Добавил:
kiopkiopkiop18@yandex.ru Вовсе не секретарь, но почту проверяю Опубликованный материал нарушает ваши авторские права? Сообщите нам.
Вуз: Предмет: Файл:

6 курс / Диетология и нутрициология / Глобальная_стратегия_по_кормлению_детей_грудного_и_раннего_возраста

.pdf
Скачиваний:
1
Добавлен:
24.03.2024
Размер:
504.82 Кб
Скачать

Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz plhfdjj[hfytybz ,skf cjplfyf d 1948u& rfr cgtwbfkbpbhjdfyyjt exht;ltybt Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq^ xnj,s ltqcndjdfnm d rfxtcndt herjdjlzotuj b rjjhlbybhe.otuj jhufyf d vt;leyfhjlyjq hf,jnt gj plhfdjj[hfytyb. b cfybnfhbb& Jlyf bp ecnfdys[ aeyrwbq DJP ghtljcnfdktybt j,]trnbdyjq b yflt;yjq byajhvfwbb b cjdtnjd d j,kfcnb plhfdjj[hfytybz^ b ’ne pflfxe jyf xfcnbxyj dsgjkyztn c gjvjom. ibhjrjq ghjuhfvvs ge,kbrfwbq& Cdjbvb ge,kbrfwbzvb Jhufybpfwbz cnhtvbncz jrfpsdfnm gjllth;re yfwbjyfkmysv cnhfntubzv plhfdjj[hfytybz b jcdtoftn d yb[ yfb,jktt frnefkmyst ghj,ktvs j[hfys pljhjdmz yfctktybz dj dctv vbht& Cnhtvzcm eljdktndjhbnm gjnht,yjcnb ujcelfhcnd-xktyjd yf dct[ ehjdyz[ hfpdbnbz^ DJP ge,kbretn ghfrnbxtcrbt herjdjlcndf^ yfcnfdktybz b ext,yst vfnthbfks lkz rjyrhtnys[ rfntujhbq hf,jnybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz^ vt;leyfhjlyj ghbtvktvst ghbywbgs b cnfylfhns^ j,pjhs b fyfkbps gjkbnbrb b ghjuhfvv plhfdjj[hfytybz b bccktljdfybq d ’njq j,kfcnb^ f nfr;t cjukfcjdfyyst yf jcyjdt rjyctycecf ljrkfls j gjcktlyb[ ljcnb;tybz[ d hfpkbxys[ j,kfcnz[^ d rjnjhs[ cjlth;fncz nt[ybxtcrbt cjdtns b htrjvtylfwbb lkz kbw^ ghbybvf.ob[ htitybz& "nb rybub ntcyj cdzpfys c ghbjhbntnysvb vthjghbznbzvb Jhufybpfwbb b j[dfnsdf.n ghjabkfrnbre ,jktpytq b ,jhm,e c ybvb^ cjplfybt cghfdtlkbds[ cbcntv plhfdjj[hfytybz yf jcyjdt gthdbxyjq vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob b erhtgktybt pljhjdmz jnltkmys[ kbw b j,oby& Ldb;tybt gj genb r ekexityb. pljhjdmz lkz dct[ nht,etn nfr;t ukj,fkmyjuj hfcghjcnhfytybz byajhvfwbb b j,vtyf t. c bcgjkmpjdfybtv pyfybq b jgsnf dct[ ujcelfhcnd - xktyjd DJP ghb cjnhelybxtcndt dctvbhys[ kblthjd d j,kfcnb j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz b vtlbrj-,bjkjubxtcrb[ yfer&

Lkz j,tcgtxtybz cfvjq ibhjrjq ljcnegyjcnb fdnjhbntnyjq byajhvfwbb b herjdjlcnd gj djghjcfv plhfdjj[hfytybz DJP j,tcgtxbdftn ibhjrjt hfcghjcnhfytybt cdjb[ ge,kbrfwbq yf vt;leyfhjlyjq fhtyt b gjjohztn b[ gthtdjl b flfgnfwb.& Gjvjufz erhtgktyb. b j[hfyt pljhjdmz^ f nfr;t ghjabkfrnbrt ,jktpytq b ,jhm,t c ybvb dj dctv vbht^ rybub DJP cgjcj,cnde.n ljcnb;tyb. ukfdyjq pflfxb Jhufybpfwbb j,kflfybt dctvb k.lmvb yfbdscibv ljcnb;bvsv ehjdytv pljhjdmz&

DS<JHJXYST GE<KBRFWBB DJP^ RFCF>OBTCZ LFYYJQ NTVS

The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. A systematic review

http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/ New_Publications/NUTRITION/WHO_CA H_01_23.pdf

The optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Report of an expert consultation

http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health/ New_Publications/NUTRITION/WHO_CA H_01_24.pdf

Nutrient adequacy of exclusive breastfeeding http://www.who.int/nut/document/ nut_adequacy_of_exc_bfeeding_eng.pdf

Rjhvktybt ltntq gthdjuj ujlf ;bpyb% abpbjkjubxtcrbt jcyjds

1990, 108 pages, ISBN 92 4 068670 3 Order no. 0036701

J[hfyf^ gjjohtybt b gjllth;rf uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz

The special role of maternity services. A joint WHO/ UNICEF statement.

1989, iv + 32 pages, ISBN 92 4 156130 0 Order no. 1150326

Management of severe malnutrition:

a manual for physicians and other senior health workers

http://www.who.int/nut/documents/manage_ severe_malnutrition_eng.pdf

Evidence for the ten steps to successful breastfeeding

1998, vi + 111 pages, WHO/CHD/98.9 Order no. 1930142

Hypoglycaemia of the newborn

Review of the literature

1997, ii + 55 pages, WHO/CHD/97.1; WHO/MSM/97.1

Order no. 1930165

Promoting breast-feeding in health facilities

(under revision)

1996, 391 pages, 154 colour slides, eight training modules in loose-leaf binder, WHO/NUT/96.3

Order no. 1930100

Breastfeeding counselling a training course, 1993

Document WHO/CHD/95.2

The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative

Monitoring and reassessment: tools to sustain progress

1999, four sections in a loose-leaf binder with computerized reporting system, WHO/NHD/99.2

HIV and infant feeding (under revision)

. Guidelines for decision-makers Document WHO/FRH/NUT/CHD/98.1 http://www.unaids.org/unaids/document/ mother-to-child/infantpolicy.pdf

. A guide for health care managers and supervisors

Document WHO/FRH/NUT/CHD/98.2 http://www.unaids.org/unaids/document/ mother-to-child/infantguide.pdf

. A review of HIV transmission through breastfeeding Document WHO/FRH/NUT/CHD/98.3 http://www.unaids.org./highband/document/ mother-to-child/hivmod3.pdf

Complementary feeding: family foods for breastfed children

2000, iii + 52 pages WHO/NHD/00.1; WHO/FCH/CAH/00.6 In developing countries: Sw.fr. 7.70. Order no. 1930177

Complementary feeding of young children in developing countries

A review of current scientific knowledge 1998, ix + 228 pages, WHO/NUT/98.1 Order no. 1930141

National infant and young child assessment tool: practices, policies and programmes (in preparation)

Complementary feeding counselling: a training course (in preparation)

Ljgjkybntkmye. byajhvfwb. d jnyjitybb ’nb[ b lheub[ ge,kbrfwbq DJP vj;yj gjkexbnm gj flhtce%

Marketing and Dissemination

World Health Organization1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland

"ktrnhjyyfz gjxnf% publications@who.int

Afrc% +41 22 791 4857 Ntk&% +41 22 791 2476

Ccskrb yf bcnjxybrb d Bynthytnt% http://www.who.int/nut/publications.htm http://www.who.int/child-adolescent-health http://www.who.int/nutgrowthdb/

Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb.

ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz plhfdjj[hfytybz :tytdf

WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

Global strategy for infant and young child feeding.

Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf&

1.Infant nutrition 2.Breast feeding 3.Feeding behavior 4.National health programs 5.Health policy 6.Guidelines I.World Health Organization

ISBN 92 4 456221 9

(NLM classification: WS 120)

Q Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz plhfdjj[hfytybz^ 2003 u&

Dct fdnjhcrbt ghfdf j[hfyz.ncz& Ge,kbrfwbb Dctvbhyjq jhufybpfwbb plhfdjj[hfytybz vj;yj pfrfpfnm d Jnltkt c,snf b hfcghjcnhfytybz (Marketing and Dissemination)^ World Health Organization^ 20 Avenue Appia^ 1211 Geneva 27^ Switzerland)^ (gj ntktajye% +41 22 791 24 76 bkb afrce% +41 22 791 48 57 bkb gj ’ktrnhjyyjq gjxnt% bookorders@who.int)& Pfghjcs j hfphtitybb yf djcghjbpdtltybt bkb gthtdjl ge,kbrfwbq DJP^ ,elm nj lkz htfkbpfwbb bkb d ytrjvvthxtcrb[ wtkz[^ yfghfdkzqnt d Jnltk ge,kbrfwbq gj afrce% +41 22 791 48 06 bkb gj ’ktrnhjyyjq gjxnt% permissions@who.int.

Cjlth;fybt

Cjrhfotybz

iv

Ghtlbckjdbt

v

Ddtltybt

1

Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq

 

uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

5

Jghtltktybt ghj,ktvs

5

Jghtltktybt wtkb b pflfx

6

Cjltqcndbt yflkt;fotve rjhvktyb.

 

ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

8

Lheubt fkmnthyfnbds rjhvktybz

10

Rjhvktybt d bcrk.xbntkmyj nhelys[ eckjdbz[

11

Ekexitybt ghfrnbrb rjhvktybz

13

Ljcnb;tybt wtktq cnhfntubb

14

Gthdjjxthtlyst ltqcndbz

17

d wtkz[ j[hfys

17

d wtkz[ gjjohtybz

18

d wtkz[ gjllth;rb xthtp cbcntvs

 

vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob

18

d wtkz[ gjllth;rb d j,obyt

19

d wtkz[ gjllth;rb rjhvktybz ltntq

 

uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf d jcj,j

 

nhelys[ j,cnjzntkmcndf[

20

J,zpfyyjcnb b jndtncndtyyjcnm

21

Ghfdbntkmcndf

21

Lheubt pfbynthtcjdfyyst cnjhjys

22

Vtlbrj-cfybnfhyst exht;ltybz

 

b jhufybpfwbb

22

Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb^

 

drk.xfz uheggs gjllth;rb yf ,fpt j,obys

23

Rjvvthxtcrbt ghtlghbznbz

25

Cjwbfkmyst gfhnyths

25

Lheubt uheggs

25

Vt;leyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb

26

Pfrk.xtybt

28

Ghbkj;tybt& Htpjk.wbz WHA55&25% Gbnfybt ltntq

 

uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

31

Jlj,htybt Bcgjkybntkmysv cjdtnjv >YBCTA

34

Cjrhfotybz

AFJ

Ghjljdjkmcndtyyfz b ctkmcrj[jpzqcndtyyfz

 

jhufybpfwbz J,]tlbytyys[ Yfwbq

DBX#CGBL

Dbhec bvveyjltabwbnf xtkjdtrf#cbylhjv

 

ghbj,htntyyjuj bvveyjltabwbnf

VJN

Vt;leyfhjlyfz jhufybpfwbz nhelf

>Y"QLC

J,]tlbytyyfz b cjdvtcnyj jhufybpjdfyyfz

 

ghjuhfvvf JJY gj DBX#CGBLe

>YAGF

Ajyl JJY d j,kfcnb yfhjljyfctktybz

EDR<

Eghfdktybt Dth[jdyjuj rjvbccfhf JJY gj

 

ltkfv ,t;tywtd

>YBCTA

Ltncrbq ajyl JJY

DJP

Dctvbhyfz jhufybpfwbz plhfdjj[hfytybz

iv

Ghtlbckjdbt

DJP b >YBCTA cjdvtcnyj hfphf,jnfkb Ukj,fkmye. cnhfntub. gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ c ntv

xnj,s vbh eltkzk ,jkmit dybvfybz djpltqcndb. ghfrnbrb rjhvktybz yf egbnfyyjcnm^ hjcn b hfpdbnbt^ pljhjdmt b^ nfrbv j,hfpjv^ cfvj ds;bdfybt ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf&

Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz jcyjdfyf yf afrnbxtcrb[ lfyys[^ gjlndth;lf.ob[ pyfxtybt gbnfybz d gthdst vtczws b ujls ;bpyb b ne htif.oe. hjkm cjjndtncnde.otuj rjhvktybz^ rjnjhe. jyj buhftn d ljcnb;tybb jgnbvfkmys[ htpekmnfnjd c njxrb phtybz pljhjdmz& Kbitybt ht,tyrf uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz^ b jcj,tyyj bcrk.xbntkmyj uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz d ntxtybt gthdjuj gjkujlf ;bpyb^ zdkztncz df;ysv afrnjhjv hbcrf pf,jktdftvjcnb b cvthnyjcnb ltntq uhelyjuj b ,jktt cnfhituj djphfcnf^ rjnjhsq kbim eceue,kztncz ytcjjndtncnde.obv ghbrjhvjv& Gjcktlcndbz^ rjnjhst crfpsdf.ncz yf ghjnz;tybb dctq gjcktle.otq ;bpyb^ drk.xf.n ckf,e. ecgtdftvjcnm d irjkt^ gjyb;tyye. ghjbpdjlbntkmyjcnm nhelf b eoth, byntkktrnefkmyjve b cjwbfkmyjve hfpdbnb.&

Cnhfntubz zdkztncz htpekmnfnjv ghjdtltyyjuj d ntxtybt lde[ ktn dctj,]tvk.otuj ghjwtccf& C cfvjuj yfxfkf wtkm pfrk.xfkfcm d njv^ xnj,s cajhvekbhjdfnm j,jcyjdfyysq gjl[jl r j,ktuxtyb. nhfubxtcrjuj ,htvtyb^ kt;fotuj yf ltnz[ vbhf^ f bvtyyj nt[ 50¢- 70¢ lbfhtqys[ ,jktpytq^ rjhb^ vfkzhbb b byatrwbq yb;yb[ ls[fntCkmys[ gentq d ltncndt^ rjnjhst ntv bkb bysv j,hfpjv cdzpfys c ytljcnfnjxysv gbnfybtv^ b cjltqcndjdfnm ecnjqxbjve evtymityb. ybotns b kbitybq&

"nf ltzntkmyjcnm ghtljcnfdbkf dtkbrjktgye. djpvj;yjcnm rhbnbxtcrb gthtcvjnhtnm d cdtnt gjcktlyb[ yfexys[ b ’gbltvbjkjub&- xtcrb[ lfyys[ aeylfvtynfkmyst afrnjhs^ dkbz.obt yf ghfrnbre rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf& D nj ;t dhtvz jyf gjpdjkbkf j,yjdbnm ghbdth;tyyjcnm ltke ghjljk;tybz cjdvtcnys[ ltqcndbq d cjjndtncndbb c Bybwbfnbdjq gj cjplfyb. d ,jkmybwf[ eckjdbq^ ,kfujghbzncnde.ob[ uhelyjve dcrfhvkbdfyb.^ c Vt;leyfhjlysv cdjljv ghfdbk gj c,sne pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf b Byyjxtynbqcrjq ltrkfhfwbtq j, j[hfyt^ gjjohtybb b gjllth;rt uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz&

v

Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

Cnhfntubz pflevfyf rfr herjdjlcndj r ltqcndb.* d ytq jghtltkz.ncz dbls ltzntkmyjcnb c ljrfpfyysv gjkj;bntkmysv djpltqcndbtv^ gjlxthrbdftncz df;yjcnm ghtljcnfdktybz vfnthzv b ctvmzv gjllth;rb^ rjnjhfz bv ytj,[jlbvf lkz dsgjkytybz cdjb[ df;ys[ hjktq^ xtnrj ajhvekbhe.ncz j,zpfyyjcnb b jndtncndtyyjcnm d ’njv jnyjitybb ghfdbntkmcnd^ vt;leyfhjlys[ jhufybpfwbq b lheub[ cjjndtncnde.ob[ cnjhjy&

Vs ujhlbvcz ntv^ xnj herjdjlzobt jhufys yfib[ lde[ exht;ltybq tlbyjleiyj dscrfpfkbcm d gjllth;re Ukj,fkmyjq cnhfntubb1& Bnfr^ gthdsq gjkbnbxtcrbq ifu cltkfy& Ntgthm ghbikj dhtvz lkz dct[^ rjuj ’nj rfcftncz^ drk.xfz ghfdbntkmcndf^ f nfr;t lheub[ ,tcxbcktyys[ frnbdbcnjd d j,otcndt^ ltqcndjdfnm ,scnhj b wtktyfghfdktyyj^ c ntv xnj,s lj,bnmcz joenbvs[ htpekmnfnjd d ljcnb;tybb df;ytqitq wtkb&

Cnhfntubb b ghfrnbxtcrb[ pflfx& Ytkmpz ,jkmit jnrkflsdfnm ghbvtytybt rjvgktrcys[ pyfybq b jgsnf^ rjnjhst ljk;ys gjvjxm cltkfnm yfi vbh bcnbyyj ghbujlyjq chtljq^ d rjnjhjq dct ltnb vjuen ghjwdtnfnm b gjkyjcnm. hfcrhsdfnm cdjq dyenhtyybq gjntywbfk&

Uhe {fhktv <heylnkfyl

R’hjk <tkkfvb

LV^ VJP

Bcgjkybntkmysq lbhtrnjh

Utythfkmysq lbhtrnjh

Ltncrjuj ajylf

Dctvbhyjq jhufybpfwbb

Jhufybpfwbb J,]tlbytyys[

plhfdjj[hfytybz

Yfwbq

1Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz ,skf jlj,htyf rjyctycecjv 18 vfz 2002 u& Gznmltczn gznjq ctccbtq Dctvbhyjq fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz b 16 ctynz,hz 2002 u& Bcgjkybntkmysv cjdtnjv >YBCTA (cv& ghbkj;tybt)&

vi

1& Ddtltybt

Yf cdjtq Cnj gthdjq ctccbb d zydfht 1998 u& Bcgjkybntkmysq rjvbntn Dctvbhyjq jhufybpfwbb plhfdjj[hfytybz ghbpdfk

djpj,yjdbnm ukj,fkmye. ghbdth;tyyjcnm cjjndtncnde.otve gbnfyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf b^ d xfcnyjcnb^ uhelyjve dcrfhvkbdfyb. b yflkt;fotve ghbrjhve& Dgjcktlcndbb DJP d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c Ltncrbv ajyljv JJY jhufybpjdfkf rjycekmnfnbdyjt cjdtofybt (:tytdf^ 1317 vfhnf 2000 u&) lkz jwtyrb gjkbnbrb rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ fyfkbpf jcyjdys[ vthjghbznbq b dshf,jnrb dctj,otq cnhfntubb yf cktle.ott ltcznbktnbt&

Gjckt j,ce;ltybz yf Gznmltczn nhtnmtq ctccbb Dctvbhyjq fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz d vft 2000 u& b Cnj ctlmvjq ctccbb Bcgjkybntkmyjuj rjvbntnf d zydfht 2001 u& j,otuj yf,hjcrf b jcyjdys[ ’ktvtynjd ukj,fkmyjq cnhfntubb Gznmltczn xtndthnfz ctccbz Dctvbhyjq fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz (vfq 2001 u&) hfccvjnhtkf [jl hf,jns b ghtlkj;bkf Utythfkmyjve lbhtrnjhe ghtlcnfdbnm cnhfntub. yf hfccvjnhtybt Cnj ltdznjq ctccbb Bcgjkybntkmyjuj rjvbntnf b Gznmltczn gznjq ctccbb Dctvbhyjq fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz d zydfht b vft 2002 u&^ cjjndtncndtyyj1&

D [jlt j,ce;ltybz ghjtrnf ukj,fkmyjq cnhfntubb xktys Bcgjkrjvf lfkb gjkj;bntkmye. jwtyre njve afrne^ xnj ecnfyjdkty rjycekmnfnbdysq ghjwtcc^ jgbhf.obqcz yf yfexyst lfyyst^ rjnjhsq ghbdtk r tt hfphf,jnrt d rfxtcndt jhbtynbhf d hfphf,jnrt vtnjljd ekexitybz ghfrnbrb rjhvktybz^ exbnsdf.ob[ cgtwbabre cnhfys& Jyb nfr;t ghbdtncndjdfkb byntuhbhjdfyysq b dctj,]tvk.obq vtnjl cnhfntubb& Ytrjnjhst xktys Bcgjkrjvf dscnegbkb c ghtlkj;tybzvb d jnyjitybb njxyjq ajhvekbhjdrb ghjtrnf cnhfntubb& "nb ghtlkj;tybz ,skb nofntkmysv j,hfpjv ghbyzns dj dybvfybt d gjlujnjdrt cnhfntubb^ rhjvt njuj^ ,skb exntys pfvtxfybz ujcelfhcnd-xktyjd gjckt Cnj ltdznjq ctccbb Bcgjkrjvf2^ f nfr;t pfvtxfybz lheub[ pfbynthtcjdfyys[ cnjhjy^ drk.xfz ghjatccbjyfkmyst fccjwbfwbb^ ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb b gbotde. ghjvsiktyyjcnm& Gjlxthrbdfz wtyyjcnm ghfdbkmysv j,hfpjv gjcnhjtyyjuj ghjtrnf^ Bcgjkrjv htrjvtyljdfk Fccfv,ktt plhf-

1Htpjk.wbz WHA54&2^ geyrn 3(6)&

2Ghtlcnfdktys d jndtn yf wbhrekzhyjt gbcmvj C.L.5.2002.jn 8 atdhfkz 2002 u&

1

Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

djj[hfytybz gjllth;fnm ukj,fkmye. cnhfntub. b htrjvtyljdfk ujcelfhcndfv-xktyfv jceotcndkznm tt d cjjndtncndbb c eckjdbzvb cnhfys d wtkz[ cjltqcndbz jgnbvfkmyjve rjhvktyb. dct[ ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf1&

Ajhvekbhe.ofzcz cnhernehf gjkbnbrb

C cfvjuj yfxfkf ,skj jujdjhtyj^ xnj ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz ljk;yf cnhjbnmcz yf ghjiks[ b ysytiyb[ ljcnb;tybz[^ d xfcnyjcnb Bybwbfnbdt gj cjplfyb. d ,jkmybwf[ eckjdbq^ ,kfujghbznys[ lkz uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz (1991 u&)^ Vt;leyfhjlyjv cdjlt ghfdbk c,snf pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf (1981 u&) b Byyjxtynbqcrjq ltrkfhfwbb j, j[hfyt^ gjjohtybb b gjllth;rt uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz (1990 u&)^ d j,otv rjyntrcnt yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb b ghjuhfvv d j,kfcnb gbnfybz b j[hfys pljhjdmz ht,tyrf b d cjjndtncndbb cj Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbtq b Gkfyjv ltqcndbq d j,kfcnb gbnfybz2& Jlyfrj jyf ljk;yf blnb lfkmit b gjlxthrbdfnm ytj,[jlbvjcnm dctj,]tvk.otq yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb gbnfybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ drk.xfz ghbywbgs j,tcgtxtybz yflkt;fotuj gbnfybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf d bcrk.- xbntkmyj nhelys[ eckjdbz[^ f nfr;t ytj,[jlbvjcnm d njv^ xnj,s dct vtlbrj-cfybnfhyst cke;,s j,tcgtxbdfkb j[hfye^ cjltqcndbt b gjllth;re bcrk.xbntkmyj uhelyjve dcrfhvkbdfyb.^ hfdyj rfr b cdjtdhtvtyyjve b fltrdfnyjve ghbrjhve c ghjljk;tybtv uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz&

D jcyjde hfphf,jnrb cnhfntubb ,skj gjkj;tyj ldf ghbywbgf% jyf ljk;yf ,fpbhjdfnmcz yf cfvs[ gjcktlyb[ yfexys[ b ’gbltvbjkjubxtcrb[ lfyys[ b jceotcndkznmcz c vfrcbvfkmysv exfcnbtv pfbynthtcjdfyys[ kbw b uhegg& Cjjndtncndtyyj ’nf hf,jnf gjnht,jdfkf j,ibhyjuj j,pjhf yfexyjq kbnthfnehs b hzlf nt[ybxtcrb[ rjycekmnfwbq& Gjcktlybt rjywtynhbhjdfkbcm rfr yf jcyjdjgjkfuf.ob[ ’ktvtynf[ cnhfntubb^ nfr b yf rjyrhtnys[ djghjcf[^ yfghbvth d [jlt rjycekmnfnbdyjuj cjdtofybz DJP# >YBCTA d vfhnt 2000 u&^ d rjnjhjv ghbyzkb exfcnbt ’rcgthns gj cnhfntubxtcrbv b ghjuhfvvysv fcgtrnfv lfyyjq ghj,ktvs b ghtlcnfdbntkb VJN^ EDR< b >Y"QLC* cjdtofybz Vt;exht;ltyxtcrjq wtktdjq uheggs >Y"QLC#>YBCTA# >YAGF#DJP (:tytdf^ 11-13 jrnz,hz 2000 u&)^ yf rjnjhjv

1Htpjk.wbz EB109.R18.

2Dctvbhyfz ltrkfhfwbz b Gkfy ltqcndbq d j,kfcnb gbnfybz& Vt;leyfhjlyfz rjyathtywbz gj gbnfyb.^ Hbv^ AFJ#DJP^ 1992 u&

2