English для юристов. Гончар

Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

important problem with the academic staff from 5 till 6 yesterday. 5. When we ran into the hall he was reading the President’s Decree.

2.Put questions to the words in italics:

Example: They were discussing special agreements with state bodies from 5 till 7 yesterday. — What were they discussing from 5 till 7 yesterday?

1.The man was speaking on the phone when somebody knocked at the front door. 2. They were examining the results of entrance exa5 minations for 2 hours yesterday morning. 3. The notary was preparing necessary documents all day yesterday. 4. The speaker was reading the President’s Decree when the Rector interrupted him. 5. They were working with the computer all yesterday evening. 6. They were smiling at each other when they heard the voice ‘…diploma’.

3.Say what you were doing:

4.Compare two sentences and comment on the use of Past Continuous or Past Simple in the following sentences:

1.I had dinner at 3 p.m. — I told you! I was having dinner from 3 till 4 p.m. yesterday.

2.I worked in the court last year. — I was working in the office from 5 till 6 p.m. yesterday.

3.I walked home after the meeting last night. — I was walking home when I met our dean.

4.The criminal took out a pistol and demanded: «Give me money!». — The crminal was taking out his pistol when I heard a sound of the police car approaching.

5.I studied the documents, analized the details of the examination and counted 2,500 graduates that year. — I was studying the documents when I was interrupted by the telephone.

5.Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Усі обговорювали майбутнє рішення Верховної Ради, коли міністр повернувся. 2. Я розмовляв з проректором, коли задзвонив

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Module 2. Unit 1

телефон. 3. Вони слухали доклад з історії Національної юридичної академії, коли декан зайшов в аудиторію. 4. Вони складали вступ5 ний іспит протягом двох годин. 5. Члени академічного складу весь день аналізували питання щодо вступу в академію. 6. Лист від адвокатів надійшов саме тоді, коли вона готувала сніданок.

6. The Alibi Game:

A murder happened at 11 o’clock last night. Four students are the main suspects. They leave the classroom and must create an alibi to prove their innocence (where they were, what they were doing, what they were wearing etc.). The rest of the class are detectives and ask questions. Each suspect enters the class and is questioned separately. If their answers are not the same, then they are accused of committing the murder. Students should use Past Continuous Tense.

The Future Continuous Tense

1.Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: They will be signing the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers at 10 a.m. tomorrow. — Will they be signing the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers at 10 a.m. tomorrow? — They won’t be signing the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers at 10 a.m. tomorrow.

1.James will be coming to the hostel soon. 2. We will be discussing the problem of employment after graduation tomorrow morning. 3. The investigator will be questioning the suspect in an hour. 4. The students will be listening to the lecture to be ready for questions. 5. Will you be passing the National Law Academy when you are out? 6. This time next week I’ll be sitting in the office and listening to the advocate’s considerations. 7. Will you be using this information in your report?

2.Put questions to the words in italics:

Example: In 5 minutes the judge will be announcing the sentence.

— What will the judge be announcing in 5 minutes?

1.The Director of the Prosecutors’ Training Institute will be discussing the results of the individual procedure in his office. 2. We all will be listening to the Rector’s speech, it’ll be rather interesting. 3. We will be having access to Ukrainian legislation database in an hour.

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

4. Members of the academic staff will be discussing a new legal act next week. 5. I will be taking the entrance examination in the evening’s faculty building. 6. Where is he? — In 5 minutes he will be going home to take his credit book. 7. My parents will be meeting me at the Dean’s office.

3.Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form to express future (Future Simple, Present Continuous, Future Continuous):

1.Don’t phone me from 7 till 8. We (to discuss) all the details of the admission to the Academy. 2. If you need to contact the Dean he (to stay) in the office until 9. 3. You (to meet) the Prime Minister today?

— Yes, certainly. 4. Tomorrow afternoon we are going to the Prosecutor’s Training Institute. Thus at 3.30 we (to take) an entrance examination.

5.You (to threaten) him with the gun? — No, I am going to kill him!

6.Next year he (to become) a post5graduate student. 7. This year there (to be) 2,500 graduates of the National Law Academy. 8. After the graduating from the Academy I (to pass) an individual procedure to become a defence lawyer. 9. Notary public (to examine) the case carefully for a while and advice us on the right decision.

4.Say what you will be doing soon:

1)have dinner/ in an hour;

2)go to the Academy/ soon;

3)watch the football match/ tonight;

4)wait for the attorney/ from 4 till 5 p.m.;

5)prepare for the test in Administrative Law/ tomorrow;

6)work at the necessary documents/ this afternoon;

7)leave the office/ at 4.30 today.

5.Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Серед інших факультетів тут буде також факультет між5 народного права. 2. Через хвилину ми будемо проходити поряд з Національною юридичною академією України. 3. Експертна комісія буде вивчати результати вступних іспитів з 10 до 12. 4. Через годину я буду працювати в Інтернеті, я хочу знайти потрібний документ у правовій інформаційній базі. 5. Члени академічного складу протягом двох годин будуть обговорювати новий правовий акт Верховної Ради. 6. Де ти будеш опівдні? — Я буду розмовляти

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Module 2. Unit 1

з деканом стосовно роботи після закінчення академії 7. Ввечері ректор буде робити доповідь про новий Указ Президента.

Articles in word combinations with school, bed, home, hospital, prison, town, university, work

1. Compare the use of articles:

1.When I leave school, I’ll go to university. (I’ll be a student). — I see the school, tell me where the university is. (I need the university building).

2.Ken’s sister is in prison for robbery. (He is a prisoner).5 Ken went to the prison to visit his sister. (He is a visitor).

3.Kate had an accident last week. She is in hospital now. (She is a patient).5 Serhiy went to the hospital to visit Kate. He is at the hospital now. (He is a visitor).

4.She feels ill, that’s why she is in bed now. — She sat down on the bed (a piece of furniture).

5.He has spent fifteen years in town, but he likes country life. (town is opposed to country) — I want to go to the town where I was born. (Particular town).

2. Fill in the gaps with the where necessary:

1.It’s getting late. Let’s go…home.

2.I’d like to read in… I go to sleep.

3.I like travelling but there is no place like…home.

4.What time do you usually start…work?

5.If you want to get a degree, you have to study at…university.

6.When I was young I hated…school.

7.The judge decided to fine the man $ 500 instead of sending him t5 o…prison.

8.She works as a cleaner at…hospital.

9.I must hurry up, I don’t want to be late for…work.

10.When she leaves …school, she wants to study law at…university.

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Module 2 Unit 2

Text: Law: what is it? (part 1)

Vocabulary in use

Language focus:

The Past Perfect Tense

The Future Perfect Tense

Pre reading tasks

1. Discuss the following questions:

a.In what circumstances do people think of their everyday activities as legal matters?

b.What does the word «law» mean for you?

2.Match the following English words and expressions with their Ukrainian equivalents.

Reading tasks

1.Read the text to understand what information is of primary im portance or new for you:

Notes on the text: rule — правило regulation — норма

morality — мораль, принципи поведінки natural law — природне право

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Module 2. Unit 2

LAW: WHAT IS IT? (part 1)

Law is a body of official rules and regulations. It is generally found in constitutions, legislation and judicial decisions. Law is used to govern a society and to control the behaviour of its members. The nature and functions of law have varied throughout history. In modern societies, some authorized body such as a legislature or a court makes the law. It is supported by the coercive power of the state, which enforces the law by means of appropriate penalties or remedies.

Formal legal rules and actions are usually distinguished from other means of social control and guides for behaviour such as morality, public opinion, and custom or tradition. Of course, a lawmaker may respond to public opinion or other pressures, and a formal law may prohibit what is morally unacceptable.

Law serves a variety of functions. Laws against crimes, for example, help to maintain a peaceful, orderly, relatively stable society. Courts con5 tribute to social stability by resolving disputes in a civilized fashion. Property and contract laws facilitate business activities. Laws limit the po5 wers of government and help to provide some degree of freedom that would not otherwise be possible. Law has also been used as a mechanism for social change; for instance, at various times laws have been passed to improve the quality of individual life in matters of health, education, and welfare.

Law is not completely made by humans; it also includes natural law. The best5known version of this view, that God’s law is supreme, has had considerable influence in the United States and other Western societies. The civil rights movement, for example, was at least partially inspired by the belief in natural law. Such a belief seems implicit in the view that law should serve to promote human dignity, as for instance by the enforcement of equal rights for all. Muslim societies also embrace a kind of natural law, which is closely linked to the religion of Islam.

2.Mark these statements T(true) or F(false) according to the text. Find the part of the text that gives the correct information:

1. The word «law» refers to limits upon various forms of behaviour.

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

2.Social traditions and rules are both enforced by governments or lawmakers.

3.Many laws reflect social customs.

4.Any law is to improve the quality of individual life.

5.Some laws are called to limit the powers.

6.Law is enforced equally against all members of the nation.

3.WORD FAMILIES. These words can be used to form other words which can be related to other Parts of Speech. Create as many words as possible. Refer to the text if necessary.

Law, make, force, to decide, to accept, use, to act, stable, govern, civil, nature, authority, part, etc.

4.PREPOSITIONS. Choose the right preposition in brackets accor ding to the contents of the text (of, to, from, in, at, during).

1.It is important to consider to what extent the precise laws made by nations can be distinguished … customs and social rules.

2.… course, sometimes law is simply an attempt to implement comm5 on sense.

3.Public opinion can contribute … government decisions.

4.… various times the aim of laws has been the implementation of justice.

5.We should realize what law is … the view that the laws by government of one country are often very different … the laws … another country.

6.Land property law is a guide … the activity of all property agents.

7.Muslim societies embrace a kind … law, which is closely linked … the religion of Islam.

Post reading tasks

1.Put each of the following words into its correct place in the passage below. Refer to the text if necessary.

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Module 2. Unit 2

The rules of social institutions tend to be more formal than

_________, carrying precise ________for those who break them. They are not enforceable by any political_______. Sports clubs, for instance, often have detailed _____for their members. And if the

___________breaks a rule, the club may ask him to ______the appropriate punishment or to leave the club.

However, when governments make laws for their citizens, they use a system of _____backed the power of the police to these laws. Of course, there may be _______where the law is not enforced against someone — _______when young children commit ____or in countries where there is so much political corruption that certain people are able to escape justice by using their money or influence. But the general ______ of the law is that it is enforced equally against all members of the nation.

3.Answer the questions and then describe your opinion with other students:

1.Why do some laws appear to differ from common sense?

2.Why are laws usually international, unlike social or national cu5 stoms?

3.Give your own example of a law that you don’t agree with, if any?

4.Try to create your own definition of law.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

The Past Perfect Tense

1.Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: He had studied particular subjects at university before he started teaching law. — Had he studied particular subjects at uni* versity before he started teaching law? — He had not studied particular subjects at university before he started teaching law.

1.His view had already formed public opinion before everybody realized the mistake. 2. By the end of last week they had resolved the dispute a last. 3. They had passed 3 property laws before going on holiday. 4. Entrance examination had been over by the end of last week.

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Part ІI. BASIC COURSE

5. After they had finished analyzing the subject of contract law, we came to an important conclusion. 6. After the policeman had explained me everything I realized his fault. 7. They had found the escaped prisoner before the sunset.

2.Put questions to the words in italics:

Example: This lawyer had won 100 cases by the beginning of this year. — How many cases had this lawyer won by the beginning of this year?

1.He had studied Law for 5 years before he entered Law Academy.

2.I had known the witness for a long time before she committed the crime. 3. Social changes had already happened by 1920, when the country started to suffer new economic policy. 4. The lawmaker had proven the necessity of enforcing the law by the time the President decided to take necessary measures. 5. They had prohibited the use of drugs but a lot of people had died already. 6. The new law limited the powers of government which before had given them the right to use foreign bank accounts. 7. The functions of Law had changed by the time Lincoln became President.

3.Read the situations and write sentences using the words in brackets as in the example:

Example: You went to the office last night. You arrived at the office late (the conference/ already/ begin). — The conference had already begun.

1.The clerk came into the courtroom and I showed him the necessary document with judicial decision (I/ find/ the necessary document). 2. They went to their home town after many years. The beliefs weren’t the same as before (they/ change/ a lot). 3. I offered Jones to read the report on legislature in Ukraine but he didn’t want (he /just/ read/ all necessary information). 4. The case was over. There was no the decision of the lower court in the list of documents (the Supreme Court/ to exclude/ it).

4.Say by what time the students of different groups had finished to study their topics:

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5.Use the appropriate form of the verb (Past Perfect or Past Simple): Example: The judges reached a decision after the (had discussed/ discussed) the case privately. — The judges reached a decision after they had discussed the case privately.

1.They (had finished/ finished) the examination when the chief expert asked for the results. 2. By the time the train reached the city, he (had received/ received) 5 calls informing him of robbery from the bank. 3. When we came into the room, the last meeting of the Supreme Court (had already finished/ already finished). 4. He (had accepted/ accepted) any possible penalty when the officer started to tell him of his rights. 5. We (had already passed/ passed) through the Red channel when the immigration officer asked us to return. 6. They (entered/ had entered) the UK and got permission to stay a stated length of time.

6.Translate the following sentences into English:

1.Коли він увійшов до кабінету, законодавці вже закінчили роботу. 2. Коли студенти прийшли до академії, засідання вже розпочалося. 3. Нотаріус вже приготував усі папери, коли Джеймс прийшов до офісу. 4. Спікер вже закінчив доповідь з системи покарання в Україні, коли вона підійшла до дверей залу. 5. Поліція знайшла та піймала злочинців ще до сходу. 6. До кінця тижня вони видали три закона щодо прав власності на землю.

The Future Perfect Tense

1.Make the following sentences interrogative and negative: Example: Tom will have studied Criminal Law by the end of the first year. — Will Tom have studied Criminal Law by the end of the first year?

— Tom won’t have studied Criminal Law by the end of the first year.

1. By the end of this week the investigator will have collected all necessary proofs of his guilt. 2. They will have gone through the

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