English для юристов. Гончар

Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

4.Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Вони будуть працювати над докладом з адміністративного права вже 5 годин поспіль, коли прийде батько. 2. Інспектор буде допитувати звинуваченого вже 2 години, коли головний слідчий прийде перевірити результат. 3. Лікар буде оглядати жертву вже годину до того, як оголосить діагноз про пошкодження. 4. Вона буде читати доповідь про систему матеріальних правил в Україні півгодини, коли ректор зайде до залу. 5. Він буде тяжко прац5 ювати вже 10 годин поспіль, коли офіцер прийде і звільнить його.

Tenses in the Active Voice

PROGRESS CHECK

1.Use the appropriate form of the verb (Present, Past, Future Simple):

A.1. There (to be) no courts in ancient societies. 2. God’s will (to reveal) in natural phenomena: rain, snow and wind. 3. Revenge (to be) a major component of early law. 4. After the Norman Conquest English courts (to begin) to take part in lawmaking. 5. Long ago chiefs (to rule) communities. 6. Robber (to be) a person who steals money from a person or place, especially by violence or threat. 7. Between 55 BC and AD 412 English people (to be) under Roman control, naturally they (to use) Roman law.

B.Roman Law, which (to evolve) in the 8th century BC, (to be) still a blend of custom and interpretation by magistrates of the will of the gods.

Common Law (to evolve) from the tribal and local laws in England. It (to begin) with common customs, but over time it (to involve) the courts in lawmaking that (to be) responsive to changes in society. In this way the Anglo5Norman rulers (to create) a system of centralized courts that (to operate) under a single set of laws that (to replace) the rules of earlier societies.

Napoleonic Code (to refer) to the body of French law, contained in five codes dealing with civil, commercial, and criminal law.

2.Use Present, Past, Future Perfect or Present, Past Perfect Con tinuous:

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1. If the parties (to choose) a jury trial, it begins with the selection of jurors. 2. By the time we get to the place the court hearing (to finish). 3. He is a real criminal, he (to breach) the law twice already. 4. The investigator (to question) the victim for an hour already. 5. (to hear) you the news? John is accused of murder. 6. They (to discuss) the judge’s decision the whole day. 7. He (to hear) just that his wife is accused of larceny. He can’t believe it.

3. Choose the correct item:

1.Long ago each community … its own law based on its own tr5 aditions and customs.

2.Private law …of the rules governing the relations between private persons or groups.

7.He…collecting the evidence when the chief inspector came to the place of crime.

4.Correct the mistakes:

1.For 2 hour the police is already preparing the description of the man wanted. 2. The accused of murder has escaped from Prinston prison 2 hours ago. 3. For several years now Barney is working for the FBI. 4. They have been examining the victim’s clothes when the investigator came to ask for the result. 5. The victim gets compensation for the injury after the trial meeting was over. 6. She just prepared the report on procedural laws. 7. By the time the police started to search for the evidence of Brown’s guilt, poor woman has already avenged him cruelly.

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

5. Translate the text:

Чому у людей існують закони та правові системи? На одному рівні, закони — це тип правил, які регулюють поведінку між людьми. Ці закони є у всіх суспільних організаціях, таких як сім’я чи спортивний клуб.

На другому рівні, закон — це склад правил та норм, які є в конституціях та законодавчій базі. Вони регулюють суспільство та поведінку його членів. Суди та законодавчі органи створюють закони, а поліція гарантує їх правозастосування (enforcement). Судові органи (body of judges) відіграють важливу роль у кожній країні, хоча правові системи відрізняються від держави до дер5 жави. Однак єдине, що стосується всього світу, це те, що судовий позов (legal action) є дорогим та потребує багато часу.

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Module 3 Unit 1

Text: Ukraine (part 1)

Vocabulary in use

Grammar focus:

The Passive Voice (simple tenses)

Pre reading tasks

1.Discuss these questions:

Where do you live? What region is your native one?

Are you a citizen of Ukraine? What does it mean for you? Who was the first President of Ukraine?

Who is the President of Ukraine nowadays? When did Ukraine become an independent state?

2.Match the following English words with their Ukrainian equivalents:

Reading tasks

1.Scan the whole text to find the following information, make notes in your copy books:

Country name: 5 conventional form: 5 former:

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

Location: Boarder countries: Area:

Language: 5 official language: 5 others:

Capital: Government form: Religious

Natural resources: Industry:

Notes on the text:

AD (Anno Domini) — нашої ери; BC (Before Christ)

— до нашої ери Orthodoxy — православ’я Catholic — католик

Jew — іудей

Muslim — мусульманин Baptist — баптист

UKRAINE (part 1)

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe, and the second largest country in Europe after Russia. Ukraine borders on Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Moldova Russia and Belarus; it is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. The capital and largest city is Kyiv.

Ukraine is rich in natural resources, and has a developed economy with significant agricultural and industrial sectors. The country has a democratic form of government headed by a president.

From the 9th century AD northern Ukraine was a part of Kievan Rus, the first significant East Slavic state, which succumbed to the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. Ukraine was for centuries ther5 eafter under the rule of a succession of foreign powers, including Poland and the Russian Empire. In 1918 a Communist government was established in Ukraine, and in 1922 the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (SSR) was one of the four founding republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Ukraine’s declaration of inde5 pendence, approved by a popular vote on December 1, 1991, was a major factor in the USSR’s collapse later that month.

Ukraine possesses rich and conveniently located natural resources. About half of its territory, especially the central and southern regions,

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consists of the exceptionally fertile black chernozem, a type of soil that is ideal for agriculture. Forests cover 13 percent of Ukraine’s territory. The Donets Basin in the southeast has large deposits of coal, while the east central Kryvyy Rih area is rich in iron ore. Ukraine has some of the world’s largest manganese deposits, located in south central Ukraine in Nykopil. There are also considerable deposits of oil and natural gas in the Carpathian foothills, the Donets Basin, and along the Crimean coast.

Ukraine was the second5ranking Soviet republic in industrial and agricultural production, after Russia. It traditionally had a highly de5 veloped agricultural sector because of its vast, fertile lands. It generated more than one5fourth of the total agricultural output of the Soviet Union.

Ukraine is the world’s largest producer of manganese ore and second largest producer of iron ore. Reserves of these minerals are located primarily in the south central Kryvyy Rih area.

Ukraine has a large metallurgical industry. Heavy industries such as metalworking, mechanical engineering, and machinery and chemic5 als manufacturing also dominate the industrial sector.

Most of Ukraine’s energy, or about 60 percent, is supplied by coal5 and oil5based thermal power stations. Hydroelectric stations supply less than 10 percent of its energy, most notably the Dniprohes hydroelectric station on the Dnipro near Zaporizhzhya, one of Europe’s largest. Ukraine’s nuclear power plants generate about 30 percent of the country’s electricity.

The largest cities in Ukraine are Kyiv, the country’s capital and economic, cultural and educational center; Kharkiv, noted for its engineering expertise, machinery plants, and educational institutions; Dnipropetrovsk, a center of metallurgical and aerospace industries; and Donetsk, known for mining and metallurgy. Odesa, on the Black Sea coast, is the country’s largest seaport.

The official language of the country is Ukrainian. Russian also is widely used, especially in the cities.

Religious activity is relatively strong in Ukraine now, and it has greatly expanded since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. A majority of the population, or 67 percent, adheres to Eastern Orth* odoxy. Nearly 10 percent of the population, based almost exclusively in western Ukraine, belongs to the Ukrainian Catholic (Uniate) Church. Other denominations include Roman Catholics, Jews, Mus* lims, and Baptists.

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

2.This text describes the most important information about geo graphical position, economy and natural resources of Ukraine. Fill in the chart. Copy out from the text as many words and expressions as you find to complete it.

3.Write a plan for the text. Try to point out the main ideas of the text.

4.PREPOSITIONS. Choose the right preposition in brackets accor ding to the contents of the text (by, on, for, in, along, to). Then ask your friend to answer the questions.

1.What other European countries besides Russia does Ukraine border … ?

2.What part of Europe is Ukraine located … ?

3.What is Kharkiv known … ?

4.What is Ukraine is rich … ?

5.What is Ukraine washed … ?

6.What is Ukrainian’s declaration of independence approved … ?

7.What considerable deposits are there … the Crimean coast?

8.What kind of church does the most part of the population belong …?

Post reading tasks

1.Imagine that your business partner asked you to describe the geog raphical position of Ukraine. What should you mention first of all?

2.Write down the main points of the text in the form of questions and ask your friends to answer them.

3.Ask your friend to tell you about his/her place of birth: Let him/her mention:

5what part of Ukraine their native town ( village, city, etc) is situated in;

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5what places of interest are worth visiting;

5how old the place of birth is;

5what is known for;

5what industries are developed there;

5if anything has changed there since Ukraine declared its independence?

LANGUAGE FOCUS

The Passive Voice (simple tenses)

1.Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: The Supreme Court is divided into two branches: the High Court and the Court of Appeal. — Is the Supreme Court divided into two branches: the High Court and the Court of Appeal. The Supreme Court is not divided into two branches: the High Court and the Court of Appeal.

1.Ukraine’s independence was declared in 1991. 2. The name Ukraine is connected with the word «Ukraine» which originally meant «borderland». 3. Ukraine is situated in south5eastern part of Central Europe. 4. The territory of Ukraine is mostly a plain, it is called steppes.

5.Main industrial enterprises are located in Kyiv, Kharkiv and Dnipro5 petrovsk. 6. The first task of the judge is to preside over the proceedin5 gs and see that order is maintained. 7. Admission to the academy is given to people who have successfully completed secondary education.

8.Kharkiv is noted for engineering expertise and machinery plants.

2.Write passive sentences:

Example: The country — to head — by the President. — The country is headed by the President.

1.Children — to teach — school. 2. After graduation students — to guarantee — employment. 3. Law — to generally find — in const5 itutions and legislation. 4. Formal legal rules usually — to distinguish

— from other means of social control. 6. Law — not to make — co5 mpletely by humans. 7. She — to suspect — murder. 8. The chairman

— to elect — every year.

3.Make the sentences passive:

Example: The investigator left a suspect in the room. — A suspect was left in the room by the investigator.

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

1. The officers wrote the report in a terrible hurry. 2. We know Donetsk for mining and metallurgy. 3. They widely use Russian in Ukraine. 4. A popular vote approved Ukraine’s declaration of i5 ndependence. 5. They established a Communist Government in 1918. 6. The president received the delegation yesterday. 7. Everybody discussed the new law. 8. The policeman stopped the car. 9. The suspect demanded the victim’s money.

4. Read the following text and translate words in brackets using passives:

Criminal Law vs Civil Law

One category is the criminal law — the law which deals with crime. A case (to call) a prosecution. The case (to institute) by the prosecutor, who takes over the case from the police who have already decided to charge the accused with specific crimes. The civil law is much more wide5ranging. The civil law includes the law of contract and family law (or intellectual property). In a civil case, the plaintiff (позивач), normally a private individual or company, brings an action to win compensation. If the case (to prove), the defendant normally pays the plaintiff damages (money).

5.Transform the following newspaper headlines into sentences using Passive Voice:

FIVE PEOPLE INJURED IN CAR ACCIDENT PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE WELCOMED TO AUSTRALIA YESTERDAY

POPCONCERTCALLEDOFFYESTERDAYBECAUSEOFRAIN ACCUSED FOUND GUILTY

6.Choose the appropriate form of the verb (active or passive): Example: In ancient societies revenge (based/ was based) on tribal custom. – In ancient societies revenge was based on tribal custom.

1.A body of expert lawyers (is needed/ needed) to apply the law.

2.A case usually (presented/ is presented) by the prosecutor. 3. Common law (based/ is based) on the principle of deciding cases by reference to previous judicial decisions. 4. The world’s largest manganese deposits (located/ are located) in south5central Ukraine. 5. The suspect (is described/ described) as a white male, medium height, slim, with a big,

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hooked nose. 6. In a minute he (disarmed/ was disarmed) and put into Mr. Wisdom’s car. 7. Visa (will obtain/ will be obtained) tomorrow.

8.Translate the following sentences into English:

1.За підозрюваним доглянуть. 2. Його буде засуджено на п’ять років ув’язнення. 3. Її звинувачують у вбивстві. 4. Вони будуть покарані. 5. Його знайдуть та допитають. 6. Про цей закон багато говорять. 7. Воля Бога проявлялася у силах природи. 8. Якщо іміграційний службовець запідозрить щось, вас попросять від5 крити багаж для інспекції. 9. Дніпропетровськ відомий шах5 тарством та металургією.

9.Write passive sentences and then tell the class what happened to Sarah Ford:

Sarah Ford/ kidnapped/ yesterday. Threatening calls/ made/ be5 fore. Kidnappers/ given / 300,000$.

Sarah/ released. Police/ informed immediately. All areas/ searched. The suspect/ found. Sarah/ examined by the doctor at the police sta5 tion. The accused/ convicted with kidnapping/ and /imprisoned.

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