О. М. Ільченко Англійська мова для науковців

The word science originates from the Latin word «scientia», meaning knowledge. Science is simply a way of looking at the world. It consists of asking questions, proposing answers and testing them against the available evidence.

A popular astronomer Carl Sagan wrote: «Science invites us to let the facts in, even when they don’t conform to our preconceptions. It counsels us to carry alternative hypotheses in our heads and see which best match the facts». Science is a human construct and human ability.

science — knowledge which can be made into a system укр. наука

available — укр. наявний

evidence — something, such as a fact, sign or object that gives proof or reasons to believe or agree with something укр. свідотство, факти

to conform - to obey or be in accordance with established rules укр. підкорятися

preconception — an opinion formed in advance, without actual knowledge укр. упереджене уявлення to counsel — to advise as suitable course of action укр. радити

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Students of science major in various fields of science.

They take part in R&D at their institutions. The faculty and staff at the universities and institutes will help the students as they fulfill their academic and professional goals.

Research advisors — wellknown scientists will help their students with research.

Graduate students spend most of their time in independent study and original rsearch. Fоr example, graduate studies in the USA can be divided into two phases:

to major (in) — to study as the chief subject(s) when doing a university degree укр. спеціалізуватися

field of science — a branch of knowledge or area of activity. Synonyms: sphere, area, branch, domain, realm укр. галузь, сфера

R&D — research and development рус. научно-исследовательская робота faculty and staff - all of teachers and other profetional workers of a university or college укр. професорсько-викладацький склад

goal — one s aim or purpose — укр. мета

Compare: objective — an aim that must be worked towards over a long period укр. стратегічна мета

research advisor – укр. науковий кервник

well-known — укр. вiдомий Synonyms: famous, prominent, eminent, renowned, celebrated

research — serious and detailed study of a subject, укр. дослiдженя Synonyms: study, investigation

scientist — a person who works in science укр. науковець, вчений Compare: scholar — a person with great knowledge of, and skill in studying the subject

Phase I leads to Master's degree and consists of lecturetype coursework. This degree is usually required in fields such as engineering, library science etc. The MBA, or

toward a PhD. Normally few, if any laboratory courses are offered. A thesis, calling for significant research and/or design effort may be required.

Phase II leads to doctoral degree — PhD (doctorate). Students who are enrolled in a doctoral program are known as PhD candidates. They will spend some time in class, but the most important work is spent in first-hand research. It may take three years or more to earn a PhD Degree. This degree normally requires four to six years of study beyond the Bachelor's degree, culminating in lengthy, indepth, original research of a specific topic, which may be

knowledge. This paper must contain views, research or

degree — a title given by a university to a student who has completed a course of study укр. ступінь Bachelor's Degree (baccalaureate) — ступінь бакалавра (бакалаврат) Master's Degree — ступінь магістра PhD — ступінь доктора філософії

to require — to demand by right with the expectation that it will be obeyed укр. вимагати; requirement — укр. вимога required — укр. обов'язковий Synonyms: — mandatory, obligatory required reading — обов'язкова литература.

to earn — to get, to gain, to obtain — укр. отримати in-depth — a thorough and giving careful attention to detail укр. глибокий, детальний

to focus (on) — to direct one's attention to something укр. зосереджувати увагу

skill(s) — special ability to do something well, esp. as gained by learning and practice укр. навички

technique — method of doing something that needs skill укр. методика, метод

procedure — a set of actions necessary for doing something укр.. методика

approach, way — a method of doing something or dealing with the problem укр. підхід, метод.

method — a planned way of doing something укр. метод methodology — the set of methods used for study of a particular subject укр. методологія

issue — a subject to be talked about, argued about, укр. питання, проблема relevant — directly connected with the subject Synonyms: pertaining to (pertinent), dealing with, regarding, concerning, relating to, touching upon, having bearing on, bearing relation to укр. релевантний, той, що має відношення, стосується

to meet the requirements — укр. відповідати вимогам

board — an official body or group that has responsibility for a particular organization or activity укр. рада

in many cases — often укр. у багатьох випадках, часто-густо

devoted — showing great fondness, caring a great deal. Compare: dedicated — very interested in or working very hard for an idea, purpose; committed укр. відданий

to be involved — to take part, to be engaged in, to participate укр. бути залученим, брати участь

aspect — a particular side of many-sided idea, plan etc. укр. аспект, бік Synonym: facet укр. грань

Т — is for talent. Recognize your God-given talent.

H — is for hope. Anticipate good things and watch for them.

I — stands for insight. Learn from people who have been where you want to go.

N — is for nice. Be nice to people — all people. К — represents knowledge. Knowledge is the Key to your dreams, hopes and aspirations.

В— is for books. We develop our minds by reading. I — equals in-depth learning, where

acquired knowledge becomes part of you.

G — stands for God. Never drop God out of your life.

«If you can learn to think big, nothing on earth will keep you from being successful in whatever you choose to do», says Carson. And eminent American astronomer Vera Rubin has given the following piece of advice to young scientists:

to anticipate — to expect, to guess or imagine in advance укр. очiкувати, передбачати, передчувати insight — the power of using one's mind to see or understand the true nature of a situation укр. проникливiсть

aspiration — a strong desire to do something or have something, esp. something great or important. Synonym: longing укр. прагнення, поривання