УРОК 1
PETROLIEUM EDUCATION IN OUR COUNTRY
Грамматика: 1. Конструкция с вводящим there.
2. Видо-временные формы глагола (Indefinite).
3. Неопределенные местоимения some, any, и их производные.
4. Значение и употребление one (ones).
Текст: From the History of Petroleum Engineering Education in Our Country.
Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:
- war, organize, transform, raw;
- during, student, museum;
- working, reserve, determine, expert, urgent;
- science, qualified, sign, silence;
- national, nationalization, academy, academician;
- industrial, republic, ton, country, production;
- class, hard, task, party, department, branch;
- special, specialization.
Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:
geology [ ], enterprise [ ], nationalization[ ], development [ ], department [ ]
Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
branch – отрасль; филиал; отделение; ветвь
crude – сырой
crude oil – неочищенная нефть
decrease – уменьшать(ся); уменьшение
increase – увеличивать(ся); увеличение
department – факультет; отделение; кафедра
determine – определять; устанавливать
education – образование
trade education – специальное образование
higher education – высшее образование
all-round education – разностороннее образование
to get education – получать образование
enterprise – промышленное предприятие
expert – специалист
field – сфера, область; месторождение; поле;
found – основывать;
gaseous – газовый
inseparable – неотделимый
large scale – крупный масштаб
on a large scale – в крупном масштабе
national economy – народное хозяйство
to meet the requirements (demands) – удовлетворять требованиям
oil industry – нефтяная промышленность
production – добыча; производство;
prominent – известный, выдающийся
petroleum engineering – нефтепромысловое дело
raw material – сырье
reserve – запас
petroleum reserves – нефтяные запасы
restoration – восстановление
responsible – ответственный, важный
to be responsible for smth – быть ответственным за что-либо
refining – переработка нефти
spread – развертывать(ся)
train – обучать, готовить
training of oil engineers – подготовка инженеров-нефтянников
urgent – крайне необходимый
to be in urgent need of smth – крайне нуждаться
3. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и
словосочетаний:
1) raw materials 1) интенсивное развитие
2) rich petroleum reserves 2) достигнуть уровень
3) crude oil 3) удовлетворять требованиям
4) to reach the level 4) сырье
5) oil expert 5) различные отрасли промышленности
6) constant attention 6) богатые запасы нефти
7) national economy 7) народное хозяйство
8) intensive development 8) необработанная (сырая) нефть
9) to meet the requirements 9) постоянное внимание
10) different branches of industry 10) специалист по нефти
Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:
the foundation of oil industry, the development of gas industry, to sign the decree, gaseous raw materials, large-scale training, to reach the level, petroleum engineering science, national economy, independent institutes, oil engineering department, to train qualified specialists, different branches of industry.
Определите значения интернациональных слов:
oil industry nationalization, crude oil production, an outstanding geologist, a prominent academician, restoration of oil industry, constant attention, petroleum engineering specialization, special oil institute, the petroleum museum, high qualification of petroleum engineers, polytechnical institute, technical education, intensive development.
Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова,
и переведите их на русский язык:
educate – education – educational; found – foundation – founder; produce – production – producer; great – greatly; science – scientific – scientist; responsibility – responsible; govern – government – governmental; gas – gasify – gaseous; qualify – qualification; specialize – special – speciality – specialist – specially; main – mainly; develop – development; vary – various.
Переведите на русский язык следующие отглагольные существительные:
engineering, training, refining, mining.
Определите значение слова “field” в контексте (field – сфера, область; поле; месторождение).
1. This is an electric field. 2. In what field of science do you work? 3. Our geologists discovered a number of oil fields in Western Siberia. 4. There is a diamond field in Yakutia. 5. Russian scientists carry out researches in the field of chemical engineering.
Запомните значение слова “one” и переведите предложения на русский язык.
one 1) один (числительное)
2) подлежащее (в неопределенно-личном предложении)
no one – никто
one may, one can – можно
anyone – любой (в утвердит. предложении); кто-нибудь (в вопросит.
предложении).
one must – нужно
one, ones – слова-заместители подлежащего
1. Anyone can take part in this work. 2. A new method is more effective than the one we used some years ago. 3. No one has ever observed these phenomena. 4. One must mention that there was no gas industry in Russia before the revolution. 5. One can see modern computers in every laboratory. 6. One may expect that this specialist will carry out that experiment well.
Запомните.
This (этот) story is very interesting.
These (эти) stories are very interesting.
That (та) girl is nice.
Those (те) girls are nice.
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык. Запомните, что:
– число
number – количество a number of – ряд
– номер
1.We decided to discuss a number of questions at our meeting. 2. Every student knows that every chemical element has its number in Mendeleyev`s Periodic Table of Elements.3. We showed this apparatus in laboratory number 3. 4. A great number of future specialists for oil, gas and petrochemical industries study at our University and its branches. 5. This great scientist included a number of facts about petroleum engineering education in our country in his book.
12. Запомните, что there выполняет роль формального подлежащего и стоит перед
глаголом-сказуемым. Фактическим подлежащим в таких предложениях является
существительное или группа существительного, которая стоит после сказуемого.
Составьте предложения с оборотом there is, there are:
а) в настоящем времени:
Образец: There is a small table in the room.
There are flowers in the room.
(an economics department at our University, a good hostel here, several departments in the institute, laboratories there, a class-room in this building, a lot of books in our library, much light in this room)
б) в прошедшем времени:
Образец: There was a meeting here.
There were many students at the meeting yesterday.
(Mining Academy in Moscow, many pictures on the walls, many computers in the class-rooms, a science faculty at the University, a large number of schools in our town)
в) в будущем времени:
Образец: There will be a new shop in our street.
(a big stadium in our city, a new institute here, lots of beautiful houses in this street, a special training at our faculty, various subjects at school)
г) с отрицанием no (not any)
Образец: There is no English class today.
There were no classes yesterday.
There will be no lecture tomorrow.
(students in the lecture room, conference on Monday, gas industry in Russia, foreign students in your group)
13. Запомните:
|
№ 1
|
1. I work much. 2. He answers all the questions. |
They do not work. She does not attend lectures. |
Do you work much? Does she read books? |
|
№ 2 |
1. I worked much.
2. He answered all the questions. |
He did not like physics. She did not teach chemistry at school. |
Did you work much yesterday? Did many people come here every day? |
|
№ 3 |
2. He will answer all the questions. |
I shall not (shan`t) work much. She will not (won`t) answer all the questions. |
Shall we work much tomorrow? Will you answer this question? |
14. Переведите предложения на русский язык:
1. Oil engineers take part in the development of new oil fields. 2. Petroleum engineers came from other countries and got education abroad at various oil institutes. 3. Ufa Petroleum University trains qualified specialists for our national economy. 4. When we graduate from the University, we shall deal with the discovery of oil and gas fields.
5. Russia did not produce gaseous raw materials because there was no gas industry before revolution. 6. This laboratory determined the reserves of raw materials in this region of our country.
Таблица неопределенных местоимений и их производных
|
Some - Какой-то, какой-нибудь, несколько, некоторый (-ые); около, приблизи-тельно (перед числительным)
Any – Какой (-ие)-нибудь (перед исчисляемыми существительными), сколько-нибудь, какой-нибудь (перед неисчисляемыми существительными)
|
Somebody, someone – кто-то, кто-нибудь
Something – что-то, что-нибудь
Anybody, anyone – кто-нибудь, всякий, любой (в утвердит. предложении)
Anything – что-нибудь
Everybody,everyone – все, каждый
Everything – всё
|
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на
перевод неопределенных местоимений some, any и их производных.
1. In 1918 head of the government signed some very important decrees. The decree on the oil industry nationalization was one of them. 2. If the pressure of any gas is raised at a constant temperature this gas, when the pressure reaches a certain level, condenses.
3. Petroleum is a substance with some characteristic smell. 4. Have you got any idea about the origin of petroleum? 5. The properties of petroleum compounds are extremely varied: some boil below room temperature, some cannot be distilled without decomposition; all are combustible. 6. Somebody called you up while you were out. 7.There is something I want to tell you. 8. Is everything all right? 9. The text gives you some information about the history of petroleum engineering education in our country. 10. Anybody can answer this question. 11. There was some time when oil production in our country was concentrated mainly in Azerbaijan. 12. Only some ten years ago superdeep drilling was considered experimental.
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на
многозначность слова one. Назовите номера предложений, в которых one выступает заменителем ранее упомянутого существительного.
1. One of the most characteristic features of the development of the oil and gas industry in our country is the considerable expansion of its geographic boundaries. 2. The training of petroleum engineers includes a comprehensive study of general subjects as well as specialized ones. 3. The finding and producing of petroleum and gas makes the petroleum industry today a very complex one. 4. The depth of this well is one thousand metres. 5. One can say that the formation of the independent higher petroleum engineering school in the USSR goes bask to 1930.
17. Прочтите и переведите текст:
ТЕКСТ
From the History of Petroleum Engineering Education
in Our Country
The history of petroleum engineering education in our country is inseparable from the history of the foundation and development of its oil and gas industries. In tsarist Russia the petroleum industry was concentrated almost exclusively in the Caucasus.
On July 2, 1918 head of the government signed the decree on the oil industry nationalization ( they didn`t produce gaseous raw materials in Russia and there was no gas industry there before the revolution). But during the hard times of the Civil War crude oil production greatly decreased in the country and reached the level of 3.85 mln tons by the end of 1920. Academician I.M.Gubkin, a prominent geologist and oil expert, the founder of petroleum engineering science and education in Russia wrote: ” Deadly danger threatens our oil industry and it is a crime to keep silent about it”. Restoration of our oil industry became one of the most urgent and responsible tasks of the country.
Due to the constant attention of the goverment large-scale training of oil engineers spread in the country. It should be noted that before the revolution there was no petroleum engineering specialization at higher schools of Russia. Petroleum engineers came from other countries or got education abroad at various geological, mining, polytechnical and special oil institutes. In February 1921 I.M.Gubkin organized the oil engineering department for 50 students at the Moscow Mining Academy and founded the petroleum museum there. The same year training of oil engineers began at the polytechnical institutes that trained qualified specialists for our national economy mainly in the fields of oil geology, production and refining.
The formation of the independent higher petroleum engineering school in Russia goes back to 1930 when the system of higher technical education was reorganized to meet the requirements of different branches of industry. Thus, the Mining Academy was transformed into 6 independent institutes . One of them was the Moscow Oil Institute. The Polytechnical Institutes of Baku and Grozny were reorganized into oil institutes.
Before the war over 80 percent of all known oil reserves were in the Caucasus. Today powerful oil streams flow from installations in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, the Kuibyshev, Volgograd, Saratov, Perm and Orenburg regions. Oil was the first struck there in the Chusovskiye Gorodki field ( the Perm region) in 1929. A systematic development of numerous oil fields of this biggest province began in 1932 when oil spouted from Low Province sediments of the Ishimbaysky field in Bashkortostan. Since the second half of the 1950s the Volga-Urals has become the main oil-producing province of the country.
The Western Siberia lowland is the world’s biggest oil and gas-bearing province. The first Western Siberian oil gusher spouted from 1,500 meters deep sediment in the Trekhozerny oil field in 1960. Geologically, oil field development in Western Siberia presents no difficulties. The problem is to weather the harsh natural and climatic conditions. Oil is not the only asset of Western Siberia. There is an abundance of natural gas there.
At present a great number of specialists for oil, gas and petrochemical industries are trained at oil universities, as well as the oil departments of some polytechnical institutes of the country. High qualification of our petroleum engineers will determine the intensive development of the oil and gas industries.
18. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What kind of decree did head of the government sign on July 2, 1918? 2. What made it possible for large-scale training of oil engineers to spread in the country? 3. What do you know about the petroleum engineering specialization before the revolution in our country? 4. What institution did I.M. Gubkin found? 5. Why was the system of Soviet higher technical education reorganized in 1930? 6. When did a systematic development of oil fields of the Volga-Urals province begin? 7. Where is the world`s biggest oil and gas-bearing province? 8. What problems arise in oil field development in Western Siberia? 9. What are the assets of Western Siberia? 10. Where can the students get petroleum engineering education?
Перескажите текст, используя вопросы упражнения 18.
20. Прослушайте слова и постарайтесь их запомнить.
ton – тонна to embrance – охватывать
oil-bearing – нефтеносный amount – количество
oil-producing – нефтедобывающий level – уровень
cure – лечить leading oil powers – ведущие
disease – болезнь нефтяные державы
oil-field – промысел deposit – залежь
to estimate – оценивать
Прослушайте текст и скажите, какие утверждения не соответствуют тексту.
The history of our oil industry dates back to the old times.
The history of our oil industry dates back to the postwar period.
The oil industry of our country has gone through three stages.
At present 4 million tons are produced in less than four days.
The history of our oil industry dates back to the old time. At that time already oil was for the people the source of light, fuel and means to cure diseases. The oil industry of our country has gone through two stages of development. The first was the restoration and technical reconstruction of the old oil-fields of Baku, Grozny and Krasnodar. The second stage embraces the intensive geological exploration and discovery of oil and gas fields in the eastern and other parts of the country. The oil industry in this country began its development in 1920 with 4 million tons. At present this amount is produced in less than four days. The total area of promising oil and gas deposits is estimated at 12 million square m.. The most remarkable achievement of recent years has been the establishment of new oil-producing centres in Western Siberia.
21. Выучите диалог.
A: By the way, what can you say about petroleum engineering education in the near
future?
B: You see, I think that change occurs very gradually. As you know we have not seen
any big changes in petroleum engineering education lately.
A: Oh, you doubt?
B: You are right. I do doubt that we will have any monumental changes in curriculum.
A: But you know that the advances made in computer technology have affected all
education in the past.
B: Exactly. Quite so. But the computer is only a tool for speeding up calculations. To
may mind the advent of the computer will not change petroleum engineering
education drastically.
A: You are not quite right. It seems to me it has made and will continue to make the
educational process more efficient.
B: Maybe. But I am greatly interested in the qualification of the future petroleum
engineers. I’d like to know your opinion on this point.
A: I think that the petroleum engineer of the future will need a better understanding of
economics that has been taught recently. I also thing that he will have better
communication skills, both oral and written.
B: You are quite right. I want to say that the petroleum engineer needs a better overall
view of drilling, production, reservoir engineering, geology, and geophysics.
A: I suppose so. Many things should be done to solve these problems.
22. Английский юмор:
Jimmy: I’ve added these numbers ten times.
Teacher: Good boy.
Jimmy: And here are the ten answers.
УРОК 2
Грамматика: 1. Видо-временные формы глагола.(группы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect)
2. Значение и употребление слова it.
Текст: The System of Petroleum Education in Our Country.
Прочитайте следующие слова:
- call, all, more;
- laboratory, always;
- number, under, other, study, some, such;
- gas, carry, than, that, has, practical;
- many, level, present, seven, method;
- even, field, between, free, receive;
- paid, education, later, enumerate, main;
- October, grown, close, most;
- new, usually, computer, future, unity.
Прочитайте следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:
government , petrochemical , polytechnical
, reservoir , nowadays , society
, maintenance .
Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
carry out – проводить (исследования)
comprise – заключать в себе, охватывать
decree – декрет
drilling – бурение
enumerate – перечислять
extra-mural – заочное (обучение)
faculty – факультет
full-time (part-time) education – дневное (вечернее) обучение
level – уровень
maintenance grant – стипендия
master – изучать
nowadays – в наше время, теперь
practical training – практика
provide – обеспечивать
publish – публиковать
separate – отдельный
single out – отбирать, выбирать
research – научные исследования
unity – единство
well-equipped – хорошо оборудованный
work-shop – мастерская
a great number – много
free of charge – бесплатный
as to – что касается
Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и
словосочетаний:
1) to pay great attention 1) перечислять
2) to single out 2) стипендия
3) to comprise 3) дневное и вечернее обучение
4) branch 4) выделиться
5) to enumerate 5) уделять большое внимание
6) full-time and part-time education 6) филиал
7) unity 7) под руководством
8) in close connection with 8) единство
9) under the guidance 9) в тесной связи с …
10) maintenance grant 10) охватывать
4. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря:
to pay great attention to …, the level of petroleum education, a great number of new specialities, the educational period, full-time and part-time education, extra-mural (correspondence), well-equipped laboratory, to master mathematics, as to the foreign language, in close connection with, oil refinery, pipeline construction site, student`s scientific society, free of charge, to receive maintenance grants.
5. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями
соответствующих слов в русском языке:
to publish the decree, the organization of the Moscow Mining Academy, a separate petroleum institute, gas industry, the system of education, special institutes, some faculties, polytechnical institutes, traditional specialities, geological and geophysical prospecting of oil and gas fields, production methods, pipeline transportation, typical oil institute, educational period, the main idea, academic, practical education, well-equipped laboratories, computer classes, mathematics, physical.
6. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и
переведите их на русский язык:
attention – attentive, educational – education, industrial – industry, traditional – tradition, type – typical, usual – usually, main – mainly, connect – connection, academy – academic, practice – practical – practicable, guide – guidance, independent – independence.
Переведите на русский язык следующие отглагольные существительные:
drilling, prospecting, drawing.
Переведите:
а) следующие прилагательные с суффиксом – al:
educational, technical, geological, chemical, petrochemical, polytechnical, traditional, geophysical, typical, practical;
б) существительные с суффиксом – ion ( – tion, – ation):
attention, education, revolution, organization, tradition, construction, operation, specialization, connection;
в) существительные с суффиксом – ment:
achievement, development, department, equipment, improvement;
г) запомните суффикс прилагательного и наречия – fold (обозначает увеличение
в определенное количество раз)
twofold (two-fold) – двойной, удвоенный, вдвое, в два раза.
Переведите: manyfold, tenfold, thousandfold, eightfold.
Определите значение слова “branch” в контексте (branch – отрасль, филиал,
отделение, ветвь):
1. Russia has hundreds of branches and types of production. 2. The development of the petrochemical industry, fuel and energy complexes, metallurgy and leading branches of the engineering industry becomes very important for the heavy industry and other branches of the national economy. 3. The Institute has its branches in five industrial cities of our country.
10. Запомните: as – как; в качестве; так как; поскольку; в то время как; когда; по мере того как
as a rule – как правило
as well as – а также (и); так же, как (и)
as to – что касается; относительно; о.
Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык:
1. The total number of students of a university includes full-time students as well as the students who study at the evening or correspondence departments. 2. As a rule, every university has also post-graduate courses. 3. The students may leave the Petroleum University as oil engineers, mechanical engineers etc. 4. The outer zone of the earth, known as the earth’s crust, is the zone on which we live. 5. As the university is in close connection with oil industry, the students take practical training at oil refineries, oil fields and other industrial enterprises of our country. 6. As to the foreign languages a student may study English, German, French languages.
11. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность союза that (those )(что.который, заменитель существительного): it is … that - именно, как раз
1. It is known that our country has always paid attention to the education of petroleum engineers. 2. The equipment that the postgraduates have used for carrying out their experiments is of modern design. 3. It was clear that computers performed the work that man could not. 4. At present the system of petroleum education in our country is more complex than that before World War 11. 5. It is due to Gubkin’s works that we know the origin of oil. 6. The level of petroleum education is many times greater than in 1930.
12. Запомните спряжение глагола “to study” в действительном залоге:
-
Неопределённые
времена
Продолженные
Времена
Перфектные
времена
I study – я обучаюсь (учусь)
I studied – я учился
I shall study – я буду учиться
I am studying – я учусь
I was studying – я учился
I shall be studying – я буду учиться
I have studied – я изучил
I had studied – я изучил
I shall have studied – я изучу
указывают только на совершение действия в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем;
на русский язык переводятся глаголами совершенного или несовершенного вида (учить или изучить) в зависимости от контекста
Обозначают развивающееся, незавершенное действие;
Используется для того, чтобы придать повествованию большую выразительность, яркость, динамичность;
на русский язык переводятся глаголами несовершенного вида (учить, изучать)
обозначают завершённое, законченное действие;
на русский язык, как правило, переводятся глаголами совершенного вида (изучить)
Определите временные формы глагола-сказуемого в каждом предложении. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. In the past 10 or 15 years, industrial training has become quite a separate profession. 2. In the past 10 or 15 years we have made a great progress in human relationships and in the teaching/learning process. 3. The Russian oil engineering industry provides the oil and gas industries with modern equipment. 4. Russia is also working out its own modern offshore technology. 5. The scientific and technological revolution has made education decisive in economic and social life. 6. Our higher and specialized secondary schools train specialists in over 500 professions. 7. The students went through practical training at industrial enterprises, oil and gas fields, oil refineries etc. 8. During their study course students obtain a broad training in general engineering as well as specialized training related to petroleum industry problems. 9. At present the students are combining their education with practical experience at the enterprise in which they will work after their graduation. 10. The students are studying physical geology which deals with the chemical composition, crystal form and the origin of minerals. 11. The lecturer was speaking about the problems the petroleum industry was to solve in the nearest future.
13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод глагола-сказуемого:
1. The system of petroleum education is gradually developing.
The system of petroleum education gradually develops.
The system of petroleum education will gradually develop.
2. Investigations were proving curing properties of oil.
Investigations proved curing properties of oil.
Investigations prove curing properties of oil.
Investigations will prove curing properties of oil.
3. The student was directing the research of his group-mates.
The student directs the research of his group-mates.
The student directed the research of his group-mates.
The student will direct the research of his group-mates.
14. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод глагола-сказуемого:
1. Full-time students have received maintenance grants.
Full-time students receive maintenance grants.
Full-time students will receive maintenance grants.
2. The progress in science has influenced the development of industry.
The progress in science influences the development of industry.
The progress in science influenced the development of industry.
The progress in science will influence the development of industry.
3. New specialists had proved the importance of the experiments.
New specialists prove the importance of the experiments.
New specialists will prove the importance of the experiments.
New specialists proved the importance of the experiments.
15. Переведите предложения, учитывая особенности перевода конструкций “подлежащее, выраженное местоимением “it”.
1. It proves that the the system works perfectly. 2. It took the student 5 years to master his speciality. 3. It is possible to predict the results of his experiment. 4. It was head of the government who signed the decree on the establishment of the Moscow Mining Academy. 5. It was not until 1930 when a separate petroleum institute singled out from this Academy. 6. The level of petroleum education has grown manyfold. It is very high now.
16. Переведите текст:
ТЕКСТ
The System of Petroleum Education in Our Country
Our country has always paid great attention to the education of petroleum engineers. Soon after the October Revolution in September 1918 the Soviet Government published the Decree about the organization of the Moscow Mining Academy. Later in 1930 a separate petroleum institute singled out from this Academy and we call this institute the Russian State Oil and Gas University named after Gubkin. Since that time the level of petroleum education has grown manyfold.
At present the system of petroleum education in our country is comprising special petroleum universities with their branches and some faculties in several polytechnical institutes and universities. Together with traditional specialities such as “drilling, production and reservoir engineering”, “geological and geophysical prospecting of oil and gas fields”, “refining and petrochemical processes”, “reservoir engineering and production methods”, “pipeline transportation”, “petroleum economics” a great number of new specialities has appeared. Nowadays students are studying 59 petroleum specialities and it is difficult even to enumerate them.
A typical oil university has usually several (from 5 to 8) faculties and the educational period lasts 5 years. These universities usually provide not only full-time education but also part-time and extra-mural (correspondence) departments. The main idea (method) of education at all the departments is based on the unity of academic, practical and research education. Future engineers study in well-equipped laboratories and workshops, computer classes and reading-rooms. They are mastering mathematics and physics, chemistry and drawing, strength of materials and foreign languages. As to foreign languages they study English, French or German languages.
All our higher educational institutions prepare our petroleum engineers in close connection with their future work and they have their practical training at oil refineries, oil fields and pieline construction sites. During their studies at a typical petroleum university many students start their independent research work in students’ scientific societies. They carry out special investigations in the laboratories of the university under the guidance of experienced teachers.
Most of students receive maintenance grants.
17. Перескажите текст, используя вопросы:
1. When did the Soviet Government publish the Decree about the organization of the Moscow Mining Academy? 2. What institute singled out from the Academy in 1930? 3. What educational institutions is the system of petroleum education in our country comprising? 4. What specialities do the petroleum universities offer? 5. How long does the educational period last? 6. Do the universities provide only full-time education? 7. What is the main idea of education at all the departments? 8. What subjects are future engineers mastering? 9. Where do the students have their practical training? 10. Do most of the students receive maintenance grants?
Прослушайте слова и постарайтесь их запомнить:
Dean – декан specialized – специализированный
last – длиться accompany – сопровождать
divide – делить research – научно-исследовательский
term – семестр grant – стипендия
workshop – мастерская especially – особенно
Прослушайте текст и скажите, соответствуют ли данные утверждения истине:
1. There are four faculties in our University
2. Students take exams at the end of each academic year
3. One time a year students have a vacation – two months in summer.
4. The first- and second- year students study specialized subjects.
5. It is interesting and easy to study at our University.
My University
There are many universities in Ufa. The head of a university is Rector. Usually there are several faculties in a university. Each faculty has a number of specialized departments and is headed by Dean. The course of studies lasts 5-6 years.
The academic year in this country’s higher schools begins on the 1-st September and is divided into two terms (semesters). Students take exams at the end of each semester. If the results of the examinations are good students get grants. Twice a year students have vacations – two weeks in winter and two months in summer.
My university has several buildings, old and new ones. There are many various laboratories. There is a very good library and a computer centre in the main building.
Every faculty has its own specialized library, laboratories, workshops and computer centres.
The first- and second- year students study general engineering subjects, in the third year students begin to study specialized subjects.
A very good tradition of our University is that theory is accompanied by practical training. Students begin to work at the University’s well-equipped laboratories and in senior years at various plants, design offices and research institutes of this country.
It is interesting but difficult to study at our University, especially for the first-year students as they do not know yet how to organize their work and time.
19. Продолжите диалог, используя предложенные ниже выражения:
as far as I know, in fact, as is known, as a rule, it should be noted that, to my mind, in my opinion и другие.
A: You’ve become a student of Ufa Petroleum University, haven’t you? I wish I knew more facts about this higher educational establishment.
B: Well, I shall tell you a few words about the University and the system of higher education in Russia with pleasure.
A: I’m at your disposal. Come on.
full-time student, part-time student, to study by correspondence, department, to enter university, to work at an oil-field, to come to the university from industry, to specialize in; the curricula (программа обучения), social sciences (общественные дисциплины), general science (общетеоретические науки), specialized subjects (специальные предметы), to offer different specializations (предлагать выбор специальностей), to go through industrial training (проходить практику), to graduate from university (окончить университет).
20. Английский юмор:
AT AN EXAMINATION
At a college examination a professor asked: “Is the question too difficult for you?”
“Not at all, sir,” answered the student. “Not at all. It is quite clear. It is the answer that bothers me.”
bother – беспокоить.
УРОК 3
Грамматика: 1. Видо-временные формы глагола.
2. Степени сравнения прилагательных.
Текст: Petroleum.
1. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:
- already, water, important, source, form, caulk;-
- first, purpose, determine, surface, commercial, occur, Earth;
- manuscript, cure, use, valuable, accumulate, fuel, numerous, value, utilize, - -
- illumination, impurity, insulate, manufacture;
- gigantic, require, nitrogen, science, hydrogen;
- value, trap, gravity, manage, shallow, battle, characteristic;
- discover, production, combustible, crust, colour, conduct, sulphur, substance;
- carbon, dark, calm;
- ancient, efficient, explanation, formation;
- various, vary;
- disease, cheap, treatment, reach, seep, believe, increase, frequent.
2. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
ancient - древний, старинный
accumulate - накапливать(ся)
admit - допускать
combustible - горючий, воспламеняемый
caulk - смолить (суда, лодки)
carbon - углерод
conduct - проводить, служить проводником
cure - вылечивать, исцелять
disease - болезнь
dwelling - жилище, дом
determine - определять, устанавливать
dissolve - растворять(ся), разжижать(ся)
decomposition - разложение, распад
Earth's crust - земная кора
film - плёнка
frequent - частый
gravity - сила тяжести
hydrocarbon - углеводород
value - оценка, значение, зд. способность
valuable - ценный
hydrogen - водород
illumination - освещение
incendiary - боевые зажигательные средства
insulator - изолятор
impurity - примесь, загрязнение
lubricant - смазочный материал
manuscript - рукопись
migrate - мигрировать
nitrogen - азот
oxygen - кислород
odour - запах
oil - нефть
property - свойство
surface - поверхность
seep - просачиваться
sedimentary - осадочный
smell - запах
silt - ил, осадок, наносы
sulphur - сера
trap - ловушка
utilize - использовать, syn. apply, use
well - скважина
Выучите: 1) to be – was, were – been (быть)
2) to begin – began – begun (начинать)
3) to come – came – come (приходить)
4) to fall – fell – fallen (падать)
5) to give – gave – given (давать)
6) to get – got – got (получать)
7) to know – knew – known (знать)
8) to lead – led - led (вести)
3. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и
словосочетаний:
1) manuscript 1) ценный
2) ancient 2) горючий
3) properties 3) удельный вес
4) lubricant 4) свойства
5) surface seeps 5) радужная пленка
6) commercial production 6) древний
7) valuable 7) рукопись
8) combustible 8) смазочное вещество
9) specific gravity 9) выходы нефти на поверхность
10) rainbow film 10) промышленная добыча
4. Переведите на русский язык следующие словосочетания без словаря:
ancient manuscript, curing properties, medical treatment, sources of energy, combustible oily liquid, different impurities, specific gravity, colorific value, accumulation of thick layers, quantity of different impurities.
5. Определите значение подчеркнутых слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:
efficient property, illumination of dwellings, commercial production of fuel, modern petroleum industry, gigantic depths, characteristic smell, specific gravity, organic origin, mixture of fluids..
6. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их на русский язык:
treat – treatment; value – valuation – valuable – valueless; develop – development; oil – oily; geology – geologist – geological; differ – difference – different; combustion – combustible – combustibility; important – importance; explain – explanation – explainable; accumulate – accumulation – accumulative; origin – original – originality – originally – originate – origination; occur – occurrence; sediment – sedimentary – sedimentation; substance – substantial; dissolve – dissolution – dissolvable – dissolvent.
7. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Запомните: since – так как; поскольку; с, c тех пор, как; со времени
1. Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. 2. Since we know all the properties of this substance, we use it in our experiment. 3. We did not finish our work since we had no necessary mixture of fluids. 4. We have done many interesting investigations since the foundation of this research laboratory at our plant. 5. I have not carried out any experiments in the laboratory since I graduated from the Institute. 6. Since such applications didn’t require large amounts of oil, ancient people managed with oil they got from the surface seeps.
8. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение слов “only”, “the only”, “for”.
Запомните: only – только
the only – единственный
for – для, в течение; так как, поскольку, потому что
1. Only from ancient manuscript man has known about different properties of oil. 2. The only way to use petroleum in medicine is to study its curing properties. 3. Ancients used petroleum for the illumination of their dwellings. 4. For the purpose of illustration let us consider the chemical basis of oil. 5. The scientists have used this substance for it is more important. 6. For a long time the question of oil origin was not solved. 7. For oil doesn’t conduct electricity, people use some of its products in the manufacturing of insulators. 8. The geological science has not yet given a clear explanation for the petroleum formation.
9. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Запомните: very (с прилагательными и наречиями) – очень
the very book – именно эта книга, та самая книга
1. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells. 2. This is the very substance we need in our experiment. 3. This scientist knows the theory of organic origin of petroleum very well as he works very hard. 4. The very first step to use the scientific method is to obtain some facts by observation and experiment. 5. In the very nature petroleum is oily liquid. 6. In a very calm, shallow sea, dead plants and animals fell to the bottom.
10. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Запомните: because – потому что
because of – из-за
1. Petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source because of its high calorific value. 2. Petroleum has a characteristic smell because it contains small amount of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. 3. People used petroleum in everyday life because it is a cheap and efficient lubricant. 4. Scientists continue to discover new curing properties of oil because it is very important for medical treatment of many diseases.
11. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод следующих выражений: both – оба
both … and – также, как; как … так и
1. Petroleum contains both the compounds of carbon and hydrogen. 2. The odour of petroleum depends both on the composition and quantity of hydrocarbons and other impurities. 3. Scientists admit both theories of petroleum origin – both an inorganic and organic. 4. As petroleum is a mixture of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, it often migrated far from the place where it originated.
12. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Помните, что: present – данный
at present – в настоящее время
to present – представлять
to be present – присутствовать
1. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source. 2. Smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen are present in petroleum. 3. This student presented the report on different properties of petroleum. 4. The teacher explained the Present Tense at the last lesson. 5. His present work is very important for the clear explanation of petroleum accumulation.
13. Подберите к глаголам из левой колонки соответствующие существительные
из правой колонки. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
1) to apply 1) hydrocarbons
2) to discover 2) petroleum
3) to accumulate 3) a well
4) to drill 4) sources of energy
5) to consist of 5) in geological traps
6) to contain 6) commercial production
7) to depend on 7) one`s colour
8) to determine 8) calorific value
9) to dissolve 9) pressure and temperature
to increase 10) in water
11) large amounts of oil
Переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на перевод
cлов because и because of: Запомните, что because в сочетании с предлогом of образуют составной предлог because of – из-за, вследствие, потому что.
1. Building engineers study geology because they must know the local ground, its composition and structure. 2. Engineers must know different control systems because of their wide use in the production and technological processes. 3. The oilmen could increase the production of oil because they used new methods of enhanced oil recovery. 4. The oilmen could increase the production of oil because of the favourable geological conditions.
15. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания с as – как, в качестве; так как; по
мере того, как; в то время, как; как; когда.
as far as I know, as for me, as soon as, as a whole, as is known, as a rule, as well as,
as we know, as a lubricant, as we call it.
16. Запомните образование степеней сравнения прилагательных в английском
языке:
deep deeper (than) the deepest
(глубокий) (более глубокий (чем); (самый глубокий)
глубже (чем))
important more important (than) the most important
(важный) (более важный (чем)) (самый важный)
good, well better (the) best
(хороший, хорошо) (лучше) (самый лучший, лучше всего)
bad, badly worse (the) worst
(плохой, плохо) (хуже) (самый худший, хуже всего)
many, much more (the) most
(много) (больше) (самый большой, больше всего)
little less (the) least
(маленький, мало) (меньше) (самый маленький, наименьший,
меньше всего)
17. a) Переведите на русский язык:
the best method, less than a month, more than a year, as large as, not so cheap as, the worst conditions, the most interesting fact, a very important discovery, the larger…
the better, far more useful system, much more steel.
б) Переведите на английский язык:
самая глубокая скважина; гораздо лучше; лучше, чем; самые трудные условия; такой же дешевый, как; не такое богатое, как; наилучшие результаты.
18. Напишите следующие прилагательные в положительной степени:
the highest, more, the most useful, bigger, more powerful, the cheapest, the nearest, less, the worst, the least, the best, much greater, shorter, less difficult, the most reliable.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод
прилагательных в сравнительной и превосходной степенях.
1. Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. 2. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells. 3. The deepest wells reach gigantic depths of 10,000 and even more metres. 4. Besides, oil often contains smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. 5. The heavier the oil the darker is the colour. 6. Oil is much lighter than water. 7. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source.
20. Переведите текст:
PETROLEUM
As we know from ancient manuscripts man first began to apply petroleum already some centuries B.C. Ancient people knew different properties of oil and used it for various purposes. They caulked their ships and boats with oil and made their cloths waterproof. They used petroleum as a cheap and efficient lubricant. Ancients discovered curing properties of oil and used it in medical treatment of some diseases. Besides, they utilized petroleum for the illumination of their dwellings and even as the incendiaries in frequent war battles. Since such application didn’t require large amounts of oil ancient people managed with oil they got from the surface seeps.
Only since 19 century A.D. people have begun to use petroleum as one of the most important sources of energy. The commercial production of this valuable fuel has led to the development of modern petroleum industry.
Petroleum or as we often call it oil is a combustible oily liquid which occurs in sedimentary rocks of the Earth’s crust. Petroleum usually forms and accumulates in geological traps at the depths of 1,200 –2,000 m and deeper. Very often petroleum engineers drill deeper wells (up to 6,000 m). The deepest wells that are not so numerous reach gigantic depths of 10,000 and even more metres.
Petroleum is a liquid which consists of different hydrocarbons, i.e. compounds of carbon and hydrogen. Besides, oil often contains smaller amounts of sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen. Petroleum is a substance with a characteristic smell. The odour of petroleum depends on the nature, composition and quantity of hydrocarbons and different impurities. The colour of oil varies from light brown to dark brown, nearly black. Specific gravity of oil determines its colour. The heavier the oil the darker is the colour. Oil is much lighter than water. It doesn’t dissolve in water and forms a thin rainbow film on its surface. For oil doesn’t conduct electricity, people use some of its products in manufacturing of insulators. All sorts of petroleum are combustible. At present, petroleum is the most important fuel and energy source because of its high calorific value.
The geological science has not yet given a clear explanation for the petroleum formation. Most scientists, however, admit the organic origin of petroleum. They believe that carbon and hydrogen, i.e., the chemical basis of any oil, came from sea and land plants and animals as a result of their decomposition. In a very calm, shallow sea, dead plants and animals fell to the bottom. The accumulation of thick layers of silt above the organic matter led to an increase in temperature and rise in pressure – conditions under which liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons formed. As petroleum is a mixture of fluids, both liquid and gaseous, it often migrated far from the place where it originated.
Notes
B.C. ‘bi: ‘si: = Before Christ bi`f : `kraist – до нашей эры
A.D. `ei `di: = Anno Domini ` nou `d minai – нашей эра
i. e. `ai `i: = that is ` t is – то есть
21. Ответьтенаследующиевопросы:
1.When did man first begin to apply petroleum? 2. How did ancient people use petroleum? 3. What factor has led to the development of modern petroleum industry?
4. How can one define petroleum? 5. Where does petroleum form and accumulate?
6. Does petroleum consist of different hydrocarbons? 7. What impurities does petroleum often contain? 8. On what factors does the odour of petroleum depend? 9. Is the color of oil always dark brown? 10. What determines its colour? 11. What is the dependence of the colour of oil on its specific gravity? 12. Are all sorts of petroleum combustible?
13. Is there a clear explanation for the petroleum formation? 14. Do all scientists admit the organic origin of petroleum?
22. Перескажите текст, используя вопросы упражнения 21.
23. 1) Прослушайте слова. Запомните их.
oily – маслянистый to be concentrated – сосредоточиваться
liquid – жидкость distincitive – отличительный, характерный
exclusively – исключительно to explore – исследовать
odour – запах twelve-fold bigger – в 12 раз больше
to disolve – растворять to consider – считать, полагать
to climb – подниматься molecular weight – молекулярный вес
remote – отдаленный epoch – эпоха
to amount to = to reach – достигать
2) Прослушайте текст и озаглавьте его.
Petroleum is an oily combustible liquid. It is usually dark in colour and has a distinctive odour. It is much lighter than water and does not dissolve in water.
There are several theories of the origin of oil, as petroleum is often called. Many soientists consider that petroleum was formed in remote epochs by the decomposition of plant and animal organisms out of contact with air.
In tsarist Russia the petroleum industry was concentrated almost exclusively in the Caucasus. In Soviet years many new deposits have been explored. As a result, petroleum production has increased. In 1958 production was more than twelve-fold bigger than in 1913, amounting to 113 million tons. In 1963 it reached 206 million tons a year. By 1980 the production had climbed to 700 million tons a year Oil production kept rising from the 1950s up to the 1980s. In 1989 oil production amounted to 552 million tons, in 2002 it amounted to 379 million tons..
Like natural gas, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, only of higher molecular weight. Petroleum consists for the most part of liquid hydrocarbons, but there are gaseous and solid hydrocarbons dissolved in them.
3.) Прослушайте отрывок из текста и ответьте на вопросы.
Petroleum is an oily combustible liquid. It is usually dark in colour and has a distincitive odour. It is much lighter than water and does not dissolve in water.
1. What is petroleum? 2. What colour is petroleum? 3. Has petroleum an odour? 4. Does petroleum dissolve in water?
4) Закончите следующие предложения, выбрав один из предложенных вариантов.
There are several theories of … a) the discovery of oil;
b) the origin of oil;
c) the composition of oil.
Many scientists consider that petroleum was formed …
a) in remote epochs; b) not long ago; c) in 19th century.
Many scientists consider that petroleum was formed by …
a) the decomposition of plant and animal organisms in contact with air;
b) the decomposition of plant and animal organisms out of contact with air;
c) the decomposition of plant and animal organisms in contact with water;
5). Прослушайте отрывок и выберите предложение, точно передающее его основную мысль.
In tsarist Russia the petroleum industry was concentrated almost exclusively in the Caucasus. In Soviet years many new deposits have been explored. As a result, petroleum production has increased. In 1958 production was more than twelve-fold bigger than in 1913, amounting to 113 million tons. In 1963 it reached 206 million tons a year. By 1980 the production had climbed to 700 million tons a year. Oil production kept rising from the 1950s up to the 1980s. In 1989 oil production amounted to 552 million tons, in 2002 it amounted to 379 million tons.
In the Soviet years petroleum production has increased.
By 1980 production had climbed to 700 million tons a year.
6) Прослушайте два варианта одного и того же отрывка. Найдите расхождения между вариантами.
1. Like natural gas, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, only of higher molecular weight. It consists for the most part of liquid hydrocarbons, but there are gaseous and solid hydrocarbons dissolved in them.
2. Like natural gas, petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons, only of lighter molecular weight. It consists of liquid hydrocarbons Gaseous and solid hydrocarbons do not dissolve in them.
24. Английский юмор:
IN THE COMPANY OF STUDENTS
What`s your father, Bobby?
My father`s a college professor.
That`s a good profession. Does he like it?
He has only one thing to complain about.
What`s that?
Oh, the students.
* * *
Father: You know that mother is very angry when you get bad marks at college.
Son: Well, it`s not me who is to blame for it`s the teacher who puts bad marks.
* * *
A son at college wrote his father: “No mon, no fun, your son”.
The father answered: “How sad, too bad, your dad”.
He has only one thing to complain about. – У него всего лишь одна жалоба.
it`s not me who is to blame – я в этом не виноват
mon = money
25. Продолжите диалог, используя предложенные ниже выражения:
as is known, by the way, from my point of view, generally speaking, I`d like to say a few words about, it should be taken into consideration, to sum it up.
A: Hullo, Bobby. What`s the news?
B: Hullo, Ann. How are you? You known, I`ve read an interesting article in the magazine
“Oil and gas”. It`s about the history of petroleum industry in the USA.
A: Is it really so? How very interesting: I`d like to known some more facts about it.
Could you tell me a few words about oil and its origin? I am going to enter Ufa
Petroleum University this year.
B: With pleasure …
26. Расскажите об истории добычи нефти, ее физических и химических свойствах,
ее происхождении. Используйте активную лексику урока и следующие
словосочетания:
ancient people knew, curing properties of oil, no search for oil, wells were sunk, seepages, one of the most important sources of energy, in sedimentary rocks, in geological traps, at the depth, a combustible oily liquid, smaller amounts of sulphur, a characteristic smell, the colour of oil varies, much lighter than, it doesn`t dissolve in …, the organic origin of petroleum.
УРОК 4
Грамматика: 1. Видо-временные формы глаголов.
2. Модальные глаголы, их эквиваленты.
3. Количественные местоимения little, few, a little, a few.
Текст: Natural Gas.
1. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова:
- rush, under, production, industry, other;
- borehole, form, source, porous, important;
- obtain, remain, mainly;
- inflammable, sandstone, extraction, natural;
- reach, field, region;
- internal, occur, German, network;
- advantage, France, Carpathian, example;
- either, gigantic, pipeline, limestone;
- Austria, deposit, approximately, volume.
2. Прочитайте вслух следующие слова. Запомните их произношение.
Carpathian mountains , Europe ; Romania ; Austria ; France ; Italy
acetylene – ацетилен
butane – бутан
carbon – углерод
chlorine – хлор
ethane – этан
hexane – гексан
hydrogen – водород
methane – метан, болотный газ
octane – октан
propane – пропан
pentane – пентан
per cent – процент
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
accumulate – накапливать
approximately – приблизительно, приближенно
boiling point – точка кипения
borehole – буровая скважина
consist of – состоять из
decomposition – разложение, распад
deposit – месторождение, залежь
distinct – особый, определенный
derivative – производное
extraction – извлечение, добыча
fuel – топливо, горючее
inflammable – легко воспламеняющийся, огнеопасный
limestone – известняк
liquid – жидкость
natural gas – природный газ
network – сеть
occur – залегать
obtain – получать
pressure – давление
porous bed – пористый слой
rush – зд. хлынуть
source – источник
sandstone – песчаник
volume – объем, масса (какого-л. вещества)
4. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:
1) occur 1) месторождение
deposit 2) источник
animal and vegetable remains 3) проникать
source 4) залегать, встречаться
penetrate 5) растительные и животные остатки
under great pressure 6) горючий
borehole 7) жидкие и твердые виды топлива
inflammable 8) добыча
liquid and solid fuels 9) под высоким давлением
extraction 10) скважина
5. Переведите на русский язык следующие сочетания слов без словаря :
animal and vegetable remains; under great pressure; several boreholes; network of pipelines; low boiling point; 85 per cent; distinct odour; a great amount of heat; numerous new sources; to obtain new materials; over a period of many centuries; over long distances; inflammable gas.
6. Определите значение подчеркнутых слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке;
natural deposit, separate deposit, porous beds, long distance, gigantic network, typical natural gas, gaseous fuel, raw material, chemical technologist, extraction of oil, reserves of natural gas.
7. Определите по суффиксам, какой частью речи являются следующие слова, и переведите их на русский язык:
pore- porosity- porous; collect-collection- collective; approximate- approximately- approximation; chemist-chemistry-chemical; gas- gaseous- gasify-gasification; derive-derivative-derivable; extract- extraction- extractive; utilize-utilization; numerous-numerously; intense- intensification-intensify-intensity-intensive; penetrate-penetration.
8. Определите значение слова ”volume” в контексте (volume – том; объем).
1.Our university has a library of many volumes of Russian and foreign scientific books and journals. 2. A great volume of gas penetrates into porous beds of sand, sandstone and limestone. 3. As is known, for volume of chemical production this plant is one of the leading ones in our country.
Переведите следующие предложения. Помните, что:
a few – несколько употребляется с исчисляемыми
few – мало существительными
a little – немного употребляется с неисчисляемыми
little – мало существительными
1. We have little information of this discovery. 2. We must add a little water to make this substance melt. 3. Scientists opened a few new sources of gas in Europe. 4. There are few uses of natural gas in industry. 5. A few years ago we utilized this device in our laboratory. 6. As I had little time I could not get reliable information about this deposit of gas. 7. Little of natural gas we may use chemically. 8. Butane, pentane, hexane, and a few other gases may also be present.
10. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
Запомните: both – оба
both…and – как … так и
either – любой
either…or – либо … либо
1. Natural gas either occurs together with crude oil or forms separate deposits of gas alone. 2. Either of these properties can be used in this analysis. 3. Natural gas may be used either as fuel or heat in our everyday life. 4. Most of natural gas we may use as a fuel for the production of both heat and energy. 5. Decomposition of both animal and vegetable remains over a period of many centuries without air is the source of natural gas. 6. Both the pressure and volume of a gas can be changed. 7. Both characteristics of the state of a gas are very important for the experiments. 8. Homogeneous materials may be classified either into compounds and elements or into solutions.
11. Переведите следующие предложения. Определите значение слова like в контексте (like - любить, нравиться; подобно, как).
1. Like all gaseous fuels natural gas has great advantages over liquid and solid fuels.
2. The engineer whom we met at the laboratory has three sons. His elder son is taking a course at the Petroleum University. Like his father he is going to become a petroleum engineer. He looks like his father. He likes his future speciality. 3. The level of petroleum education like that of all other types of education has grown manyfold.
12. Подберите к глаголам из левой колонки соответствующие существительные из правой колонки. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык.
1) to occur 1) into porous beds
2) to form 2) together with crude oil
3) to accumulate 3) natural deposits
4) to reach 4) in large quantities
5) to consist of 5) hydrocarbons
6) to make up 6) oil and gas
7) to be present 7) 90 per cent
8) to utilize 8) a great depth
9) to discover 9) as a raw material
10) in the field
13. Переведите на русский язык предложения, обращая внимание на перевод парных союзов either… or (или .. или; либо … либо), both… and (как … так и
и ... и):
1. Natural gases either occurs together with oil or forms separate deposits of gas alone. 2. The density of gases is measured either with special gas pycnometers or by the effusion method. 3. The state of a gas is characterized both by pressure-temperature and volume. 4. A field may be either a single pool or it may consist of two or more pools, all of, or related to, the same geologic structure. 5. Both oil and gas are naturally occurring mixtures of mainly hydrogen and carbon compounds. 6. Oil may be displaced from sand by either water or gas. 7. Oil and gas are used both as the fuel and chemicals. 8. Generally oil seeps are either up-dips or seepage along a fracture.
14. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на многозначность слова one. Назовите номера предложений, в которых one выступает заменителем ранее упомянутого существительного.
1. The training of petroleum engineers and geologists includes a comprehensive study of general subjects as well as specialized ones. 2. One can see modern computers at every laboratory. 3. A new method of oil production is more effective than the one we used some years ago. 4. Russia has always been one of the predominant oil and gas producing countries. 5. Liquids or gases are injected into the common reservoir through one or more injection wells. 6. Oil may be displaced from sand by any one, or a combination of three mechanisms. 7. The earth`s crust is the zone on which we live and the one accessible for our investigation. 8. One of the earliest patents for an “offshore” drilling rig was issued to T.F. Rowland in 1869. 9. Man, for one reason or another, has since the earliest known times been digging holes in the earth`s surface.
15. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, выбрав нужное слово: little, a little, few, a few. (Там, где это возможно, дайте два варианта предложения).
1. There are … things here which I cannot understand. 2. Have you got… ink in your fountain-pen? 3. When we walked… farther down the road we met another group of students. 4. If you have… spare time, go through this book. You will find… articles there which are rather interesting. 5. Has Russia much or…natural gas?
16. Запомните модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
-
Эквиваленты модальных глаголов
Настоящее время
Пршедшее время
Будующее время
can –мочь
could – мог
am able to
is able to
are able to
was able to
were able to
shall be able to
will be able to
may –мочь
might – мог
am allowed to
is allowed to
are allowed to
was allowed to
were allowed to
shall be allowed to
will be allowed to
Must –
Должен
should – должен, следует
have to
has to
(вынужден, приходится)
am to
is to
are to
(должен по договоренности, плану)
had to
was to
were to
shall have to
will have to
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на время, выраженное формой модального глагола или его эквивалента.
1. You must come to the Institute in time. 2. You may send the documents to the Institute. 3. All the students are allowed to make experiments in the laboratory. 4. This plant is to begin its work at the end of the month. 5. You should read the text once more. 6. You’ll have to do this work again. 7. We were to meet at the station. 8. If you cannot make the experiment yourself, you should consult your teaching assistant. 9. You could go there yesterday. 10. They might take the books when they were at the library. 11. I shall be able to read your paper tomorrow. 12. First you must study the laboratory instruction and only then you can begin the experiment. 13. We can produce heat by burning oil, gas or any other fuel. 14. He had to pass his last exam once again, because he couldn`t write the test.
17. Вставьте пропущенную форму модального глагола или эквивалента. Дайте несколько вариантов там, где это возможно.
… I consult the dictionary? 2. You … not do this work alone. 3. I … swim well. 4. The plant … be built in time. 5.We … not… to stay here for a long time. 6. You … not be late. 7.Does he … to come there? 8. … we leave already? 9. … we cross the street here? 10. … they write the words in their work- books? 11. … you begin the tests last week?
18. Прочтите и переведите текст:
NATURAL GAS
Natural gas either occurs together with crude oil or forms separate deposits of gas alone. Decomposition of both animal and vegetable remains over a period of many centuries without air is the source of natural gas. A gread volume of gas accumulates and penetrates into porous beds of sand, sandstones and limestones. In these beds gas can form natural deposits under great pressure. When a borehole reaches such a deposit the gas rushes up. This gas has to be collected from several boreholes with the help of pipelines over long distances. Russia has a gigantic network of pipelines.
Natural gas is an inflammable gas and consists of hydrocarbons with a very low boiling point. Methane ( CH4 ) makes up approximately 85 per cent of the typical natural gas. Ethane (C2 H6 ) can be present up to 10 % and propane ( C3 H8 ) up to 3 %.
Butane, pentane, hexane, octane and a few other gases may also be present. In contrast to crude petroleum natural gas has no distinct odour.
Little of natural gas we may use chemically ,most of it we use as a fuel for the production of both heat and energy. Like all gaseous fuels natural gas has great amount of heat. Natural gas is valuable also as an important chemical raw material for industry, as chemical technologists are able to obtain hydrogen, acetylene, carbon black and various chlorine derivatives.
Natural gas occurs mainly in Russia and some other CIS countries and in the United States where most of the extraction and utilization takes place. Before the war we utilized gas only at Baku and in the Carpathian Mountains. Since then they have discovered numerous new sources, for example , in the Ukhta (Russia) and Emba regions (Kazakhstan), near Saratov, Uzbekistan, Volgograd and Grozny. In Europa they found rich deposits in Rumania and Italy, smaller ones in Austria and France. Germany also has several small but intensively worked fields.
19. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. Does natural gas occur together with crude oil or does it form separate deposits? 2. What is the main source of natural gas? 3. In what beds can gas form natural deposits?
4. What happens when a borehole reaches a deposit of natural gas under great pressure? 5. What network of pipelines has Russia. 6. In natural gas an inflammable gas? 7. What does natural gas consist of? 8. What is the main component of natural gas? 9. Has natural gas any distinct odour? 10. Do we use natural gas mainly as a fuel? 11. Is natural gas an important chemical raw material for industry? 12. What countries are the main producers of natural gas? 13. In what areas of Russia and CIS is natural gas produced at present? 14. What countries of Europe are rich in natural gas?
20. Перескажите текст, используя вопросы упражнения 19.
21. Запомните слова:
Combustible – горючий manifestation – проявление
ancient – древний supernatural – сверхестественный
legend – легенда force – сила
B.C. – before Christ – до н.э. to worship – поклоняться, почитать
to observe – наблюдать still – до сих пор, все еще
eternal – вечный in the Caucasus – на Кавказе
to burn – гореть to exist – существовать
flame – пламя, огонь remains – остатки
various – различный temple – храм
to regard – рассматривать, right to the end of the 19th century – вплоть до
считать конца 19 столетия
Прослушайте смысловой кусок. Кратко ответьте на вопросы.
Natural combustible gas has been known since ancient times. There is a legend that several thousand years B.C. people observed “eternally buring flames” in various parts of the world. These flames were regarded as manifestations of a supernatural force and were worshipped. In the Caucasus there still exist the remains of a temple. In this temple an eternal flame burned right to the end of the 19th century.
Natural combustible gas has been known since ancient times, hasn’t it?
Did people observe “eternally buring flames” several thousand years B.C.?
Were these flames were regarded as manifestations of a supernatural force?
Did people worship buring flames?
In the Caucasus there still exist the remains of a temple, don’t they?
Did an eternal flame burn in this temple right to the end of the 19th century?
Запомните слова:
To form – образовывать limestone – известняк
decomposition – разложение surround – окружать
to penetrate – проникать rock – порода
crack – трещина side – сторона
bed – слой sandstone – песчаник
Прослушайте смысловой кусок. Из предложенных заголовков выберите правильный вариант.
Natural gases were formed by the decomposition of animal and vegetable remains over a period of many centuries. The gases that accumulated penetrated through cracks into porous beds of sand, sandstone and limestone. In these beds surrounded on all sides by compact rock, they formed natural deposits.
The use of natural gas
The main components of natural gas
The origin of natural gas
Запомните слова:
mysterious – таинственный to ignite – загораться, воспламеняться
nothing but – не что иное, как lightning – молния
to break out (broke, broken) - вырваться to pipe – пускать по трубам
bowels of the earth – недра земли to serve – служить
deposit – месторождение
Прослушайте смысловой кусок. Выберите предложение, наиболее точно передающее содержание прослушанного отрывка.
Nowadays everyone knows that there is nothing mysterious about such flames. “Eternal flames” are nothing but combustible gases. They have broken out of the bowels of the earth into the atmosphere and have been ignited, say, by lightning. People today do not worship such flames. They pipe the natural gas to their cities – to factories and homes. They make it serve their needs.
There is nothing mysterious about “eternal flames”.
Instead of (вместо) worshipping “eternal flames” people today make them serve their needs.
Combustible gases have broken out of the bowels of the earth into the atmosphere and have been ignited.
Составьте диалог. Используйте лексику текста, а также известные Вам разговорные формулы.
A.: It is interesting to know if the use of gas is growing fast?
B.: As is known, it certainly is.
A.: What are the reasons, I wonder?
23. Английский юмор:
When did Socrates live?
The teacher asked: “When did Socrates live?” After the silence had become painful, she ordered: “Open your history book. What does it say there?”
Pupil: Socrates, 469 B.C.
Teacher: Now, why didn`t you know when Socrates lived?
Pupil: Well, I though 469 B.C. was his telephone number.
Socrates
painful – зд. удручающий
B.C. – Before Christ – до нашей эры
* * *
Teacher: John, why are you late?
John: Please, madam, I had to wash my neck and ears, but, honest, it won’t happen again.
УРОК 5
Грамматика: 1. Герундий.
2. Причастие II.
3. Инфинитив.
4. Функции глаголов to be, to have в предложении.
Текст The Search for Oil
1. Прочтите вслух следующие слова:
[ ] – evidence, method, develop, investment
[ ] – fracture, balance, gravity
[ ] – discovery, construct, substructure, recover, duster
[ ] – world, search, earth, surface, commercial
[ ] – geologist, geophysicist, geographic, knowledge
[ ] – measure, explosion
[ ] – composition, configuration, exploration, observation
[ ] – location, accumulation, basic, space, operator, great.
2. Прочтите следующие слова, обращая внимание на ударение:
either [ ], generally [ ], knowledge [ ], observation [ ], aware [ ], sufficient [ ], beneath [ ], seismograph [ ], enough [ ], though [ ], technique [ ], magnetometer [ ], perhaps [ ], between [ ], actual [ ].
3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
search [ ] – поиск, разведка
seek [ ] – искать
evidence [ ] – признак, доказательство
oil seep [ ] – выход нефти на поверхность
up-dip [ ] – вверх по восстанию пласта
seepage [ ] – просачивание
fracture [ ] – разлом, разрыв
discovery [ ] – открытие
locate [ ] – обнаруживать
reservoir [ ] – коллекторская порода
investigation [ ] – исследование
gain [ ] – получать
substructure [ ] – подземная структура
dome [ ] – купол
seep [ ] – выход нефти на поверхность
anticline [ ] – антиклиналь
surface map [ ] – карта поверхности
devise [ ] – изобретать
torsion balance [ ] – париометр, крутильные весы
subsurface structure [ ] – погребенная структура
deduce [ ] - прослеживать
measure [ ] – измерять
transit time [ ] - время пробега
sound wave [ ] - звуковая волна
gravity meter [ ] - гравиметр
magnetometer [ ] – магнитометр
remote sensing [ ] - телеметрия
to be commercially feasible [ ] – быть рентабельным
recover [ ] – получать обратно, возмещать
investment [ ] – инвестиции, капиталовложение
to make a profit [ ] – получать прибыль
assure [ ] – уверять, гарантировать
rich strike [ ] - богатое месторождение
duster [ ] – непродуктивная скважина, скважина, не давшая ни нефти, ни газа.
4. Определите значение интернациональных слов:
observation, construct, geologist, geophysicist, structure, specific, method, globe, reservoir, generate, balance, basic, form, configuration, commercially, technique, actual, composition.
5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов «to find» и «to found».
Запомните: to find (found, found) - находить
to found (founded, founded) - основывать
1. The missing expedition has not been found yet. 2. I found it difficult to understand him. 3. St. Petersburg was founded by Peter I in 1703. 4. Peter I founded this city to defend the northern borders of Russia. 5. His theory found no acceptance among scientists. 6. His theory is founded on very superficial (поверхностный, неглубокий) knowledge. 7. Petroleum is generally found in porous sedimentary rocks. 8. The geological party found vast resources of natural gas here last year. 9. Do you know who founded the Moscow University? 10. Before a mineral deposit can be worked, it must first be found.
6. Подберите из правой колонки правильный перевод английских слов и словосочетаний:
1) to look for evidence 1) подземная структура Земли
2) present configuration 2) рентабельный
3) are likely to contain 3) богатое месторождение
4) earth’s substructure 4) непродуктивная скважина
5) remote sensing 5) уменьшают риск
6) oil accumulation 6) современная конфигурация
7) lessen the risk 7) вероятно, содержат
8) commercially feasible 8) получить прибыль
9) make a profit 9) искать признаки
10) rich strike 10) нефтяная залежь
11) duster 11) телеметрия
Подберите к глаголам из списка А соответствующие существительные из списка В. Переведите словосочетание на русский язык.
1) to leаt to; 2) to lessen; 3) to construct; 4) to measure; 5) to look for; 6) to gain;
7) to invest; 8) to take; 9) to recover; 10) to make.
1) millions of dollars; 2) maps; 3) investments; 4) a great many steps; 5) a
discovery; 6) the risk; 7) transmit time; 8) a profit; 9) evidence; 10) information.
8. Герундий (Gerund) образуется путем прибавления суффикса –ing к основе глагола. Помните, что в предложении герундий может выполнять все синтаксические функции:
1) в функции подлежащего герундий переводится на русский язык
существительным или инфинитивом:
Reading such books is difficult.
2) герундий может быть частью сказуемого:
а) в функции именной части сказуемого (после глагола-связки to be) он
переводится инфинитивом или существительным:
My favourite occupation is reading.
б) в функции части составного глагольного сказуемого (после глаголов “to
begin”, “to start” – начинать; “to keep on”, “to go on” – продолжать; “ to stop”,
“to give up” –прекращать) переводится инфинитивом или существительным:
The student began translating the text.
3) в функции дополнения (прямого и предложного) герундий переводится
инфинитивом, существительным или придаточным предложением:
He likes listening to music.
He thinks of going to see his parents.
4) в функции определения ( после существительного с предлогом of или for)
он переводится существительным в родительном падеже; инфинитивом или
придаточным предложением:
The problems of getting oil out of the ground are colossal.
5) в функции обстоятельства после предлогов:
“on (upon)”, “after” переводится деепричастием иди существительным с
предлогами «по», «после».
After (on) returning to Moscow he resumed his work.
«by» - деепричастием, сочетанием предлогов «путем», «при помощи» с существительным или придаточным предложением:
He solved the problem by inventing a new kind of plastic.
“in” – деепричастием или существительным с предлогом «при»:
You must be very careful in making such experiments.
“without” – деепричастием с частицей «не» или существительным с предлогом «без»:
It is impossible to know English well without reading books in the original.
Итак, герундий в различных функциях переводится на русский язык существительным ( с предлогом или без предлога), инфинитивом, деепричастием или придаточным предложением. Способ перевода зависит не столько от функции герундия в предложении, сколько от его лексического значения и сочетаемости слов в русском языке.
9. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод герундия в функции:
а) подлежащего:
1. Changing the volume of a substance changes its density. 2. Exploiting the deposit means the extraction of mineral in it. 3. Measuring resistance is necessary in many experiments. 4. Fracturing of the area can also cause secondary porosity. 5. Using automatic control made it possible to increase productivity. 6. Maintaining constant pressure during the test was absolutely necessary. 7. Prospecting is the search for mineral deposits that can be exploited.
б) части сказуемого:
1. The work of these geologists is looking for oil and gas in new areas. 2. Their aim is finding new ways to increase oil production. 3. The search for economically useful mineral deposits is prospecting. 4. They continued testing until the sample was destroyed. 5. Oil production kept rising from the 1950s up to the 1990s.
в) дополнения:
1. As a rule prospecting includes 3 stages: finding evidence of the mineral finding the deposit and exploring the deposit. 2. For making tools man of the Stone Age used only stones. 3. Thank you for coming. 4. The drilling equipment needs repairing. 5. We suggested drilling an exploratory well to prove the existence of oil at the location. 6. The chief engineer spoke of organizing a new laboratory. 7. They succeeded in locating a rich oil accumulation. 8. Our oil engineers have made good progress in drilling wells.
г) определения:
1. There are different ways of discovering underground oil. 2. Porous solids have a great capacity for absorbing gases. 3. The idea of using this technique was new and unexpected. 4. The American program provided for a number of alternative sources of synthetic fuels including ways of converting coal to gas as well as extracting liquid fuel from oil shale. 5. Highly effective serial methods of prospecting from aircraft have come into wide use. 6. He solved the problem of inventing a new device for measuring reservoir pressure.
д) обстоятельства:
1. We can produce heat by burning oil, gas or any other fuels. 2. It is difficult to understand the nature of oil without studying its origin. 3. After finishing the experiment inform the laboratory assistant about its results. 4. Many different factors are taken into consideration in choosing a prospecting method. 5. Organisms, on dying, fall on the bottom of the sea and are buried there. 6. He solved the problem by inventing a new device for measuring reservoir pressure. 7. Some types of deposits were discovered by using data from air photographs. 8. You cannot increase oil production without modernizing drilling equipment.
10. Переведите предложения, определите, каким членом предложения является герундия:
1. Reading English technical magazines is important for an engineer. 2. I remember attending his lectures on chemistry. 3. He remembers having added some water to the mixture. 4. After failing in the examination in January he had to take it again in February. 5. At the meeting they discussed different ways of improving their work. 6. The problem of obtaining power was solved. 7. As it was late she went away without waiting for us.
11. Сочетание герундия с предшествующим ему притяжательным местоимением или существительным в притяжательном или общем падеже называется герундиальным оборотом.
Запомните, что такой оборот обычно переводится придаточным предложением, которое начинается словами «то, что», «что», «о том, что» и т.д. Существительное или притяжательное местоимение, стоящее перед герундием, при переводе на русский язык становится подлежащим придаточного предложения, а герундий – сказуемым этого предложения.
I heard of your friend going abroad.
Я слышал (о том), что ваш друг едет за границу.
12. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундиального оборота.
1. He know about our working at this problem. 2. The search for oil begins with geologists and geophysicists using their knowledge of the earth to locate geography areas that contain reservoir rock. 3. Excuse my interrupting you. 4. The professor insisted on our comparing the results of the experiment. 5. We can’t begin this work without the commission approving the plan. 6. Their using the new programme for the computer has improved results of the test. 7. At the lecture on physics the teacher spoke about protons and neutrons being two elementary particles. 8. The rule against visitors entering the laboratory during the experiment is strict.
13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод герундия и герундиального оборота:
1. The search for oil begins with geologists and geophysicists using their knowledge of the earth to locate geographic areas that are likely to contain reservoir rock. 2. By 1920 it was found that looking for domes, seeps and anticlines on the surface maps was not sufficient. 3. With the seismograph, subsurface structures can be deduced by measuring the transit times of sound waves. 4. Before investing what may be millions of dollars, the operator needs to know if the well will be comercially feasible.
14. Participle II (Причастие II) образуется от III формы нестандартных глаголов. Для стандартных глаглов признаком Причастия II является суффикс -ed. В предложении может выполнять две синтаксические функции:
а) определение
левое правое
(переводится причастием (переводится причастным
на -мый, -ный, тый) определительным оборотом)
the connected tubes the new device made at our plant
a written letter the mixture divided by the experimentor
the given facts the letter written by me
the developed theory
б) обстоятельство (обычно занимает нулевую позицию)
When asked to read the text, Pete did it well.
Watched from the Earth, Mars looke like a red ball.
Heated to 800 C, the mixture melted.
Причастие II выполняет две важные грамматические функции, а именно:
а) образует сказуемое во всех временах группы Perfect по формуле to have +
Participle II
The engineer has brought the drawings to the shop.
I have not seen you since October.
We had finished the work by 6 o’clock.
б) образует сказуемое в страдательном залоге с одной из форм
вспомогательного глагола to be по формуле: to be + Participle II
The new method is studied by our group.
He was met by us at the station.
The star is seen only in the morning.
Such pipes will be made by our plant only.
Будьте особенно внимательны при переводе глаголов с суффиксом -ed, т.к. они могут быть сказуемым в форме простого прошедшего времени, а также Причас-
тием II в функции определения.
Сравните:
The divided portions of the mixture were put in separate test tubes.
The mixture divided by the experimentor was heated in separate tubes.
The assistant divided the magnet into two separate pieces.
The data obtained helped to study the new substance.
Определите функцию Причастия II в предложении, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Observation of the seeps has led to the discovery of many of the world’s great oil fields. 2. Once such a “likely area” is found, then more specific tests and investigations are made and the information gained from these is used to construct “maps” of the earth’s substructure. 3. By 1920 it was found that looking for domes, seeps and anticlines on the surface maps was not sufficient. 4. Thus geophysical methods were devised. 5. The first method developed was the torsion balance, followed closely by the seismograph. 6. With the seismograph, subsurface structures can be deduced by measuring the transit times of sound waves generated by an explosion. 7. Other tools developed for use by geophysicists are gravity meters and magnetometers. 8. The basic tool in any search for oil is a knowledge of the earth itself – how it was formed, its composition and its present configuration. 9. Not every well drilled today is assured of a rich strike.
16. Инфинитив (the Infinitive) относится к неличным формам глагола. Называя действие он не указывает ни лица, ни числа, ни наклонения. Формальным признаком инфинитива является частица to, которая в некоторых случаях опускается. К именным свойствам инфинитива относится его способность быть в предложении:
1) подлежащим, 2) частью сказуемого, 3)дополнением, 4)определением, 5)обстоятельством. В функции подлежащего инфинитив переводится на русский язык инфинитивом или существительным.
To build good roads is one of the most important tasks facing our engineers. - Строительство хороших дорог – одна из наиболее важных задач, стоящих перед нашими инженерами.
В функции именной части составного сказуемого инфинитив употребляется в сочетании с глаголом-связкой to be, которая переводится на русский язык словами «являться, заключаться в том чтобы, состоять в том чтобы». Сам инфинитив переводится инфинитивом или существительным.
The object is to provide low pressure. – Цель заключается в том, чтобы создать низкое давление.
В функции дополнения инфинитив переводится на русский язык инфинитивом.
We endeavored to minimize the old disadvantages. – Мы стремились довести до минимума ранее имевшие место недостатки.
Инфинитив или инфинитивная группа, стоящая после сущиствительного, к которому она относится, выступает правым определением к существительному:
The size of the gathering line depends on the volume of crude to be moved, pipeline length and other factors.
Размер сборного трубопровода зависит от объема сырой нефти, который должен быть (будет) перекачен по трубопроводу, и от других факторов.
На русский язык правое определение, выраженное инфинитивом, переводится обычно придаточным предложением с союзом «который». Сказуемое такого предложения переводится глаголом, выражающим долженствование, возможность или глаголом в форме будущего времени.
Инфинитив – обстоятельство цели.
Отвечает на вопросы «для какой цели?», «для чего?» и на русский язык переводится неопределенной формой глагола с союзом «для того, чтобы (чтобы)» или существительным с предлогом «для». Инфинитив – обстоятельство цели может стоять в начале предложения перед подлежащим или ближе к концу предложения (после сказуемого или дополнения).
To accelerate the gas a high 1. Чтобы достичь высоких скоростей дви-
pressure is needed in the pipeline. жения газа, необходимо высокое давления
в трубопроводе.
2. Для достижения … .
We use ammeter to measure the 1. Мы используем амперметр для того,
current. чтобы измерить силу тока.
2. … для измерения силы тока.
17. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении, переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. When man first began to seek petroleum, the easiest way to find it was to look for evidence of oil seeps on the earth’s surface. 2. The search for oil begins with geologists and geophysicists using their knowledge of the earth to locate geographic areas that are likely to contain reservoir rock. 3. The information gained from these is used to construct “maps” of the earth’s substructure.
18. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола «to be».
Запомните: глагол «to be» может быть:
1) смысловым глаголом со значениями «быть», «является», «находится»;
2) эквивалентом модального глагола «must» (to be to + инфинитив) со значением «должен» (по договоренности или плану);
3) глаголом-связкой (to be to + инфинитив) со значением «заключаться в том, чтобы», «состоять в том, чтобы», в том случае, если подлежащее выражено существительным типа «task», «question», «problem», «duty», «aim»;
4) вспомогательным глаголом, служащим для образования:
а) времен группы Continuous (to be + Participle I);
б) страдательного залога (to be + Participle II).
1. Most substances are complex in composition. 2. The conference is to open in a few days. 3. The aim of the conference is to discuss the problem of new energy sources. 4. He is making progress in mathematics. 5. The task of higher school is to educate highly-qualified specialists. 6. Coal, oil and natural gas are used as fuel. 7. Every worker is to know safety rules. 8. Gypsum is formed through sedimentation of mineral substances dissolved in water. 9. Thus, gypsum is a chemical sediment. 10. Now the students of our group are studying physical geology which deals with the chemical composition, crystal form and the origin of minerals. 11. They are in the laboratory now.
19. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на различные значения глагола «to have».
Запомните: глагол «to have» может быть:
1) смысловым глаголом со значением «иметь»;
2) эквивалентом модального глагола «must» (to have to + инфинитив) со значением «должен» (в силу определенных обстоятельств), «нужно», «приходится»;
3) вспомогательным глаголом, служащим для образования времен группы Perfect (to have + Participle II).
1. We have many laboratories at our Institute. 2. We shall have a five minutes’ break now. 3. Have you answered all the questions? 4. Our scientists have to solve many complicated problems. 5. The students of our group have already studied petrography dealing with the structure, texture and composition of rocks. 6. She doesn’t have to go to the library. I’ll give her the book she needs. 7. The research workers had made a lot of experiments before they got the necessary results. 8. You will have to try to do it again. 9. I had a lot of work to do last night.
20. Определите, являются ли глаголы «to be» и «to have» смысловым, вспомогательным глаголом, глаголом-связкой или эквивалентом модального глагола. Переведите предложения.
1. We shall be waiting for you at the bus-stop at 5 o’clock. 2. At this signal, the operator is to start the machine. 3. The building of the new school will be finished next month. 4. The students were carrying the experiment for some hours. 5. Our task was to define the speed of the reaction. 6. We are to have a short break at about 2 o’clock. 7. The report which is to be made by this scientist is of great importance for our future work. 8. They have already passed their exams. 9. We did not have to ask the teacher any questions, we could do the work ourselves. 10. After the laboratory assistant had brought all the necessary diagrams, the lecture began. 11. To remember the new words you have to read them aloud. 12. New gas provinces have been discovered in the northern part of the Tyumen region.
21. Прочтите и переведите текст:
THE SEARCH FOR OIL
When men first began to seek petroleum, the easiest way to find it was to look for evidence of oil seeps on the earth’s surface. Generally, oil seeps are either up-dips or seepage along a fracture. Observation of seeps has led to the discovery of many of the world’s great oil fields in the U. S., the Middle East, Venezuela, and at other points on the globe.
Indeed, the search for oil begins with geologists and geophysicists using their knowledge of the earth to locate geographic areas that are likely to contain reservoir rock. Once such a “likely area” is found, then more specific tests and investigations are made and the information gained from these is used to construct “maps” of the earth’s substructure. By 1920 it was found that looking for domes, seeps and anticlines on the surface maps was not sufficient. Thus geophysical methods were devised that gave the searchers an idea of what lay beneath the surface.
The first method developed was the torsion balance, followed closely by the seismograph. With the seismograph, subsurface structures can be deduced by measuring the transit times of sound waves generated by an explosion. Other tools developed for use by geophysicists are gravity meters and magnetometers. Another space age technique is remote sensing.
But of course, the basic tool in any search for oil is a knowledge of the earth itself – how it was formed , its composition and its present configuration. It is not enough though, to merely become aware of the existence of an oil accumulation at a given location. Before investing what may be millions of dollars, the operator needs to know if the well will be commercially feasible, or simply stated, will he recover his investment and perhaps make a profit? Not every well drilled today is assured of a rich strike. There are still many dusters, but modern techniques lessen the risk. However, a great many steps must be taken between exploration and actual drilling.
22. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What was the easiest way to find oil? 2. What has observation of seeps led to? 3. What does the search for oil begin with? 4. How are maps of the earth’s substructure constructed? 5. When and why were geophysical methods of prospecting devised? 6. Can you name the main geophysical methods and tools? 7. What is the basic tool in any search for oil? 8. What is it necessary to know before investing millions of dollars into a well? 9. Why must one take a great many steps between exploration and actual drilling?
23. Перескажите текст по вопросам 22-го упражнения.
24. Текст для аудирования:
1. Прослушайте текст:
Oil in Siberia
The oil and gas deposits in Siberia are unique in their size. Their importance increases greatly if we consider the fact that the Siberia discoveries took place at a time when many oil and gas reservoirs in the old and new worlds had become greatly depleted. The demand for oil and gas is growing quickly as a whole.
At a time of such high demand for oil Siberia is regarded as a supplier of this raw material and fuel. Siberian oil serves as raw material for large petrochemical combines in Novosibirsk, Tobolsk, Omsk.
Discovery of oil in Siberia simplifies the development of a number of districts including the Trans-Urals, Extreme North and Far East. Prospects have opened up for the rapid development of petrochemistry. One Siberian oilworker said: “when we struck the first well at the now famous Samotlor field, we saw not a black fountain but a blossoming land; the cold land of Siberia warmed by our oil and labour”.
2. Запомните следующие синонимы, дайте их перевод:
oil (petroleum); deposit (field); reservoir (formation, bed); demand (need); development (progress); convey (transport); area (district, region); well (hole, bore-hole); fountain (gusher); land (country).
3. Запомните следующие глаголы:
increase (увеличивать), deplete (истощать), serve (служить),
stimulate (стимулировать, способствовать).
4. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих русских слов и словосочетаний:
уникальный, спрос, топливо, быстрый, нефтехимические предприятия, нефтяник, комбинаты.
5. Ответьте на вопросы:
What can you say about the oil and gas deposits in Siberia?
At what time did the Siberian discoveries take place?
Is the demand for oil and gas growing quickly?
25. Прослушайте и прочитайте диалог. Затем воспроизведите и продолжите его.
Student: We are interested in Russian oil and gas potential and we are going to ask you
some questions.
Teacher: All right. You may put questions to me and I’ll try to answer them.
Student: Well, what can you say about oil and gas deposits in Russia?
Teacher: As far as I know our country has unique oil and gas deposits. New discoveries
come thick and fast.
Student: Where are the largest of them located?
Teacher: You see, the largest have been those of the West Siberian gas fields, mainly in the Tyumen region, in the Komi Autonomous Republic, and near Orenburg.
26. Английский юмор:
Two students’ father were talking about their children. One of them said: “When my son went to college, it took him three years to get his BS.”
The second father smiled: “ That’s nothing. When my daughter went to college, it took her two years to get a Ph. D.”
“How could she get a Ph. D. in only two years?”
Father said complacently “ She married him”.
1) BS – Bachelor of Science – бакалавр наук
2) Ph. D. – Doctor of Philosophy – доктор философии
3) complacently – самодовольно
* * *
The professor was delivering the final lecture of the term. He stressed the fact that each student should devote all the time that he has to preparing for the final examinations.
“The examination papers are now in the hands of the printer. Are there any questions?”
There was a silence. Suddenly a voice from the back seat asked: “Who’s the printer?”