Posterior Dynamic Stabilization

Devices

Barbagallo GM, Olindo G, Corbino L, Albanese V (2009) Analysis of complications in patients treated with the X-Stop Interspinous Process Decompression System: proposal for a novel anatomic scoring system for patient selection and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 65(1):111– 119; discussion 119–120

Chiu JC (2006) Interspinous process decompression (IPD) system (X-STOP) for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Surg Technol Int 15:265–275

Christie SD, Song JK, Fessler RG (2005) Dynamic interspinous process technology. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 30(16 Suppl):S73–S78

Ha AS, Petscavage-Thomas JM (2014) Imaging of current spinal hardware: lumbar spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203(3):573–581

Kuchta J, Sobottke R, Eysel P, Simons P (2009) Two-year results of interspinous spacer (X-Stop) implantation in 175 patients with neurologic intermittent claudication due to lumbar spinal stenosis. Eur Spine J 18(6):823–829

Lindsey DP, Swanson KE, Fuchs P et al (2003) The effects of an interspinous implant on the kinematics of the instrumented and adjacent levels in the lumbar spine. Spine 28(19):2192–2197

Sangiorgio SN, Sheikh H, Borkowski SL, Khoo L, Warren CR, Ebramzadeh E (2011) Comparison of three posterior dynamic stabilization devices. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36(19):E1251–E1258

Dynamic Facet Replacement

Murtagh RD, Quencer RM, Castellvi AE, Yue JJ (2011) New techniques in lumbar spinal instrumentation: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiology 260:317–330

Wilke HJ, Schmidt H, Werner K et al (2006) Biomechanical evaluation of a new total posterior-element replacement system. Spine 31(24):2790–2796

Dynamic Rods

Bothmann M, Kast E, Boldt GJ, Oberle J (2008) Dynesys fixation for lumbar spine degeneration. Neurosurg Rev 31(2):189–196

Schwarzenbach O, Berlemann U, Stoll TM, Dubois G (2005) Posterior dynamic stabilization systems: DYNESYS. Orthop Clin North Am 36(3):363–372

Failed Back Surgery Syndrome and

Related Complications

Hayashi D, Roemer FW, Mian A, Gharaibeh M, Müller B, Guermazi A (2012) Imaging features of postoperative complications after spinal surgery and instrumentation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 199(1):W123–W129

Malhotra A, Kalra VB, Wu X, Grant R, Bronen RA, Abbed KM (2015) Imaging of lumbar spinal surgery complications. Insights Imaging 6(6):579–590

Hardware Malpositioning and

Migration

Foxx KC, Kwak RC, Latzman JM, Samadani U (2010) A retrospective analysis of pedicle screws in contact with the great vessels. J Neurosurg Spine 13(3):403–406

Hicks JM, Singla A, Shen FH, Arlet V (2010) Complications of pedicle screw fixation in scoliosis surgery: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(11):E465–E470

Kimura H, Shikata J, Odate S, Soeda T, Yamamura S (2012) Risk factors for cage retropulsion after posterior lumbar interbody fusion: analysis of 1070 cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 37(13):1164–1169

Lonstein JE, Denis F, Perra JH, Pinto MR, Smith MD, Winter RB (1999) Complications associated with pedicle screws. J Bone Joint Surg Am 81(11):1519–1528 Shem KL (2005) Late complications of displaced thoracolumbar fusion instrumentation presenting as new pain in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord

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Hardware Loosening and

Pseudarthrosis

Ko CC, Tsai HW, Huang WC, Wu JC, Chen YC, Shih YH, Chen HC, Wu CL, Cheng H (2010) Screw loosening in the Dynesys stabilization system: radiographic evidence and effect on outcomes. Neurosurg Focus 28(6):E10

Lu WW, Zhu Q, Holmes AD, Luk KD, Zhong S, Leong JC (2000) Loosening of sacral screw fixation under in vitro fatigue loading. J Orthop Res 18(5):808–814

Uzi EA, Dabby D, Tolessa E, Finkelstein JA (2001) Early retropulsion of titanium-threaded cages after posterior lumbar interbody fusion: a report of two cases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26(9):1073–1075

Van Goethem JW, Parizel PM, Jinkins JR (2002) Review article: MRI of the postoperative lumbar spine. Neuroradiology 44(9):723–739

Hardware and Periprosthetic

Fractures

Lonstein JE, Denis F, Perra JH, Pinto MR, Smith MD, Winter RB (1999) Complications associated with pedicle screws. J Bone Joint Surg Am 81:1519–1528

Sewell MD, Woodacre T, Clarke A, Hutton M (2016) Broken pedicle screw thread extraction from within the pedicle. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 98(4):285–286

Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak

Hadani M, Findler G, Knoler N, Tadmor R, Sahar A, Shacked I (1986) Entrapped lumbar nerve root in pseudomeningocele after laminectomy: report of three cases. Neurosurgery 19(3):405–407

Lee KS, Hardy IM (1992) Postlaminectomy lumbar pseudomeningocele: report of four cases. Neurosurgery 30(1):111–114

Murayama S, Numaguchi Y, Whitecloud TS, Brent CR (1989) Magnetic resonance imaging of post-surgical pseudomeningocele. Comput Med Imaging Graph 13(4):335–339

Phillips CD, Kaptain GJ, Razack N (2002) Depiction of a postoperative pseudomeningocele with digital subtraction myelography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 23(2):337–338

Teplick JG, Peyster RG, Teplick SK, Goodman LR, Haskin ME (1983) CT identification of postlaminectomy pseudomeningocele. AJR Am J Roentgenol 140(6):1203–1206

Tomoda Y, Korogi Y, Aoki T, Morioka T, Takahashi H, Ohno M, Takeshita I (2008) Detection of cerebrospinal fluid leakage: initial experience with three-­ dimensional fast spin-echo magnetic resonance myelography. Acta Radiol 49(2):197–203

Yoo HM, Kim SJ, Choi CG, Lee DH, Lee JH, Suh DC, Choi JW, Jeong KS, Chung SJ, Kim JS, Yun SC (2008) Detection of CSF leak in spinal CSF leak syndrome using MR myelography: correlation with radioisotope cisternography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(4):649–654

Postoperative Infection

Boody BS, Jenkins TJ, Hashmi SZ, Hsu WK, Patel AA, Savage JW (2015) Surgical site infections in spinal surgery. J Spinal Disord Tech 28(10):352–362

Katonis P, Tzermiadianos M, Papagelopoulos P, Hadjipavlou A (2007) Postoperative infections of the thoracic and lumbar spine: a review of 18 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res 454:114–119

Weinstein MA, McCabe JP, Cammisa FP Jr (2000) Postoperative spinal wound infection: a review of 2,391 consecutive index procedures. J Spinal Disord 13(5):422–426

Postoperative Neuritis

Lee YS, Choi ES, Song CJ (2009) Symptomatic nerve root changes on contrast-enhanced MR imaging after surgery for lumbar disk herniation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(5):1062–1067

Arachnoiditis

Frizzell B, Kaplan P, Dussault R, Sevick R (2001) Arachnoiditis ossificans: MR imaging features in five patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 177(2):461–464

Khosla A, Wippold FJ II (2002) CT myelography and MR imaging of extramedullary cysts of the spinal canal in adult and pediatric patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:201–207

Revilla TY, Ramos A, González P, Alday R, Millán JM (1999) Arachnoiditis ossificans. Diagnosis with helical computed tomography. Clin Imaging 23(1):1–4

Sanders WP, Truumees E (2004) Imaging of the postoperative spine. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 25(6):523–535

Van Goethem JW, Parizel PM, Jinkins JR (2002) Review article: MRI of the postoperative lumbar spine. Neuroradiology 44(9):723–739

Garrett MP, Kakarla UK, Porter RW, Sonntag VK (2010) Formation of painful seroma and edema after the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein- ­2 in posterolateral lumbar spine fusions. Neurosurgery 66(6):1044–1049; discussion 1049

Martin CT, Kebaish KM (2010) Postoperative spinal epidural hematoma at a site distant from the main surgical procedure: a case report and review of the literature. Spine J 10(4):e21–e25

Bundschuh CV, Modic MT, Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Bohlman H (1988) Epidural fibrosis and recurrent disk herniation in the lumbar spine: MR imaging assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 150(4):923–932

Bundschuh CV, Stein L, Slusser JH, Schinco FP, Ladaga LE, Dillon JD (1990) Distinguishing between scar and recurrent herniated disk in postoperative patients: value of contrast-enhanced CT and MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11(5):949–958

Ross JS (2000) Magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 4(3):281–291

Ross JS, Obuchowski N, Modic MT (1999) MR evaluation of epidural fibrosis: proposed grading system with intraand inter-observer variability. Neurol Res 21(Suppl 1):S23–S26

Suk KS, Lee HM, Moon SH, Kim NH (2001) Recurrent lumbar disc herniation: results of operative management. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 26(6):672–676

Retained Bone Fragments and New

Bone Formation

Javid MJ, Hadar EJ (1998) Long-term follow-up review of patients who underwent laminectomy for lumbar stenosis: a prospective study. J Neurosurg 89(1):1–7

Rosen C, Rothman S, Zigler J, Capen D (1991) Lumbar facet fracture as a possible source of pain after lumbar laminectomy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 16(6 Suppl):S234–S238

Postoperative Synovial Cyst

Schofferman J, Reynolds J, Herzog R, Covington E, Dreyfuss P, O’Neill C (2003) Failed back surgery: etiology and diagnostic evaluation. Spine J 3(5):400–403

Slipman CW, Shin CH, Patel RK, Isaac Z, Huston CW, Lipetz JS, Lenrow DA, Braverman DL, Vresilovic EJ Jr (2002) Etiologies of failed back surgery syndrome. Pain Med 3(3):200–214; discussion 214–217

Walcott BP, Coumans JV (2012) Postlaminectomy synovial cyst formation: A possible consequence of ligamentum flavum excision. J Clin Neurosci 19(2):252–254. Epub 2011 Nov 1

Residual/Recurrent Tumors

Boriani S, Saravanja D, Yamada Y, Varga PP, Biagini R, Fisher CG (2009) Challenges of local recurrence and cure in low grade malignant tumors of the spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 34(22 Suppl):S48–S57

Boström A, von Lehe M, Hartmann W, Pietsch T, Feuss M, Bostrom JP, Schramm J, Simon M (2011) Surgery for spinal cord ependymomas: outcome and prognostic factors. Neurosurgery 68(2):302–308; discussion 309

Retained Surgical Tools

Lee CS, Chung SS, Park JC, Shin SK, Park YS, Kang KC (2011) A broken drill-bit fragment causing severe radiating pain after cervical total disc replacement: a case report. Asian Spine J 5(2):125–129

WolfsonKA,SeegerLL,KadellBM,EckardtJJ(2000)Imaging of surgical paraphernalia: what belongs in the patient and what does not. Radiographics 20(6):1665–1673

Gossypiboma

Is M, Karatas A, Akgul M, Yildirim U, Gezen F (2007) A retained surgical sponge (gossypiboma) mimicking a paraspinal abscess. Br J Neurosurg 21(3):307–308

Kim HS, Chung TS, Suh SH, Kim SY (2007) MR imaging findings of paravertebral gossypiboma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 28(4):709–713

Van Goethem JW, Parizel PM, Perdieus D, Hermans P, de Moor J (1991) MR and CT imaging of paraspinal textiloma (gossypiboma). J Comput Assist Tomogr 15(6):1000–1003

Danzer E, Adzick NS, Rintoul NE, Zarnow DM, Schwartz ES, Melchionni J, Ernst LM, Flake AW, Sutton LN, Johnson MP (2008) Intradural inclusion cysts following in utero closure of myelomeningocele: clinical implications and follow-up findings. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2(6):406–413

Mazzola CA, Albright AL, Sutton LN, Tuite GF, Hamilton RL, Pollack IF (2002) Dermoid inclusion cysts and early spinal cord tethering after fetal surgery for myelomeningocele. N Engl J Med 347(4):256–259

Tang L, Cianfoni A, Imbesi SG (2006) Diffusion-weighted imaging distinguishes recurrent epidermoid neoplasm from postoperative arachnoid cyst in the lumbosacral spine. J Comput Assist Tomogr 30(3):507–509

Okuda S, Iwasaki M, Miyauchi A, Aono H, Morita M, Yamamoto T (2004) Risk factors for adjacent segment degeneration after PLIF. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29(14):1535–1540

Park P, Garton HJ, Gala VC, Hoff JT, McGillicuddy JE (2004) Adjacent segment disease after lumbar or lumbosacral fusion: review of the literature. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 29(17):1938–1944

Postoperative Deformity

Jagannathan J, Sansur CA, Shaffrey CI (2008) Iatrogenic spinal deformity. Neurosurgery 63(3 Suppl):104–116

Noun Z, Lapresle P, Missenard G (2001) Posterior lumbar osteotomy for flat back in adults. J Spinal Disord 14(4):311–316

Wang MY, Berven SH (2007) Lumbar pedicle subtraction osteotomy. Neurosurgery 60(2 Suppl 1):ONS140– ONS146; discussion ONS146

Wiggins GC, Ondra SL, Shaffrey CI (2003) Management of iatrogenic flat-back syndrome. Neurosurg Focus 15(3):E8

Intrathecal Spinal Infusion Pump

Diehn FE, Wood CP, Watson RE Jr, Mauck WD, Burke MM (2011) Hunt CH (2011) Clinical safety of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with implanted SynchroMed EL infusion pumps. Neuroradiology 53(2):117–122

Langsam A (1999) A case of spinal cord compression syndrome by a fibrotic mass presenting in a patient with an intrathecal pain management pump system. Pain 83(1):97–99

Spinal Cord Stimulators

Hunter TB, Yoshino MT, Dzioba RB, Light RA, Berger WG (2004) Medical devices of the head, neck, and spine. Radiographics 24(1):257–285

North RB, Kidd DH, Zahurak M, James CS, Long DM (1993) Spinal cord stimulation for chronic, intractable pain: experience over two decades. Neurosurgery 32(3):384–394; discussion 394–395

Filum Terminale Sectioning

Kim AH, Kasliwal MK, McNeish B, Silvera VM, Proctor MR, Smith ER (2011) Features of the lumbar spine on magnetic resonance images following sectioning of filum terminale. J Neurosurg Pediatr 8(4):384–389

Ogiwara H, Lyszczarz A, Alden TD, Bowman RM, McLone DG, Tomita T (2011) Retethering of transected fatty filum terminales. J Neurosurg Pediatr 7(1):42–46

Percutaneous Spine Treatments:

Vertebral Augmentation

Anselmetti GC, Muto M, Guglielmi G, Masala S (2010) Percutaneous vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty. Radiol Clin N Am 48(3):641–649

Anselmetti GC, Bonaldi G, Carpeggiani P, Manfre L, Masala S, Muto M (2011) Vertebral augmentation: 7 years experience. Acta Neurochir Suppl 108:147–161

Buchbinder R, Osborne RH, Ebeling PR, Wark JD, Mitchell P, Wriedt C, Graves S, Staples MP, Murphy B (2009) A randomized trial of vertebroplasty for painful osteoporotic vertebral fractures. N Engl J Med 361(6):557–568

Choe DH, Marom EM, Ahrar K, Truong MT, Madewell JE (2004) Pulmonary embolism of polymethyl methacrylate during percutaneous vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183(4):1097–1102

Cyteval C et al (1999) Acute osteoporotic vertebral collapse: open study on percutaneous injection of acrylic surgical cement in 20 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173(6):1685–1690

Duran C, Sirvanci M, Aydoğan M, Ozturk E, Ozturk C, Akman C (2007) Pulmonary cement embolism: a complication of percutaneous vertebroplasty. Acta Radiol 48(8):854–859

Garfin SR et al (2001) New technologies in spine: kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty for the treatment of painful osteoporotic compression fractures. Spine 26(14):1511–1515

Kim SH, Kang HS, Choi JA, Ahn JM (2004) Risk factors of new compression fractures in adjacent vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty. Acta Radiol 45:440–445

Lazáry A, Speer G, Varga PP, Balla B, Bácsi K, Kósa JP, Nagy Z, Takács I, Lakatos P (2008) Effect of vertebroplasty filler materials on viability and gene expression of human nucleus pulposus cells. J Orthop Res 26(5):601–607

Lee IJ, Choi AL, Yie MY, Yoon JY, Jeon EY, Koh SH, Yoon DY, Lim KJ, Im HJ (2010) CT evaluation of local leakage of bone cement after percutaneous kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty. Acta Radiol 51(6):649–654

Lin EP, Ekholm S, Hiwatashi A, Westesson PL (2004) Vertebroplasty: cement leakage into the disc increases the risk of new fracture of adjacent vertebral body. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:175–180

Lin WC, Cheng TT, Lee YC, Wang TN, Cheng YF, Lui CC, Yu CY (2008) New vertebral osteoporotic compression fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty: retrospective analysis of risk factors. J Vasc Interv Radiol 19(2 Pt 1):225–231

Martin JB (1999) Vertebroplasty: clinical experience and follow-up results. Bone 25(2 Suppl):11S–15S

Peh WC, Munk PL, Rashid F, Gilula LA (2008) Percutaneous vertebral augmentation: vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty and skyphoplasty. Radiol Clin N Am 46(3):611–635. vii

Rashid R, Munk PL, Heran M, Malfair D, Chiu O (2009) SKyphoplasty. Can Assoc Radiol J 60(5):273–278 Tong SC, Eskey CJ, Pomerantz SR, Hirsch JA (2006)

“SKyphoplasty”: a single institution’s initial experience. J Vasc Interv Radiol 17(6):1025–1030

Trout AT, Kallmes DF, Kaufmann TJ (2006) New fractures after vertebroplasty: adjacent fractures occur significantly sooner. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27(1):217–223