- •1. The text has 9 paragraphs. Which paragraph mentions the first controlled flying machine?
- •1. What are the facts you have learnt from the text? Share ideas with your partner.
- •2. Read the following International words and try to guess their meaning. Discuss them with your partner. Check the pronunciation of these words in the dictionary.
- •1. Read the text and try to guess the meaning of underlined words from the content of the text. S.P.Korolyov
- •1. You are given answers. Make up questions. (all possible types).
- •2. Agree or disagree with the statements using phrases.
- •3. Complete the following sentences without consulting the text.
- •1. Read the text below. Think of a suitable title. Provide reasoning. Types of flying apparatus
- •Quiz Time
- •1. Check you knowledge on the history of the balloons. Do the following quiz and mark the statements as true (t) or false (f).
- •2. Compare your answers with those of your partner’s.
- •3. Define the main idea of the first paragraph. Find the supporting details that help to develop the main idea.
- •4. Explain the meaning of the following words and word combinations from the text. Make use of a dictionary if necessary.
- •5. Choose the one word that best keeps the content of the text.
- •6. Complete the following sentences using the content of the text.
- •1. You are going on a balloon flight. Tell who and what you would like to take with you. Follow the plan.
- •Types of aircraft
- •1. Name the aircraft you know. Describe them. Try to group them according to their principle of flying.
- •2. Match the keywords with their translations.
- •1. Read the text and check whether your predictions in ex. 2 were correct.
- •2. Read the text and name the vehicles not mentioned at the beginning of the unit.
- •3. Read the text and write out the words and word combinations you don’t know, try to guess their meaning from the context. Compare your notes with your partners. Types of aircraft
- •1. Fill in the diagram with missing information from the text.
- •2. The text has 9 paragraphs. Which paragraph mentions a) different landing devices; b) vehicle flying due to up and down air streams; c) vehicle able to hover in the air?
- •3. Read the text again and decide if these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
- •4. Ask your partner ten questions about types of aircraft.
- •5. Explain the difference between:
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the synonyms.
- •2. Make up all possible combinations with the verbs.
- •3. Make up 5 sentences with the word combinations from ex. 2.
- •4. Work in pairs. Give the definitions of the following words and expressions.
- •5. Fill in the gaps with the words & expressions from the box.
- •6. Give the English equivalents to the words in the brackets.
- •1. Translate the text in a written form.
- •1. Airplanes have many applications in a variety of fields. Brainstorm as many uses of the airplane as possible.
- •2. Look at the picture of an airplane. Name the airplane components you know, share the terms with your partner.
- •Airplane components
- •1. You have read the text. Fill in the picture with missing terms from the text.
- •3. Read the sentences and decide if they are true (t) or false (f). Correct the false ones.
- •4. Answer the following questions:
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the words from a and b. Make as many combinations as possible.
- •2. Find the words in the text that mean:
- •3. Translate the words in brackets:
- •1. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences:
- •1. You know that the history of aircraft designing was very long and designers constructed amazing flying machines. Prepare a report about one of them to your group mates.
- •2. Read the text and check whether your answers were correct.
- •3. Read the text and write out the words you don’t know, try to guess their meaning from the context. Compare your notes with your partners. Aircraft and some facts about the flight
- •1. Divide the text into logical parts. Think of the subtitle to each part. Highlight the key words of each part.
- •2. In the text find the definition of lifting force and air resistance.
- •3. Complete the following sentences with suitable words from the text:
- •4. These are the definitions. Guess the terms.
- •5. Agree or disagree with the statements. Use conventional formulae of agreement and disagreement.
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the word in column a with the word in column b having a similar meaning. Be careful, there are some extra words in column b.
- •2. Match the antonyms.
- •3. Choose the best alternative to fill the gaps in these sentences.
- •1. Translate the text in a written form.
- •1. Define the main idea of paragraph h. Find the supporting details that help to develop the main idea.
- •2. Complete the sentences with the best options.
- •3. Match the terms with their definitions.
- •4. Read the text again and decide if these statements are true or false.
- •5. These are the answers. What are the questions?
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the synonyms.
- •2. Match the antonyms.
- •3. Give the English equivalents to the words in the brackets.
- •4. Translate into English the following words and word combinations.
- •5. Use the prepositions in the box to complete the sentences.
- •1. Look at the picture and predict what kind of aircraft it is. Explain why you think so.
- •2. Translate the text in a written form.
- •1. Analyse conventional wing and flying wing. Compare them. Highlight their similarity and difference. Make a report to your group mates. The following expressions might be helpful:
- •The tail group
- •1. Match the given titles with the corresponding paragraphs. Watch out! There is an extra title.
- •2. Which of the following sentences summarize the main idea of the paragraph e most accurately?
- •3. Guess what it is:
- •4. In the text find the definition of flutter.
- •5. Fill in the gaps using the following words from the box.
- •6. Work in pairs. Make up 5 ”False” and 5 “True” statements and tell them your partner. “False” statements should be corrected.
- •1. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences.
- •2. Translate in a written form matching with the picture.
- •1. Work in groups. You are involved in developing of a new airplane. You are responsible for the tail group. Find out some additional information for your topic.
- •1. Divide the text into logical parts. Think of the subtitle to each part.
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Give your own definitions for the words from the text.
- •2. A) Check if you know the meaning of the following verbs.
- •3. Match the synonyms. Watch out! There is an extra word in the column b.
- •4. In the text, find the words with the meaning opposite to these words.
- •5. Choose the best alternative to fill the gaps in these sentences.
- •1. Translate in a written form. Three Axes of an Airplane
- •Power Plant
- •1. Work in pairs. Give a definition of a power plant. Suggest various areas of application for power plants.
- •2. Write down 10 words that may be related to the topic.
- •1. Read the text and match the English words with their Russian counterparts.
- •Power Plant
- •2. Read the text again and write down the words you don’t know. Guess the meaning of the words. Compare them with your partner. If you couldn’t guess, consult a dictionary.
- •5. Explain the terms in your own words.
- •6. Answer the following questions.
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match words in a with words b to form the word combinations.
- •2. Translate into English.
- •3. Give the English equivalents to the words in the brackets.
- •4. In the text highlight the word and phrases which mean the same as these phrases.
- •1. Translate the text in a written form.
- •1. You are to prepare a report for student’s scientific conference. Proposed topics are:
- •1. Complete the table according to the content of the text.
- •2. Define the main idea of paragraphs d and h.
- •3. Complete the sentences below with suitable words from the box.
- •4. Ask questions to which the following sentences are answers. Remember to use “wh” words: why, what, where, when.
- •5. Give your own definitions for the words from the text.
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the word in column a with the word in column b having a similar meaning. Be careful! There are some extra words in column b.
- •2. Find in the text antonyms of the following words.
- •3. A) Check if you know the meaning of the following words.
- •4. Complete the missing part of the table.
- •1. Match the beginnings and the endings of the sentences.
- •1. You are a guide of the museum of aviation. Tell a group of the first-year students about different types of landing gear. You may need some more information.
- •1. In the text find the main function of a) the main rotor b) the tail rotor.
- •2. Make up sentences using word combinations from ex.1.
- •3. Match the synonyms.
- •4. Fill in the table with the proper part of speech derived from the word given.
- •1. Translate in a written form.
- •1. You are to organize transportation of a scientific expedition to the impassable forest. What kind of aircraft will you choose? Give your reasons. Tell your partners about your choice.
- •1. Choose the answer which is the most corresponding with the text information:
- •2. Insert the proper words from the box:
- •3. Divide the text into logical parts. Think of the subtitle to each part. Highlight the key words of each part.
- •4. In the text find the definition of a stress man.
- •5. Answer the questions:
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. Match the synonyms and make up word combinations using words from column b.
- •2. Fill in the gaps with the suitable derivative of the word given in brackets.
- •1. Imagine you are a supervisor of a trainee group. Tell them about plane makers and steps of aircraft designing.
- •2. Read the text and check whether your predictions were correct.
- •3. Read the text and write a brief heading for each paragraph. Rockets
- •1. In the text find the definition of: a) rocket; b) multistage rocket; c) rocket equation.
- •2. Explain the difference between stacked staging scheme and parallel staging scheme.
- •3. Define the main idea of paragraphs d and I. Find supporting details that help to develop the main idea.
- •4. Complete the sentences with the best option.
- •5. Work in group. Ask your partners questions concerning the contents of the text.
- •Vocabulary Focus
- •1. A) Match the synonyms.
- •2. In the text find the words with the meaning opposite to these phrases.
- •Final Test
- •1. Look at these words for parts of a plane.
- •Supplementary Reading a new Era for Aircraft
- •Sukhoi Su-47
Sukhoi Su-47
The Sukhoi Su-47 Berkut also designated S-32 and S-37 during initial development, is an experimental supersonic jet fighter developed by Sukhoi Aviation Corporation. A distinguishing feature of the aircraft is its forward-swept wing.
The Su-47 was originally built as Russia's principal testbed for composite materials and sophisticated fly-by-wire control systems. The aircraft makes use of forward-swept wings allowing superb maneuverability and operation at angles of attack up to 45° or more.
TsAGI has long been aware of the advantages of forward-swept wings. Forward-swept wings offer lower wave drag, reduced bending moments, and delayed stall when compared to more traditional wing shapes. Unfortunately, forward sweep also induces twisting (divergence) strong enough to rip the wings off an aircraft built of conventional materials. Only recently have composite materials made the design of aircraft with forward-swept wings feasible.
The Su-47 is of similar dimensions to previous large Sukhoi fighters, such as the Su-35. To reduce development costs, the Su-47 borrowed the forward fuselage, vertical tails, and landing gear of the Su-27 family. Nonetheless, the aircraft includes reduced radar signature features (including radar absorbent materials), an internal weapons bay, and space set aside for an advanced radar.
To solve the problem of wing-twisting, the Su-47 makes use of composite materials carefully designed to resist twisting while still allowing the wing to bend for improved aerodynamic behavior. Due to its comparatively large wingspan, the Su-47 is to be equipped with folding wings, in order to fit inside hangars. Like its immediate predecessor, the Su-37, the Su-47 is of tandem-triplane layout, with canards ahead of wings and tailplanes. Interestingly, the Su-47 has two tailbooms of unequal length outboard of the exhaust nozzles. The shorter boom, on the left-hand side, houses rear-facing RADAR, while the longer boom houses a brake parachute.
The forward-swept midwing gives the unconventional appearance of the Su-47. A substantial part of the lift generated by the forward-swept wing occurs at the inner portion of the wingspan. The lift is not restricted by wingtip stall. The ailerons - the wing's control surfaces - remain effective at the highest angles of attack, and controllability of the aircraft is retained even in the event of airflow separating from the remainder of the wings' surface.
The wing panels are constructed of nearly 90% composites. The forward-swept midwing has a high aspect ratio, which contributes to long-range performance. The leading-edge root extensions blend smoothly to the wing panels, which are fitted with deflectable slats on the leading edge; flaps and ailerons on the trailing edge. The all-moving and small-area trapezoidal canards are connected to the leading-edge root extensions.
The disadvantage of such a wing design is that it produces strong rotational forces that try to twist the wings off, especially at high speeds. This twisting necessitates the use of a large amount of composites in order to increase the strength and durability of the wing. Despite this, the plane was initially limited to Mach 1.6. Recent engineering modifications have raised this limit.
The cockpit's design has focused on maintaining a high degree of comfort for the pilot and also on the pilot being able to control the aircraft in extremely high g-load manoeuvres. The aircraft is equipped with a new ejection seat and life support system. The variable geometry adaptive ejection seat is inclined at an angle of 60°, which reduces the impact of high g forces on the pilot. The seat allows dogfight maneuvers with significantly higher g loadings than can normally be tolerable. The Su-47 pilot uses a side-mounted, low-travel control stick and a tensiometric throttle control.
UNIT 1
From the History of flying
wing– крыло
safety- безопасность
pressure- давление
scientific- научный
flow– поток, течь
lift(lifting force) - подъёмная сила
device– устройство, агрегат
development– разработка, развитие
control– управление, управлять
plane– плоскость, самолёт
flight- полёт
crew- экипаж
altitude- высота
range– дальность, диапазон
speed- скорость
supersonicjetplane- сверхзвуковой реактивный самолёт
piston-enginedaircraft– самолёт с поршневым двигателем
equip, equipment– оборудовать, оборудование
armament– вооружение
UNIT 2
Pioneer of Rocket Engineering
designer –конструктор
artificial –искусственный
satellite – спутник
spaceship –космический корабль
guidance –руководство
tograduatefrom– заканчивать учебное заведение
acquaintance –знакомство
jet propulsion –реактивное движение
participation –участие
release –освобождение
to appoint –назначать
unexpectedly –неожиданно, внезапно
to implement –осуществлять
gratitude –признательность
fruitful –плодотворный
UNIT 3
Types of Flying Apparatus
to force– вынуждать, заставлять
to drift– сноситься ветром
engine- двигатель
balloon– воздушный шар
5. transportation- перевозка
6. scientist- учёный
7. to obtain- достигать
8. radar- радар
9. readings- данные
10. flight- полёт
11. air- воздух
12. distance- расстояние
13. to reach– достигать
UNIT 4
Types of aircraft
glider - планер
airplane - самолёт
helicopter - вертолёт
autogiro - автожир
missile- реактивный снаряд, ракета
power plant– силовая установка
air stream– воздушный поток
air flow– воздушный поток
advance– успех, прогресс
engine- двигатель
lift (lifting force)– подъёмная сила
to propel– двигать, толкать
thrust- тяга
jet engine– реактивный двигатель
arrangement– компоновка, расположение
biplane- биплан
monoplane- моноплан
mid wing monoplane- среднеплан
high wing monoplane- высокоплан
low wing monoplane- низкоплан
fuselage- фюзеляж
to attach- прикреплять
strut– стойка
brace- подкос
to take off- взлетать
26. to land - приземляться
27. flying boat – летающая лодка
28. seaplane - гидросамолёт
29. conventional – традиционный, обычный
30. amphibian - амфибия
31. airfoil – аэродинамическая поверхность
32. rotor – несущий винт вертолёта
33. blade - лопасть
34. tractor airscrew - тянущий воздушный винт
35. fuel - топливо
UNIT 5
Airplane Components
tail unit (empennage)– хвостовое оперение
flight controls– средства управления полётом
landing gear (undercarriage)- шасси
to propel- двигать
nacelle- гондола
compartment– отсек, кабина
accessories– вспомогательное оборудование
cockpit– кабина пилота
wing centre-section– центроплан
to design- проектировать
cargo room– грузовой отсек
sweptback- стреловидный
trailing edge– задняя кромка
aileron- элерон
flap- закрылок
trimmer tab- триммер
fin- киль
plane– плоскость, самолёт
rudder– руль поворота
stabilizer- стабилизатор
elevator– руль высоты
to hinge– крепить шарнирно
to deflect- отклонять
wing tip– законцовка крыла
longitudinal axis– продольная ось
lateral axisбоковая (поперечная) ось
attach- прикреплять
tricycle gear– трехопорное шасси
skid- хвостовая опора
retractable- втягивающийся
UNIT 6
Aircraft and some facts about the flight
aircraft– летательный аппарат
force- сила
leading edge– передняя кромка
trailing edge- задняя кромка
to reduce- уменьшать
to compress- сжимать
to increase- увеличивать
thrust- тяга
drag– лобовое сопротивление
gravity– сила тяжести
to overcome- преодолевать
to design- проектировать
straight-and-level flight – горизонтальный полёт
to result in– приводить к
climb– набор высоты
descent- снижение
UNIT 7
THE WING
wingroot– корневая часть крыла
to house– вмещать, содержать
fuel tank– топливный бак
control mechanism– механизм управления
bay– отсек, ниша
span– размах
chord- хорда
sweptback wing– стреловидное крыло
sweptforwardwing– крыло с обратной стреловидностью
spar– лонжерон крыла
stringer- стрингер
beam- балка
transverse- поперечный
rib– нервюра, ребро
skin- обшивка
bending- изгиб
shear– срез, сдвиг
torsion- кручение
to reinforce- усиливать
spanwise stiffener– продольный элемент жёсткости
payload– полезная нагрузка
stressed skin– работающая обшивка
UNIT 8
The Tail Group
to fit–оснащать, устанавливать
tail unit (empennage)– хвостовое оперение
stabilizer- стабилизатор
elevator– руль высоты
fin- киль
rudder– руль направления
to hinge– крепить шарнирно
attitude– пространственная ориентация ЛА
directional stability– устойчивость на курсе
directional control– управление по курсу
auxiliary- вспомогательный
adjustable- регулируемый
dorsal fin- форкиль
balance area– площадь компенсатора
hinge moment– шарнирный момент
flutter- флаттер
dynamic balancing– динамическая балансировка
movable- подвижный
to avoid- избегать
UNIT 9
The Fuselage Structure
landing gear - шасси
longerone- лонжерон
frame– рама, каркас
wheel well– ниша шасси
bay– отсек, ниша
truss type– ферменный тип
to weld- сваривать
girder type– балочный тип
monocoque type– монококовый тип фюзеляжа
semimonocoque type– полумонококовый тип фюзеляжа
stringer- стрингер
longeron- лонжерон
stressed-skin fuselage – фюзеляж с работающей обшивкой
stiffness- жёсткость
to rivet- клепать
bulkhead- шпангоут
stress- нагрузка
assembly– агрегат, сборка
to join- соединять
lightgaugemetal– лёгкий листовой металл
UNIT 10
The Power Plant
essential– существенный, неотъемлемый
power plant– силовая установка
reliable- надёжный
to maintain- поддерживать
poweredflight– полёт с работающим двигателем
to derive– получать, извлекать
internal combustion engine– двигатель внутреннего сгорания
piston engine– поршневой двигатель
jet engine– реактивный двигатель
crankshaft– коленчатый вал
connecting rod- шатун
sonic- звуковой
supersonicсверхзвуковой
pressure- давление
ramjet– прямоточный воздушно-реактивный двигатель
pulsejet– пульсирующий воздушно-реактивный двигатель
turbojet– турбореактивный двигатель
turboprop– турбовинтовой двигатель
turbofan– турбовентиляторный двигатель
propellant– ракетное топливо
jet– реактивная струя
exhaust- выхлоп
heat exchanger- теплообменник
UNIT 11
The Landing Gear
landing gear (undercarriage)- шасси
take off- взлёт
landing- посадка
shock - удар
to absorb- поглощать
pneumatic tyre– пневматическая шина
shock-absorbing strut– амортизирующая стойка
framework- каркас
strut- стойка
tailwheel(skid) – хвостовое колесо, опора
tricycle landing gear– трёхопорное шасси
nose leg– носовая стойка
main leg– основная стойка
to nose over- капотировать
retractable landing gear– втягивающееся шасси
linkage- соединение
nacelle- гондола
swiveling mounting– шарнирное крепление
to withstand- выдерживать
fullybrakedlanding– остановка с полным торможением
to prevent - предотвращать
to damage- повреждать
electrical charge– электрический заряд
UNIT 12
Helicopters
rotary wing aircraft (helicopter)- вертолёт
rotor– несущий винт вертолёта
blade- лопасть
to hover- зависать
auxiliary- вспомогательный
tail rotor– рулевой винт
to counteract- противодействовать
power plant efficiency – КПД силовой установки
advantage (disadvantage)– преимущество (недостаток)
to revolve- вращаться
fuel consumption– расход топлива
range– дальность
aerial crane– воздушный кран
sling– подвешивать, строп
to search- искать
airstrip– взлётно-посадочная полоса
UNIT 13
The Airplane Designers
fuel- топливо
radio navigational instruments– радио-навигационное оборудование
freight- груз
safety- безопасность
load- груз
to bear– выдерживать нагрузку
stressman– инженер по расчёту на прочность
sample- образец
to test– испытывать
to prove– доказать, подтвердить
to destroy- разрушать
resistance- сопротивление
fatigue strength– усталостная прочность
to result in– приводить к
to result from– вытекать из
collapse- разрушаться
airworthiness– пригодность к полёту
freezing point– температура замерзания
UNIT 14
Rockets
vehicle– транспортное средство
missile– реактивный снаряд, ракета
to eject– извергать, выталкивать
launchvehicle– средство выведения на орбиту
satellite- спутник
equation- уравнение
propellant– ракетное топливо
oxidizer- окислитель
combustion chamber– камера сгорания
nozzle- сопло
exhaust- выхлоп
to launch– производить пуск
spacecraft– космический корабль
multistage rocket– многоступенчатая ракета
stacked scheme– многоярусная схема
to attach- крепить
to jettison- отбрасывать
booster– ракета-носитель
lift-off– старт космического корабля
burn-outtime– момент выгорания топлива
altitude- высота
condition– состояние, условие