Drozdova_gram

and had caught a very bad cold instead, the conservative philosopher began to write an

pants, put one leg on the block, raised the axe, and then changed his mind. "If God meant me to suffer," he said, "it is better (46) I suffer and not try to interfere

(47)his will."

you might as well forget it. I have a mind of my own and I'm not going to be dictated to. This

4. EMPHASIS

In the English language there is a variety of ways to emphasize (выделить, подчеркнуть) the meaning of certain parts of a sentence. We shall deal here with those that may cause some difficulty in understanding and interpreting the sense of the sentence: emphatic do, double negation; emphatic constructions "it is... that/which/who/whom"; "it was not until...

that"-, the,emphatic phrase "not... till/until".

4.1 THE EMPHATIC DO

The verb do is used to emphasize the predicate of the sentence. It is placed right before the predicate in the required grammatical form, and the predicate is in the form of the infinitive without to:

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NOTE: the verb do in these cases is always pronounced with strong stress.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1. (A, B) Translate the sentences into Russian. Try to convey the exact meaning of the emphatic do.

1.1 don't have much contact with my family. I do see my younger sister, though, when I come to London. 2.1 don't take much exercise now, but I did play volleyball quite a lot when I was at school. 3. He said he would come and he did come. 4. Now I see that she does know the subject well. 5. We do not know very much of this author. But we do know that all the three poems were written by him. 6. One day a big wolf waited in a dark forest for a little girl to come along carrying a basket of food to her grandmother. Finally a little girl did come along. 7.

Materialism does not deny the reality of mind. What materialism does deny is that a thing called

"the mind" exists separate from the body. 8.1 don't object to your going to the mountains, but I do object to your going there unaccompanied. 9. This writer does, however, belong to that small and select company of contemporary writers whose best work will survive beyond their lifetime. 10. He didn't come, but he did send them the atlas as he had promised.

Ex. 2. (В, C) Translate the sentences into English.

1 .Я действительно сначала думала, что это из-за денег. 2. Я на самом деле люблю его. 3. Я все-таки думаю, что мы должны туда поехать. 4. Я и правда поверила тебе тогда.

5.Он на самом деле хочет тебе помочь. 6. Ты, правда, выглядишь замечательно сегодня.

7.Будь же все-таки серьезной! 8. Он все-таки отклонил это предложение. 9. Они

действительно согласились сделать эту работу. 10. Я все-таки надеюсь, что вы приедете.

4.2 DOUBLE NEGATION

The particle not before a negative adjective or adverb serves to emphasize the positive meaning of the adjective or adverb. Such phrases are usually rendered in Russian by means of the combinations «довольно, весьма, вполне» + прилагательное (наречие):

E.g.: Constructons of this type are not unusual in thiscountry. Such outcome is not impossible. These machines cause trouble not infrequently.

EXERCISES

Ex. 2. (А, В, C) Translate the sentences into Russian.

1 .The total number of German words in English is not inconsiderable. 2. Their contribution to the common cause was not insignificant. 3. This second novel was savagely, but not unfairly criticized. 4.1 would say, his reaction was not unreasonable. 5.It is not unreasonable to group together the painters who worked chiefly in Florence. 6. Storms and hurricanes are not infrequent in these parts of the world. 7. I'm afraid that was done not irregularly. 8. This last

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work of his is not uninteresting and will not be unsuccessful. 9. Our life there was not univentful. 10. He looked down at her not in an unfriendly way.

4.3 THE EMPHATIC CONSTRUCTION "IT IS ... THAT, WHICH, WHO# WHOM"

This construction is a grammatical means to emphasize some part of a sentence. The emphasized part is placed between it and that, and the whole sentence is a complex one.

Russian sentences corresponding in meaning to such constructions, are usually simple, with emphatic words before the emphasized part of the sentence. Sometimes, in Russian sentences these emphasized parts are placed at the end.

NOTE: most frequently used Russian emphatic words are: именно, как раз, только, лишь.

In the negative sentences they are: вовсе не; совсем не: But it is not the Detective Inspector who is the central figure in the film.

EXERCISES

Ex.3. (A, B) Translate the sentences into Russian.

1 .It was in his dealings with children that the best and sweetest side of his personality was manifested. 2. It was not without a certain wild pleasure that I ran before the wind. 3. It was on the beach, close down by the sea, that I found them. 4. And it was my dearest friend who first started me on that course. 5. It is no doubt to this quality that the great popularity of this collection is due. 6. It was then that the hunger, the excitement of her escape, and the scintillation of the overhead lights caused Toni to suddenly feel as giddy as a falling moth.

7. Once past the theatre, they wandered on to the library, a handsome, seriousrlooking room, and it was just past it that Liane discovered the winter garden, and she gasped as they stepped inside. 8.It was the first time in the whole year that he had lost balance. 9. It was of Walter that they now spoke. 10. It was while looking at the spot where the fine porcelain vase had stood that she felt a sttrange certainty of being watched, and turning saw a stranger in the open door way. 11. It was their identification of Ms Balantine with a certain school of American writers that made her subject to a powerful line of attack on the part of literary critics. 12. It is not from outside, however, but from within, that American English has made the greatest additions to its special words and their uses. 13. It is not only women who go to pawnbrokers, you know. 14. It isn't everyone who has mink, my dear. 15. It is when men begin to use tools for social production that they also begin to speak. 16. It was only with the help of my friends that I managed to survive that tragedy.

Ex. 4. (В, C) Translate the sentences into English.

1 .Это сказал именно Джон. 2. Только после войны здесь появились каменные дома. 3. Именно она остановила машину. 4. Не только я один виноват. 5. Лишь на следующее утро она заметила исчезновение фотографии. 6. Они пришли из леса вовсе не этой дорогой. 7. Именно тогда он вспомнил о старом архитекторе. 8. Только после того, как вы научитесь плавать, я позволю вам принять участие в лодочном походе.

9. Вовсе не этот художник нарисовал папин пруд. 10. Они пришли как раз перед тем,

как начался спектакль.

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4.4THE EMPHATIC CONSTRUCTION "IT IS NOT UNTIL ... THAT"

When an adverbial modifier of time is emphasized by means of this construction, it is rendered

in Russian by a simple affirmative sentence with emphasizing words.

E.g.: It was not until noon that we were able to resume our work. - Только в полдень

мы смогли возобновить работу.

When an adverbial clause of time is emphasized, it is rendered in Russian by a complex sentence. E.g.: It was not until they reached their house that he remembered about the letter. -

Только (тогда,) когда они подошли к своему дому, он вспомнил про письмо.

EXERCISES

Ex. 5. (В, С) Translate the sentences into Russian.

1 .Actually, however, it is not until the other person begins to speak that you can form a very definite idea of his personality and his character. 2. It was not until 1846, when "Vanity Fair" began to appear, that Thackeray attained any eminence. 3. It was not until the end of the seventeenth century that France began to produce an art that, instead of echoing the faded glamour of Italy, reflected the lively if equally artificial life of Versailles. 4. It was not till impressionism turned its attention to the nature of light and especially to the colour of shadow that painters evolved a new way of seeing. 5. It was not until seven years had passed since the manuscripts had come into this scientist's hands that they published them with the introductipn translated into English. 6. It was not till a century and a half had passed after Claudian conquest that the Emperor Severus marked the final limit of the northern frontier between Scotland and England by renovating the wall that Hadrian had erected.

('from Г. H. Мальчевская. Практическое пособие)

Ex. 6. (В, С) Translate the sentences into English.

1. Самолет отправился только на следующий день. 2.Только тогда, когда он увидел их снова, он понял свою ошибку. 3. Только глубокой ночью стали известны результаты

матча. 4. Мы получили от него первые вести только ранней весной. 5. Они узнали,

что поезд отменен только тогда, когда приехали на вокзал. 6. Снег растаял лишь в конце апреля. 7. Она сообщила им о своем решении уехать, лишь когда уже приехала

на новое место жительства. 8. Только тогда, когда была опубликована его книга, он

смог оставить работу в больнице. 9. Только тогда, когда он увидел это письмо, он

поверил, что все позади. 10. Это можно понять, лишь когда сам сделаешь это.

4.5 THE EMPHATIC "NOT ... TILL/UNTIL"

This negative construction is rendered in Russian by means of an affirmative sentence with

the emphatic words before the adverbial modifier of time.

E.g.: They did not come back till late at night. - Они вернулись только поздно ночью.

Note: not till/until after = только после

E.g.: They did not meet again until after the war. - Они встретились снова только после войны.

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EXERCISES

Ex. 7. (A, B) Translate the sentences into Russian.

1 .The first part of his novel did not come out until after his return from the trip. 2. Cotton was not introduced to Japan from China until later and wool was unknown. 3. The last novel by Ch. Bronte remained unfinished and was not published until the end of the 20th century when it was completed by another authoress. 4. In England ancient fields indicate that no plough was used till late in the local bronze age, about 800 В. C., and then at first only in the south. 5. Silver and lead were not used in Britain till after 500, though Britain is well supplied with lead ores.6. "Utopia" was written in Latin about 1516, and it was not translated till 1551, some years after More's death.

Ex. 8. (В, C) Translate the sentences into English.

1.Он начал писать стихи только после окончания университета. 2.Он позвонил только

в8 часов. 3. Они уехали только в полночь. 4. Спектакль начался только в 11 часов. 5.Я смог уйти только после ланча. 6. Мы сможем встретиться только после представления. 7.Я начну этот перевод только после отпуска. 8. Мы заснули только на рассвете. 9. Они вернутся только осенью. 10. Они поженились только после рождения их второго ребенка.

5. ADDITIONAL EXCERCISES. MISCELLANEOUS

Ex. 1. (А, В, С) Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

I Present Simple, Present Perfect and Past Simple

The art of printing (be) known in Europe for several centuries. It (give) untold benefits to the human race, it (enlarge) the boundaries of knowledge and (do) away with much ignorance and superstition, and (lead) to the discovery of many of the most important laws of nature. Almost every adult now can read and write, and education (become) so general that even children now know facts which (be) hidden from the wisest of our ancestors. Printing (be) originally invented by the Chinese, but they (make) no progress in the art, so that China (derive) less benefit from her discovery than Europe, where it (be) made much later. Before the invention of this art writing (be) very laborious, and books (be) consequently so rare that to possess a hundred books (be) the privilege of the very rich. Since the discovery of steam, the art of printing not (stand) still, but (make) enormous strides, so that what once (take) weeks to print can now be produced in a few hours. Recently the linotype (линотип)machine (be) invented by which type can be set up as quickly as the words can be written down.

II Past Simple and Past Perfect

THE RETREAT FROM MOSCOW

In 1812 Napoleon (determine) to advance on Moscow. For many years before that he (be) at war with different nations. He (win) and (lose) many important battles. His fleet (be) destroyed at Trafalgar, but he (win) brilliant victories at Austerlitz, Jena and other places, and he (dethrone) kings and (place) his marshals and his relatives in their places. Germany, Italy, Austria, Spain, all (fall) under his power, but Russia he not (attack) as yet. He therefore (advance) confidently

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through Russia, where he (find) little opposition, and (make) his way towards Moscow. When at last he (reach) the town he (see) it in flames. In a short time all (be) destroyed, and his army (find) no means of subsistence. The winter (come) on and he (have) no course but to retreat. His army (suffer) terribly on the way. His men and horses (die) in thousands in the snow, and (lie) where they (fall). Of all that splendid army which he (lead) to Moscow, only a few (live) to reach Paris.

Ill Present Simple, Present Perfect, Past Simple and Past Perfect

Once there (rule) a powerful king over the island of Samos. He (be) rich and prosperous, and at last his prosperity (rise) to such a heigbt that he (begin) to be afraid that the gods

(can) be jealous of his happiness. Accordingly he (send) messengers to consult an oracle in another country, telling them to bring the answer as soon as they (obtain) it. When they

(reach) the oracle they (receive) the answer: "(Tell) the king that if he (wish) to escape the anger of the gods, he must throw into the sea that which he (hold) to be the dearest of all his possessions." The messengers (return) and (tell) the king what the oracle (say). The king therefore (take) a boat and (go) out to sea, and (throw) away a ring which he (value) greatly because his dead wife (give) it to him, saying to himself: "Surely the gods (accept) this great sacrifice and (spare) me." He (go) to bed that night thinking over what he (do) that day and wondering whether the gods (keep) him safe from harm. When he (rise) in the morning after he (have) little sleep he (sit) down to breakfast eagerly, for he (fast -поститься) for many hours. Imagine his surprise when he (open) a fish that (be prepared) for him and (see) the ring he (throw) away the day before! A fisherman (catch) the fish that morning and (bring) it to the palace, not knowing what (be) inside it. The king then (understand) that the gods (refuse) his sacrifice. He soon (begin) to lose his power, and not many months (pass) before he (lose) all his possessions and (die) in misery. This story is a warning to us not to flatter ourselves that our happiness (be) enduring, unless we (depend) more upon ourselves than upon what we (have).

Ex. 2. Supply articles where necessary.

I (B, C)

brief as possible and one cannot introduce too many characters. 2.1 always regretted

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real performance, every single character and situation in this book is totally imaginary. 12. All

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Ex. 3. (В, С) Put the verb in brackets into the proper ing-form.

1 .Here is a little story of a man who, (lose) one job got another by'(show) that a rope may have three ends. 2. After (try) several places the man got tired of (walk) and sat down to rest for a while. 3. The day (be) hot, we must not be surprised at the man (be) tired and (sit) down to rest under a tree. 4. As he was sitting he thought of (take) further steps. 5. He remembered (work) on a ship for some years. 6. So he came to the owner of a ship and asked him if there was any possibility of (get) a job. 7. The question (be) not very unusual, the owner was not surprised at (hear) it. 8. But he thought for a while before (give) his answer. 9. After (examine) the man from head to foot the owner said, "You see, I'm looking for a man with brains. If you can find three ends to that rope, I'll give you the job." 10. (Say) those words, the owner picked up a piece of rope (lie) at his feet and handed it to the man.

11.The man understood that his (get) a job depended on his (give) the right answer quickly.

12.Without (think) long he held one end of the rope before the owner (say), "That's one end, sir." 13. Then (take) up the other end he remarked, "That's the second end, sir."

14.Then, (throw) the rope overboard, the man said, "That is one more end to your rope, sir." 15. (Receive) this answer, the owner couldn't help (praise) the man for (find) the answer so quickly. 16. Then he said, "You are the man I've long been looking for." 17. (Give) a good job the man used to say that for many people (find) a job is like (find) the third end to a rope.

country churchyard. The fading light, the distant sounds, the thoughts of coming darkness

courageously fought for the right, and might have become as famous as Cromwell or Hampden, whose names are written (10) the pages of history. Others were perhaps gifted

(11)the power of song, and might have written poetry like Milton. Yet their

Ex. 5. (В, C) Supply the missing prepositions, conjunctions and connectives.

MRS BENNET' DEAREST WISH (after Jane Austen,

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"I see no need for that. You and the girls can go, or you can send the five (24) them by themselves."

"But consider your daughters. Just think what a good marriage it would be for one of them! You must go! It will be impossible (25) us to visit him if you do not."

"I'm sure Mr Bingley will be very glad to see you; and I'll give you a letter saying he has my permission to marry any of the girls he chooses - though I must recommend my little Lizzy."

"None of them have much to recommend them," he replied. "They are all silly, stupid girls

(34)upsetting me. You make me so nervous. You don't know what I suffer."

Ex. 6. Translate these complex sentences into Russian.

I (B, C)

1.Mortimer remains unconscious of the document until Lady Tippins says, "The

Commendatore is giving you the note. Why don't you take it from him?"

2.I saw her once, you know, Marta. She could have had a good life once he became famous. But she refused everything and, just once, he took me to meet her.

3.I suppose, in view of everything, it's amazing that he ever fell in love with me at all. And that's why I'll go back.

4."Things like that only happen in Act Three in Operetta." - "It was surely pure operetta that you came to work in Hochhauser - my son's girlfriend disguised as a prim stage designer - spying out the mystery of her lover's secret father."

5.There was a nock on the door. "D'you want anything ironed?" Declan peered in the mirror: "Only my face." He gave her his suit, light grey and very lightweight, as he was going to be under the hot lights for an hour.

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6.I knew I had got it wrong again - that what was meant to be grand and romantic was funny and a mistake.

7.It was curious, for all around them was noise, people talking, eating, the smells of the kitchen wafting through and over them, and yet she felt they were cocooned in a silent world of their own, images lifting and falling from the past, making her understand things, as he talked.

8.I haven't heard such language as yours since we used to review the volunteers in Hyde

Park twenty years ago.

9.You must forgive my grandfather, for, as far as he is concerned, it is yesterday that the Civil War ended, and besides, discretion has never been among his strongest traits.

10."James will ask you your idea of the perfect romantic hero, Ashley," Deirdre was saying earnestly. "And it'd very nice if you could say: "You are, James", which would bring

James in the centre of the interview."

11.The trees round the house are very tall, which makes the room dark.

12.The longer I looked at the picture, the more did it appeal to me.

13.Their lives, however, were uneventful and they had rather grown into the habit of expecting Mr Hathaway to bring back exciting tales of the people and adventures he had met with as he travelled about the country. "Well, did anything interesting happen?" Mrs Hathaway would ask as she helped him off with his overcoat in the hall. He had a little talent for telling stories and if he added a little colour and excitement, it hardly mattered since there was no-one to contradict him.

14.An angry argument suddenly develops between the clerk and the customer at the counter, or information is asked for, which results in the clerk having to ask a senior official, or, if it's a particularly tricky problem, disappear into a back room. Why it takes him so long, I don't know. Perhaps he has a quick snack but no, that can't be right because when at last my turn comes, he pushes forward a printed sign, saying "Position

Closed" and without a smile says briefly, "Sorry, going to lunch."

»(C)

1.Later Robert, Earl of Leichester married the countess of Essex, which he also kept secret.

2.The fish, he thinks, were eaten raw, which, to some extent, still is the custom of the Aleuts.

3.What the author really meant, and what he showed in his own work, was something quite different from what he actually stated.

4.That translation is an interpretive art is a self-evident truth. Yet it is a paradox peculiar to the translator that he is the only interpretive artist working in a medium which is both identical with, and different from that of the original he sets out to render in his own terms.

5.What Greece and Rome have been to Europe, China has been to the nations of the Far

East.

6.Why the noble example set by Chaucer should not have been followed up or even developed in other directions it is difficult to tell.

7.That many words which are separated in spelling are in reality compounds is also proved by the fact that they are grammatically treated as if they were single words.

8.It is natural, therefore, that the spread of the English language to distant parts of the world should have been accompanied by linguistic changes resulting in the development of new dialects.

9.Exeter, the ancient capital of Devonshire, is a lovely city, proud of being the only English town that has been lived in continuously since the time of the Romans.

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