Drozdova_gram

How important it is to start the work right away is clear to everybody. - Всем ясно,

насколько важно начать эту работу немедленно.

NOTE: When a subject clause is placed at the end of the sentence, it is introduced by the anticipatory it: It is surprising how your voice hasn't changed.

EXERCISES

Ex. 1 .(A, B) Translate the sentences into Russian.

I.That electrons compose the atom was settled, but what an electron is was yet to be discovered. 2.It is very difficult for me to know whether to say yes or no. 3. Whether there is life on Mars has been a most intriguing problem since the exploration of space started. 4. How this can happen may be shown on a diagram. 5. What seems to us today to be a banal truth was by no means trivial and commonplace six centuries ago. 6. That the environment should and does affect man in a great variety of ways is a point beyond discussion. 7. When this should be done remains to be settled yet. 8. Why he did it and when has been puzzling me these two days. 9. Which of them is going to win, has suddenly become a matter of primary importance for everybody. 10. Whatever they say or do becomes immediately known to the headmaster. 11. It is my belief that they were lost while trying to locate their companions. 12. That he exceeded his authority in this instance seems practically certain.

Ex.2. (В, C) Translate from Russian into English.

1. Тот, КТО не знает этого, не знает ничего. 2. То, что я пытался узнать, было очень

важно для нашего расследования. 3. Кто шляпку украл - тот и тетку прибил (do smb in). 4. Пыталась ли она когда-либо изменить это или нет, было спрятано в ее собственном сердце. 5. Удивительно, как мало изменился этот район. 6. Что мне больше

всего нравится в полковнике, так это его усы. (Больше всего в полковнике мне нра-

вятся его усы). 7. Что бы вы ни делали, не говорите сразу «да». 8. Что бы она ни намеревалась (mean) сказать, осталось несказанным. 9. Вопрос о том, куда им переезжать, не обсуждался. 10. Встретятся ли они когда-нибудь еще - загадка. 11. Насколько трудно было выполнить эту работу, видно из ее дневника. 12. Кто бы это ни

сделал - гений. 13. То, что вы сделали, непростительно. 14. То, что нравилось им,

восхищало меня. 15. Когда вы это сделаете, мне не важно. 16. Как вы это сделаете - совсем другой вопрос (matter). 17. Как вы это собираетесь сделать, мне не ясно.

18. Вопрос о том, есть ли жизнь подобная жизни на Земле еще где-нибудь во вселен-

ной, всегда интересовал ученых.

2.2 PREDICATIVE CLAUSES

A subordinate predicative clause together with the link-verb in the main clause forms a compound nominal predicate to the subject of the main clause. The connectives introducing predicative clauses are the same as with subject clauses (See p. 349).

E.g. This decision is what we have been hoping for. - Это решение - как раз то, на что мы надеялись.

But his chief trouble was that he did not know any editor or writer ... - Но главная его

проблема заключалась в том, что он не знал ни одного редактора или писателя.

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Sometimes we need to translate the link-verb to be into Russian. The recommended ways to

do it are:

состоит в том, что ...

представляет собой то, что ...

является тем, что ...

это то, что ...

EXERCISES

Ex. 3. (А, В) Translate into Russian.

1. This was what I wished for. 2. This book was what is often referred to as an autobiographical novel. 3. The main reason for studying the sentence is that you may be able to handle it more effectively. 4. My idea is that he will give up as soon as he sees that the struggle is hopeless. 5. The mistake was that he had never had to earn his living. 6. The boy's only excuse was that he had had no time to study. 7. This was why he had thought of Bosinney.

8. The greatest difficulty is how you are to get across the border. 9. It is wonderful and beautiful how a man and his dog will stick to one another, through thick and thin. 10. The most important thing is whether they can deliver the parcel in time.

Ex.4. (В, C) Translate the sentences into English.

1. Самое неприятное условие заключается в том, что мы сами должны поехать за

товаром. 2. Его предложение состоит в том, что они изготовят и доставят мебель

сами. 3. Такая работа - это то, что называется настоящим искусством. 4. Самая большая загадка - это как он сюда попал. 5. Самое смешное в этом то, что я не знаю ответа на ваш вопрос. 6. Единственное, чего я не знаю - это знает ли он. 7. Ваша

поддержка - это то, в чем она сейчас нуждается больше всего. 8. Поэтому они и

послали за вами. 9. Причина в том, что ты не хочешь понимать. 10. Его самая большая надежда - это то, что опыт удастся.

2.3 CLAUSES INTRODUCED BY THAT, WHAT AND WHICH

Compare the following sentences:

1.I told you everything (that) I know. - Я рассказал вам все, что знаю.

2.I told you what I know. - Я рассказал вам, что я знаю.

3.I told you about the plan, which is enough for the present. - Я рассказал вам про

план, чего на настоящий момент достаточно. (И этого на настоящий момент

достаточно.)

4.I told you (that) I know about your plan. - Я сказал вам, что я знаю про ваш план.

That in the first sentence refers to the pronoun before it, and repeats its meaning.

What in the second sentence does not have any noun or pronoun before it. The general meaning of what is the thing(s) that. What cannot be used if there is a noun or pronoun in the main clause, which the subordinate clause modifies.

Which in the third sentence does not refer to the word plan, it refers to the whole main clause I told you about the plan: not the plan is enough for the present, but the fact that I

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told you about it. In such cases which is always used (that or what are impossible, and there is always a comma before which).

That in the fourth sentence is a conjunction, and it just connects the subordinate clause to the main clause and indicates the relationship between them. In such cases only that is used.

NOTE 1: That as connective or conjunction is always unstressed; what is always stressed.

COMPARE:

(The stressed words are shown with the bold type)

NOTE 2: The conjunction/connective that may be omitted; the connectives what and which are never omitted.

EXERCISES

Ex. 5. (A, B) Supply that or what.

have refused to go to the skating-rink is very strange. 12. I'll do my best to get everything

Ex. 6. (В, C) Translate into Russian.

1. You'll ask me anything that I don't make clear. 2.He reached up and pulled a red

гатЫег(вьющуюся) rose from a cluster which blocked the window. 3. The thought that his adored daughter should learn of that old scandal hurt his pride too much. 4. He had grown accustomed to the idea that she led her own life apart from his. 5. They were discussing hospitals, which caused him suddenly to express himself upon the whole hospital system.

6. He told Colonel Julyan that he had heard Robert coming back with the car. 7. I'm sorry for what I said to you the other day. 8. That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 9. That those tribes knew how to use fire is shown by a few surviving pictures. 10. This was exactly what the housekeeper was waiting in the hall to do. 11. What I'm about to do is very agreeable to me. 12. They went to the theatre together, which suited my purpose perfectly. 13.1 hope that the little that I've been able to do has been of some use. 14.1 have lost all that makes life agreeable. 15. She wore very short skirts to the office, which distracted her male colleagues a great deal. 16. This Cummings character obviously guessed that we would try to fix a transmitter in her clothes, which is why Mrs Mitchelson was instructed to wear a two-piece swimsuit and no jewelry.

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Ex. 7. (В, С) Fill in the proper connectives: that, what or which.

Ex. 8. (В, C) Tick the sentences in which connectives may be omitted K ) .

1. They don't seem to speak with one another, which is somehow strange. 2.1 gave her just the money that she needed. 3.1 passed him a large glass of juice which he drank immediately.

4. Show me the book that you have read. 5. The air which surrounds us consists of various elements. 6. Where is the girl that asked about Mr. Wilson? 7. Thank you for all that you have done for me. 8. Are you not glad that we came? 9. I don't understand what you are driving at. 10. We scarcely noticed that it had stopped raining. 11. The thought instantly occurred to me that the paper was a note from Augustus. 12. There was a coyness about her very way of pouring out the tea, which Tom quite revelled in. 13. It was not the sort of house that he was accustomed to. 14. Are you saying that you haven't known about it?

15.1 gave her everything that sh'e could wish for.

Ex. 9. Translate into English using that, which or what where necessary.

1 .Где та ваза, что стояла на пианино? 2. Я могу догадаться, что ты собираешься сказать. 3. Я до сих пор помню колыбельную, что напевал мне мой папа, когда я была совсем малень-

кой. 4. Он сдал экзамен с первого раза, что сильно удивило его самого. 5. Куда подевалась машина, что вечно гудела у нас под окнами? 6. Я не понимаю, что тебя так рассерди-

ло. 7. Они были совершенно равнодушны к тому, что он делал и что он говорил. 8. Ее всегда сдерживала (was held back) мысль, что людям может быть неинтересно с ней. 9. То,

что в новой должности (capacity) он проявил большой талант и добился (obtain) большого

успеха, не подлежит сомнению. 10. То, что тебе необходимо (need) - это то, в чем нужда-

ется каждая работающая девушка, - отпуск, то есть, отдых. 11. Это как раз то, чего я не

понимаю. 12. Беда в том, что я по вечерам сонлив. 13. Ты знаешь, что в Голландии выращи-

вают тюльпаны в расчете на квадратную милю (by the square mile)? 14. Секрет дела в том,

что в характере Джона (has a disposition) защищать и покровительствовать (patronize).

15. Он всегда приходит с цветами, что, конечно, приятно. 16. Я знала, что вы придете. 17. Я вижу, что тебе не хочется идти туда. 18. Где книга, что я вчера принесла из библиотеки? 19. Секретарь говорит, что он уже ушел. 20. Ты ведь знаешь, что я имею в виду?

2.4 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

Adverbial clauses refer to a verb, an adjective or an adverb of the main clause in the function of an adverbial modifier (обстоятельства). Adverbial clauses are connected with the main

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clause by means of subordinating conjunctions and connectives. Some conjunctions are polysemantic and can introduce different types of adverbial clauses, which may be confusing. Besides, many English conjunctions, prepositions and adverbs are identical in form, which also may create for students some difficulties in understanding the meaning of a sentence. It is necessary to differentiate them by their functions.

Prepositions connect phrases to the words they modify. Example: After the presentation the guests will be able to buy some products.

Subordinating conjunctions connect clauses to the words they modify. Examples: After the presentation is over, the guests will be able to buy some products. Once the performance starts, they will not allow entrance.

The adverb, unlike the preposition and conjunction, is a part of the sentence - an adverbial modifier. Example: Once the towns were independent entities.

EXERCISES

Ex. 10. (A, B) Define the function of the words in italics. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Before you read his answer, tell me the circumstances occasioning the controversy. 2. The rope will tighten considerably after it has been soaked. 3. Until about 1900 smoking was almost entirely a masculine habit to be indulged in private in special smoking rooms and smoking compartments. 4. Once introduced to Europe, the habit of smoking spread round the world. 5.1 was hoping that once I was in the right area, I would get some fresh images. 6. No matter what they teach you once you believe it's true. 7. If you are wise you will leave before he sees you. 8.1 know what we shall have for dinner, for I have seen the menu. 9.1 haven't seen him since, not once. 10. For several days we didn't hear from them. 11. Don't make any hasty decisions until Fathers comes home. 12. He didn't start to read her letter until late that night when the whole family had settled for the night. 13. She didn't begin to read before she was seven. 14. What do you think was after? 15. Come Tuesday night, but not before.

2.5 AS AND SINCE IN THE CLAUSES OF TIME AND CAUSE (REASON)

As and since may be used to introduce the clauses of time and cause.

As in the clauses of time may be used:

a)to indicate the longer situation, which started before the shorter event, and perhaps went on after it: As (when, while) they were driving along the main road they saw a broken car smashed into a shop window. As he sat thinking about the past events, he began to realize that all his efforts had been in vain.

b)to talk about two developing or changing situations: As the city grew, more and more people of various occupations were attracted to the new capital.

c)to say that two short actions or events both happened at the same time: (Just) as he passed under the window, the lights in the room went off.

Since. A clause introduced by since denotes the starting point of the action (situation) described in the main clause. The verb in the since-clause may be past or present perfect,

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but that in the main clause can only be present perfect: Since you left us, we have been lonely. Nothing like it has been seen since those two went away from the village.

If the action of the since-clause is continued to the present, use the present perfect:

Since I've been in this peaceful place (I'm still there), I've been very happy.

When speaking or thinking in the past, the tense of the main clause will be thrown back one degree into the past, thus: In 1980,1 had not seen my parents since I had left home. Since clocks had been invented, no great mechanical genius had arisen till Leonardo da Vinci astonished the world.

As- and since-clauses can be used to give the reason for an action or situation. They are used when the reason is already well known, or is less important than the rest of the sentence. Since is a little more formal than as: Since you refuse to pay, we shall be forced to take legal action. As I had no money with me, I didn't pay him.

NOTES:

1. When the reason is the most important part of the sentence or unexpected, because is generally used, and because-clause usually comes at the end of the sentence: You will never learn because you are idle. You want to know why I didn't tell you? I didn't tell you because I forgot, simply.

2.For suggests that the reason is given as an explanation for the action, as an afterthought.

For-clauses never come at the beginning of the sentence: I know what we shall have for dinner, for I have seen the menu. Of all spots in the world it was perhaps the most sacred to him, for he had loved his father.

3.In a formal and literary style for is used to indicate the reason for mentioning what has been said previously: The visitors will be well content to walk around at their own pace, stopping for rest or refreshment. For it is a long day's walk, and the scenery is very enjoyable.

EXERCISES

Ex. 11. (A, B) Define the functions of the conjunctions since and as. Translate the sentences.

1.She had left them after a brief visit, saying that as the day was a special day, she should hurry back home and get ready for the party. 2. The Manchester train came just as he reached the station. 3. He stood watching her as she went out of the shop. 4. He knew that the arrival of letters for him was impossible since nobody knew his address.

5.She took her bag from Denis, who had carried it since it fell. 6. What have you been doing since George has been away? 7. As the twilight was beginning to fade, they heard the sound of horse's hoofs. 8. After lunch, since the afternoon was so fine, I took out a deckchair (шезлонг) into my little rose garden. 9. As it is already late, you had better go.

10.As the fog was collecting rapidly, it began to grow dark in earnest. 11. You've been getting thinner since I last saw you. 12. Since our birthdays fall on the same day, our lives are probably parallel. 13. He rose to his feet and pulled on his jacket as Elizabeth entered the room. 14. As the news had already spread through the picket lines, there was nothing left for them to do, but start negotiating. 15. He hasn't worked since you bad-mouthed him. 16. Since the Russians launched the world's first artificial satellite in 1957, this newest branch of science has advanced in great strides. 17. Many times since the Earth was young, the place had lain under the sea. 18. I've been able to do it since I was a child.

19.As life on Earth began to burgeon (расцветать), as plants covered its surface and its

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waters teemed (кишеть) with creatures, the planet began to add further layers (слои) formed from this new, organic life it had brought into being. 20. As women were not supposed to serve in cavalry, she disguised herself as man and joined the fighting army.

Ex. 12. (В, C) Fill in the blanks with the proper conjunction: as, since, because or for.

1.the light fell on his face, he turned round. 2.1 asked her and looked curiously at

one may dream in utter restfulness whilst the great white clouds mirror themselves in the

in the beautiful black mink coat that the Colonel had given to Mrs Bixby. 11. She had had to

her sewing was curiously tranquil. 15. She wasn't really watching him but she knew what he had done she heard the ice cubes falling back against the bottom of the empty glass

when he lowered his arm. 16. "Then why did you ask them?" The question slipped out before

Internationale Motornautique (UIM) in 1969, many Soviet and Russian sportsmen won a number of titles and award&in international competitions. 18. "America has been the New World in all tongues, to all peoples, (---), all those who came here believed they could create

upon this continent a new life - a life that should be new in freedom," President Roosevelt said. 19.1 have seen many wonderful things I've been in Cairo. 20, our birthdays

fall on the same day, our lives are probably parallel. 21. Of Man, there was still no sign, a million years ago, although he walked upon two legs, his skull was still like that of

to tune in to her thoughts. 26. "Tell Christopher Swatt hello for me," she said, enjoying the

came, she used to have to find things and remind me of my appointments.

2.6 UNTIL/TILL AND BEFORE

A subordinate clause introduced by before expresses that the action/situation in the main clause is prior to that in the subordinate: A year had passed before we got any news of him.

(..., прежде чем ...)

A subordinate clause introduced by till/until indicates the с о n с I u d i n g m о m e n t of the action of the main clause: So we went on till we came to another hotel. (..., пока не пришли...)

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NOTE: when the main clause is negative, the meaning of until/till is very close to that of before, and it's practically impossible to differentiate them in such cases: We didn't start the discussion until the teacher returned; We didn't start the discussion before the teacher returned.

EXERCISES

Ex. 13. (A, B) Fill in the blanks with till/until or before.

Ex. 14. (В, C) Make one complex sentence out of the two simple ones given, using the conjunctions from the box. Omit some words when necessary.

because, for, until, since, as, before

E.g.: The lane came to an end. We had to retrace our steps. - As the lane came to an end, we had to retrace our steps.

1. We started on our way. Just then it began snowing. 2. He walked with care. He did not wish to fall. 3. The spring is now well advanced. We shall soon hear the cuckoo's voice again. 4. The game was stopped. A heavy rain storm broke out. 5. She went to Italy in April.

I haven't received a single letter from her. 6. The champion grew weaker. His opponent's attacks became more and more violent. 7. I decided to stop and have lunch first. I was feeling rather hungry. 8. Don't send this telegram now. I want Father to read it first. 9.1 made the decision. Then that phone call came. 10. Don't go there at once. Let them ring you up first.

Ex. 15. (В, C) Translate the sentences into English.

1. Прежде чем вы начнете спорить, вспомните вчерашнее заседание. 2. Пока не

придет инженер, мы не будем включать аппарат. 3. Так как вы не можете прийти к соглашению, нам придется отложить подписание контракта. 4. По мере того, как они поднимались все выше, воздух становился холоднее. 5. Как раз когда они вошли под арку, сзади послышался шум автомобиля. 6. Давайте сделаем это до того, как они придут. 7. Она не пришла, потому что не хотела встречаться с ними. 8. Он не стал возражать, ибо он вообще не любитель спорить. 9. Оставайтесь здесь, пока не

придут ваши родители. 10. Они живут в этом доме с тех пор, как их брат уехал в

Лондон.

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3. REVISION EXERCISES

Ex. 16. (В, C) Fill in the blanks with the words from the box.

till, in, into, as, like, by, on, with, at, once, after, because

and splashed some of the water on my hot face. I could see the faint outline of my reflection,

talkative lorry-driver from whom I had hitched a lift and then the eight mile walk across

a little money. Perhaps they would give me a bed and some food.

(11)I watched, a man came out of the cottage and down to a little boat that lay

shadow. He continued steadily across the lake and, when he was about halfway across, he

Ex. 17. (В, C) Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the box.

because, in, like,that, what, till, after, before, besides, with, as, among, by

FROM "PYGMALION" (after B. Show/

HIGGINS: In six months I shall make a duchess of this flower girl. We'll start today. Mrs Pearce, is there a good fjre (1) the kitchen? She's so deliciously low - so horribly

dirty - Take all her clothes off and burn them. Ring up Whitley for new ones. Wrap her up (2)

MRS PEARCE: You must be reasonable, Mr Higgins. You can't walk over everybody (5) that.

HIGGINS: I never had the slightest intention to walk over anyone. All I propose is (6)

we should be kind to this poor girl. We must help her to prepare and fit herself for her new

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presumptuous flower girls. If you are not found out, you shall have a present of seven-and- sixpence to start life with (34) a lady (35) a shop.

Ex. 18. (A, B) Read the text. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words from the box, where necessary. You may need some of the words more than once.

once, on, as, in, after, with, by, into, that, until, what, before, on, which, besides

all their belongings, they picked up their suitcases and started walking towards the house.

Although they were both philosophers, they had entirely different views.

(9)they were walking along, one of them said, "This is a lonely place hardly ever

it. Given some time, I can accomodate myself to anything. It is merely a matter of adjusting one's mind to it."

(22)those!"

"You're an unpractical dreamer," said the conservative philosopher. "Think of all the trouble.

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