hollow outer rod barrel.Air core drilling can achieve depths approaching 300 meters in good conditions.

Reverse circulation (RC) drilling is similar to air core drilling, the drill cuttings beingreturnedtosurface insidethe rods. RCdrillingutilizes much larger rigs and machinery and depths of up to 500 metres are achieved. RC drilling is slower and costlier but achieves better penetration than RAB or air core drilling.

Sonic (vibratory) drilling works by sending high frequency resonant vibrations down the drill string to the drill bit, while the operator controls these frequencies to suit the specific conditions of the soil/rock geology. Vibrations may also be generated within the drill head. The frequency is generally between 50 and 120 hertz (cycles per second) and can be varied by the operator.

drill string (drill pipe) - бурильная колонна, бурильная труба

Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.What is a drilling rig used for?

2.What can mobile drilling equipment be mounted on?

3.What are the characteristic features of large truck rigs?

4.Where are portable rigs preferred?

5.What kind of power can drilling rigs use?

6.What main types are the units divided into by method of rotation?

7.What are the main types of drilling?

8.What kind of ground is auger drilling used for?

9.What drill bit is used in percussion rotary air blast drilling?

10.What method is used to bore a hole into unconsolidated ground?

11.How does reverse circulation drilling differ from air core drilling?

12.How does sonic drilling work?

Exercise 2. Define the functions of the verbs “to be” and “to have” underlined in TextA.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences and define the functions of ed-forms:

1.Reverse circulation is achieved by blowing air down the rods.

2.Direct push rigs aretypically limited todrillingin unconsolidated soil.

3.Rigs have achieved production rates of up to 250-300 metres per day.

4.This drilling technology produced a large number of high quality samples.

5.Research includes technologies based on the utilization of water jet.

6.This method has replaced conventional drilling.

7.Thecuttingspassthroughthesampleseparatingsystemandarecollected if needed.

8.Contractors preferred air core drilling.

9.When lifted, the trapdoor closes and the cuttings are then raised and removed.

Exercise 4. Translate Text B without a dictionary and answer the questions:

Text B

LIMITS OFTHE TECHNOLOGY

Drill technology has advanced constantlysince the 19th century. However, there are several basic limiting factors which will determine the depth to which a bore hole can be sunk.All holes must maintain outer diameter;the diameterof thehole must remain widerthan the diameterof the rods orthe rods cannot turn in the hole and progress cannot continue. Friction caused by the drilling operation will reduce the outside diameter of the drill bit. Casing is simply a hollow sheath which protects the hole against collapse during drilling, and is made of metal or PVC (polyvinyl chloride).

For percussion techniques, the main limitation is air pressure. Air must be deliveredtothepistonatsufficientpressuretoactivatethereciprocatingaction, and in turn drive the head into the rock with sufficient strength to break and pulverizeit.Withdepth, volumeis added tothe in-rodstring, requiringlarger compressors to achieve operational pressures. Groundwater increases in pressure with depth in the ground. The air inside the rod string must be pressurized enough to overcome this water pressure at the bit face. Then, the air must be able to carry the rock fragments to surface.This is why depths in excess of 500 m for reverse circulation drilling are rarely achieved.

Diamond drillingcanachieve depths in excess of 1200 m. Extreme depths have been achieved, because there is no requirement to overcome water pressure.However,circulationmustbemaintainedtoreturnthedrillcuttings to surface, and more importantly to maintaincoolingand lubricationof the cutting surface. Without sufficient lubrication and cooling, the matrix of the drill bit will soften. While diamond is the hardest substance known, it must remain firmly in the matrix to achieve cutting.

Research of new drilling technologies includes technologies based on the utilization of water jet, chemical plasma, hydrothermal spallation or laser. Utilization of high energeticelectrical plasmacanbe veryeffectivein deep drilling applications. This approach has potential to replace conventional drilling technologies. It would be able to produce boreholes with large constant diameters without frequent replacement of the drill bits.

1.How long has drill technology been advanced?

2.What limiting factors will determine the depth of drilling?

3.What is the casing made of?

4.What factor is the most important for percussion techniques?

5.Why can extreme depths be achieved by diamond drilling?

6.What does the research of new drilling technologies include?

Exercise 5. Translate Text C with a dictionary and make grammar analysis:

Text C

CASAGRANDE UPDATES ITS C6 CRAWLER RIG

1.ThenewC6XPhydrauliccrawlerdrillrighasbeendesignedasacompact, sturdy and versatile unit for operating in micro-piles, anchorages and jet groutingapplications.2.Beingavailableinbothmanualhydraulicandradiocontrolled version, the new C6 XP is equipped with a ‘full load sensing’ hydraulic system which allows a reduction in fuel consumptions of up to 25%. 3. The mast is fitted with improved jointing that allows work to be carried out at zero distance from a perpendicular wall (i.e. front of the wall drilling). 4. Furthermore, the machine has been equipped with new sliding lattice extensions that can reach a depth of 18m in jet grouting mode. 5.A Double Rotary head (H800 – T14EP/T20EP/T2500) can also be fitted as wellastheHB50ArotopercussionDrifter.6.Amongthemanynewfeatures there are the innovative and improved hydraulic control console and the 7 inch display control panel with logic management functions. 7. The rig is powered by a Deutz TCD 2012 engine with a power rating of 95 kW at 2300 rpms. 8. Casagrande has paid particular attention to noise emissions and to providing a sound-proofed bonnet which reduces noise emissions byhalfcomparedtopreviousmodels.9. ThenewC6XParticulationsystem allowsthemostextremeanddemandingpositionstobereached.10.Standard with vertical drilling and immediate articulation allows the drilling head to be set in a horizontal position, improved mast guides reduce friction and visibility is improved while work is carried out.

1.Noun group; Predicate (tense); ing-forms.

2.Participle I (function); Passive Voice; both…and (translation).

3.Participle II (function); Infinitive Construction.

4.Has (function); that (function).

5.Modal verb.

6.Noun groups.

7.Conversion.

8.Participle II (function); meaning of “s”.

9.Superlative degree; Infinitive (form and function).

10.Words with suffixes (parts of speech).

Unit 5

Grammar: Ing-forms.

Text A

AERIALWORK PLATFORM

Part I

Anaerialworkplatform(AWP),alsoknownasanaerialdeviceorelevating work platform (EWP), is a mechanical device used to provide temporary accessforpeopleorequipmenttoinaccessibleareas,usuallyatheight.They aregenerallyusedforpurposessuchasmaintenanceandconstructionwork. Theyaredesignedtoliftlimitedweights—usuallylessthanaton,although somehavea highersafe workingloaddistinguishingthemfrom most types of cranes.Theyare usuallycapableof beingsetupandoperatedbyasingle person.

Regardless of the tasktheyare usedfor,aerialworkplatforms mayprovide additional features beyond transport and access, including being equipped with electrical outlets or compressed air connectors for power tools.

There are several distinct types of aerial work platforms, which all have specific features which make them more or less desirable for different applications. The key difference is in the drive mechanism which propels the working platform to the desired location. Most are powered by either hydraulics or possibly pneumatics.

Aerialdeviceswereonceexclusivelyoperatedbyhydraulicpistons,powered bydiesel orgasoline motors on the base unit.Aerial devicesare the closest in appearance to a crane consisting of a number of jointed sections, which canbe controlled to extend the lift in a number of different directions.This type of AWP is now widely used for maintenance and construction of all types. Some articulated lifts are limited to only the distance accessible by the length of each boom arm, however, by the use of telescoping sections, therangecanbegreatlyincreased.Somelargehydraulicplatformsmounted on a lorrycanreachheights of over100metres.The majorityof articulated liftsrequireawidesupportivebasetooperatesafely,andmostmodelshave extending legs/struts to help accomplish this.

Ascissorliftisatypeofplatformthatcanusuallyonlymovevertically.The mechanism to achieve this is the use of linked, folding supports in a crisscross “X” pattern, known as a scissor mechanism. The upward motion is

achieved by the application of pressure to the outside of the lowest set of supports, elongatingthe crossingpattern, and propellingthe work platform vertically.Theplatformmayalsohaveanextending“bridge”toallowcloser access to the work area.

Part II

Motive mechanisms

AWPs, by their nature, are designed for temporary works and therefore frequently require transportation between sites, or simply around a single site. For this reason, they are almost all designed for easy movement.

UnpoweredAWPs, usuallysmaller units,have no motive drive and require external force to move them. Depending on size and whether they are wheeledorotherwisesupported,thismaybepossiblebyhand,ormayrequire a vehicle for towing or transport. Small non-powered AWPs can be light enough to be transported in a pickup truck bed, and can usually be moved through a standard doorway.

Self-propelledunitsareabletodrivethemselves(onwheelsortracks)around a site (they usually require to be transported to a site, for reasons of safety and economy). In some instances, these units will be able to move whilst the job is in progress, although this is not possible on units which require secureoutriggers,andthereforemost commononthescissorlifttypes.The power can be almost any form of standard mechanical drive system, includingelectricorgasolinepowered,orinsomecases,ahybrid(especially where it may be used both inside and outside).

Vehicle-mounted unit is mounted on a vehicle, usually a truck, or it can be mounted on a flat back pick up van. This vehicle provides mobility, and mayalsohelpstabilizetheunit—thoughoutriggerstabilizersarestilltypical, especially as vehicle-mountedAWPs are amongst the largest of their kind. Thevehiclemayalsoincreasefunctionalitybyservingasmobileworkshop or store.

Control

Thepowerassisteddrive(iffitted)andliftfunctionsofanAWParecontrolled byan operator, who canbe situatedeither on the work platform itself, or at a control panel at the base of the unit. Some models are fitted with a panel at both locations or with a remote control, giving operator a choice of position.Acontrol panel at the base can also function as a safety feature if

for any reason the operator is at height and becomes unable to operate his controls.Even modelsnotfittedwith acontrolpanel atthe base are usually fittedwithanemergencyswitchofsomesort,whichallowsmanuallowering of the lift (usually by the release of hydraulic or pneumatic pressure) in the event of an emergency or power failure.

Controls vary by model, but are frequently either buttons or a joystick, the type and complexity of these depending on the functions the platform is able to perform.

Active Vocabulary:

Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.What purposes areAWPs used for?

2.What additional features may anAWP provide?

3.What types ofAWPs are there?

4.How canAWPs be powered?

5.What do articulated lifts usually require?

6.How is upward motion of a scissor lift achieved?

7.Why doAWPs use different motive mechanisms?

8.When can a control panel at the base function as a safety feature?

Exercise 2. Define the part of speech and the function of the words underlined in Text A.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to ingforms:

1.Aerial-work-platform sales have grown enough to accommodate (примирять) manufacturers competing for users of specialized machines.

2.A growing percentage of aerial-work platforms are sold with accessories thatoutfit them specificallyforthe work that theywill be doing.

3.Lightweight electrically powered AWPs are gaining popularity for window-cleaning or other maintenance operations.

4.That way the same machine can be useful for installing mechanical systems and other interior work as the building is finished.

5.Another safety consideration is leveling the truck before unloading.

6.Since November, ReachMaster has been distributing two trackmounted articulated booms made by the Italian company, Hinowa.

7.The T66JRT is designed to be compact, having a height of 8 feet 4 inches.

8.Theneedsofthecommercialbuildingmarketbeingsogreat,thelargest scissor-liftmanufacturers—Genie,Haulotte,MEC,Skyjack—have introduced new RT scissors in the past 18 months.

9.Vacuum excavation significantly reduces the risk of loss of property

and injury to workers associated with contacting or cutting underground utilities.

10.Most protocols require training every operator.

Exercise 4. Translate Text B without a dictionary and make questions to the text:

Text B

SAFETYCRITERIAFORAWPs OPERATION

The majority of manufacturers and operators have strict safety criteria for the operation of AWPs. In some countries, a licence and/or insurance is

required to operate some types of AWP. Manufacturers determine a range of pre-usage checks of the unit and also recommend regular maintenance schedules. Work platforms are fitted with safety or guard rails around the platform itself to contain operators and passengers. Some work platforms alsohaveanedge aroundthe floorof theplatformitself to avoidaccidental falling of tools or supplies off the platform. Some protocols require all equipmenttobeattachedtothestructure.Extremecaremustbetakenwhen usingAWPs in near the overhead power lines, as an accident may result if the lift comes in contact with energized wiring. Non-conductive materials, such as fiberglass, may be used to reduce this danger. AWPs often come equippedwithavarietyoftiltsensors.Themostcommonlyactivatedsensor (especially with two people on a lift), will cause the machine to refuse to raisetheplatformbeyondacertainheight.Sensorswithinthemachinedetect thatweightontheplatformisoffbalancetosuchapointastoriskapossible tip-overiftheplatformisraisedfurther.Anothersensorwillrefusetoextend the platform if the machine is on a significant incline. Some models of AWPs additionally feature counterweights, which extend in order to offset the danger of tipping the machine. Some lifts are also fitted with sensors which willprevent operation if theweight on the platform exceeds the safe working load. As with most dangerous mechanical devices, all AWPs are fitted with an emergency stop button or buttons for use in the event of a malfunction or danger. Best practice dictates fitting of emergency stop buttons ontheplatformandatthebaseasaminimum.Othersafetyfeatures include automatic self-checking of the AWP’s working parts, including a voltmeter that detects if the lift has insufficient power to complete its tasks and preventing operation if supply voltage is insufficient. Some AWPs provide manual lowering levers at the base of the machine, allowing operators to lower the platform to the ground in the event of a power or control failure.

Exercise 5. Translate Text C with a dictionary and make its grammar analysis:

Text C

MLE’s AERIALWORKING PLATFORMS

1.Man&MaterialLiftEngineering(MLE),acompanythathasrecentlyentered the construction market with a heavy-lifting telescopic AWP line — a 40-foot model that will lift 3,000 pounds and a 60-footer rated to lift 2,000 pounds. 2. MLE sells Quad Lifters on the strength of their ability to replace telehandlers and small cranes on some building sites. 3. In fact, to approach the T40MH-3000’s capacity at 40 feet of lift height, one has to put a basket on the end of a telehandler.

4. MLE’s accessories are designed to take advantage of a fully functioning personnel lift with tremendous capacity. 5. Extendable material racks, a 1,000-pound winch, or a pair of 500-pound winches are actually mounted on the basket. 6. Another attachment that replaces the standard platform puts a one-man basket on the back side of a pallet-fork carriage.

7. QuadLifterscomewithamulti-capacityloadchartthatlooks likethatof atelehandler.8.Aswithanyliftingmachine,theygiveupcapacitytoremain stableastheloadisboomeddown.9.MLE’sLoadSensingPlatformclearly showstheoperatorhowmuchweightisontheplatform,andMLEpresident Jeff Bailey says operators should be trained to use the machines.

10.MLE created their machines by mounting a 40-foot boom on their 60footer’s carrier, and a 60-foot boom is mountedontheir80-footer’s carrier.

11.So they have gained a 60-foot lift that weighs 31,500 pounds and has a nearly 20-foot turning radius to its outside edge.

12.Restricted work sites and machine weight being a problem, Genie’s newS-60HCwithcapacitytolift1,250poundstoits60-footplatformheight could be an alternative. 13. Both the Genie and MLE’s T60MH-2000 will take their full rated loads out past 40 feet in horizontal outreach. 14. The Genie is a somewhat more conventional machine, though, weighing in at just over 22,000 pounds and turning within an 18-foot radius.

15.Mechanicalcontractors, glazers, bricklayers,andothertradesareoften looking to move heavier loads and up to three people into and out of hard- to-reach areas, so the high-capacity booms can be an advantage in certain niches.

Notes:

on the strength of – на основании

1.Noun groups; Predicates (tense); ed-forms.

2.Infinitive (function); meaning of “s”.

3.Modal verb; Infinitive (function).

4.Participle I (function); Possessive case.

5.Passive Voice.

6.Noun groups.

7.That (function).

8.Meanings of “as”.

9.Subordinate clauses; meaning of “s”; Modal verb.

10.Gerund (function); ed-forms.

11.Have (function).

12.AbsoluteParticipleConstruction;Infinitive(function);Modalverb.

13.Both…and (translation);Predicate (tense).

14.Comparative degree.

15.Participle I (function); meaning of suffixes “-er”, “-or”.

Unit 6

Grammar: Infinitive;

Infinitive Constructions.

Text A

CONVEYORS

Part I

A conveyor system is a common type of mechanical handling equipment used to move materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulkymaterials.Conveyorsystemsallowquickandefficienttransportation forawidevarietyofmaterials,whichmakesthemverypopular.Manykinds of conveying systems are available, and are used according to the various needs of different industries.

Conveyor systems are used widespread across a range of industries due to the numerous benefits they provide.

•Conveyors are able to safely transport materials from one level to another, which when done by human labour would be hard and expensive.

•They can be installedalmost anywhere, and are much saferthan using a forklift or other machine to move materials.

•Theycanmoveloadsofallshapes,sizesandweights.Also,manyhave advanced safety features that help to prevent accidents.

•Thereareavarietyofoptionsavailableforrunningconveyingsystems, including the hydraulic, mechanical and fully automated systems, which are equipped to fit individual needs.

Many factors are important in the accurate selection of a conveyor system. It is important to know how the conveyor system will be used beforehand. Some individual areas that are helpful to considerare the required conveyor operations,suchastransportation,accumulationandsorting,thematerialsizes, weights and shapes and where the loading and pickup points need to be.

Conveyors are durable and reliable components used in automated distribution and warehousing. In combination with computer controlled pallet handling equipment they allow more efficient manufacturing distribution to be accomplished. Conveyors are considered to be a labour savingsystemthatallowstomovelargevolumesrapidlythroughaprocess, allowing companies to shipor receivehigher volumes withsmaller storage space and with less labor expense.

Part II

Belt conveyors are generally very similar in construction consisting of a metal frame with rollers at either end of a flat metal bed.The belt is looped around each of the rollers and when one of the rollers is powered (by an electrical motor) the belt slides across the solid metal frame bed, moving the product. In heavy use applications the beds which the belt is pulled over are replacedwith rollers.The rollers allow weight to be conveyedastheyreduce the amount of friction generated from the heavier loading on the belt.

Belt conveyors can now be manufactured with curved sections which use tapered rollers and curved belts to convey products around a corner. A sandwich belt conveyor uses two conveyor belts, face-to-face, to firmly contain the item being carried, making steep inclines and even vertical-lift runs achievable. Belt conveyors are the most commonly used powered conveyors because they are the most versatile and the least expensive. Productisconveyeddirectlyonthebeltsobothregularandirregularshaped objects, large or small, light and heavy, can be transported successfully. These conveyors should use only the highest quality premium belting products, which reduces belt stretch and results in less maintenance for tension adjustments. Belt conveyors can be used to transport product in a straight line or through changes in elevation or direction.

Rubber conveyor belts are commonly used to conveyitems with irregular bottom surfaces, small items that would fall in between rollers or bags of product that would sag between rollers.

The belt consists of one or more layers of material. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape is called a carcass and an over layer is called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential. Material flowing over the belt may be weighedin transit using a beltweigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, known as elevator belts, are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines.

Conveyor technology is also used in conveyor transport such as moving sidewalks or escalators, as well as on many manufacturing assemblylines. Awidevarietyofrelatedconveyingmachinesareavailable,differentasregards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw

conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to conveyboxes or pallets.

Active Vocabulary:

Exercise 1.Answer the following questions:

1.What is a conveyor system?

2.What do conveyor systems allow to do?

3.What benefits do conveyor systems provide?

4.How can a proper conveyor system be selected?

5.Why are conveyors considered to be a labour saving system?

6.What does a belt conveyor consist of?

7.What structure do belt conveyors have?

8.Why are belt conveyors the most widely used transportation means?

9.What types of conveyor systems are there?

Exercise2.Definetheformsandfunctionsoftheinfinitivesunderlined in Text A. Explain the cases when the infinitives are used without particle “to”.

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitives:

1.The end of the suction excavation tube may be toothed.

2.The toothed tube helps to cut earth when used for excavation.

3.To accomplish various kinds of transportation is the purpose of conveyor systems.

4.Companies producing general material handling belt conveyors do not usually provide the conveyors to handle bulk materials.

5.Belts with regularly spaced partitions are used to transport loose materials up steep inclines.

6.Aconveyorsystemthatisdesignedproperlywilllastalongtimewith good maintenance.

7.Inasystemthatusespreciselycontrolledbelts,suchasashortersystem, regular inspection should be made to check if all belts are travelling at the proper speeds at all times.

Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences paying attention to the infinitive constructions:

1.Theunitissaidtohaveanew designedairflowprinciple,andthus a considerably improved suction performance.

2.Intheaccompanyingphotographstherubble(каменныеобломки) seems to be largely plaster removed from the walls.

3.We know conveyor technologyto be usedonmanymanufacturing assembly lines.

4.In the case of belt conveyors, a poor take-up (натяжное приспособление, натяжной ролик) may cause the drive unit to fail or may let the belt slip off the side of the chassis.

5.Air pressure in pneumatic conveyors allows many products to be moved through various tubes.

6.Vibrating conveyors are claimed to transport materials at angles exceeding 45degrees from horizontal.

Exercise 5. Translate Text B without a dictionary and make questions to the text:

Text B

CAREAND MAINTENANCE OFCONVEYOR SYSTEMS

A conveyor system is often very important to a company’s ability to effectively move its product. The steps that a company can take to ensure thatitperformsatpeakcapacityincluderegularinspections,closemonitoring of motors and key parts, and proper training of personnel. Increasing the service life of your conveyor system involves: choosing the right conveyor type, the right system design and paying attention to regular maintenance practices. Here are six of the biggest problems to watch for in overhead type conveyor systems including I-beam monorails, enclosed track conveyors and power and free conveyors.

Poor take-up adjustment: This is a simple adjustment on most systems yet it is often overlooked. The chain take-up device ensures that the chain is pulled properly as it leaves the drive unit. As wear occurs and the chain lengthens,thetake-upextendsundertheforceofitssprings.Astheyextend, the spring force becomes less and the take-up has less effect. Simply compress the take-up springs and your problem goes away. Failure to do this can result in chain surging, jamming, and extreme wear on the track and chain. Take-up adjustment is also important for any conveyor using belts as a means to power rollers. With poor take up on belt-driven rollers, the belt may twist into the drive unit and cause damage or at the least a noticeable decrease or complete loss of performance may occur.

Lack of lubrication: Chain bearings require lubrication in order to reduce friction.Thechainpullthatthedriveexperiencescandoubleifthebearings are not lubricated.

Contamination: Paint, powder, acid or alkaline fluids, abrasives, etc. can all lead to rapid deterioration of track and chain. Contamination will acceleratewear.Buildingshroudsaroundyourconveyorscanhelptoprevent theingressofcontaminants.Or,pressurizethecontainedareausingasimple fan and duct arrangement. Contamination can also apply to belts (causing slippage,orinthecaseofsomematerialsprematurewear),andofthemotors themselves. Since the motors can generate a considerable amount of heat, keepingthesurface cleanisanalmost-free maintenance procedure thatcan keep heat from getting trapped by dust, which may lead to motor burnout. Product Handling:Inconveyorsystemsthatmaybesuitedforawidevariety of products, it is important for each new product to be acceptable for