10.) Lake School of Poets

the group of English romantic poets of the late 18th and early 19th centuries who lived in northern England, in the Lake District (Westmorland and Cumberland counties).

The Lake Poets, W. Wordsworth, S. T. Coleridge, and R. Southey, in opposing the classicist and Enlightenment traditions of the 18th century, began the romantic movement in English poetry. They warmly welcomed the French Revolution but later renounced it, rejecting the Jacobin terror. With time, the political views of the Lake Poets became increasingly reactionary; having rejected the rationalist ideals of the Enlightenment, they espoused belief in the irrational, in traditional Christian values, and in an idealized medieval past. The quality of their poetry also declined. However, their early, and best, works are to this day the pride of English poetry.

The Lake School greatly influenced the younger generation of English romantic poets, including Byron, Shelley, and Keats, who were, nevertheless, resolute critics of the political views of the Lake Poets. The Lake Poets influenced the development of all English poetry of the 19th and 20th centuries.

11.) Speak about the different forms of literature that appeared during the Renaissance

The British Renaissance produced many types of literature for the world to see. Shakespeare, Spenser, and Marlowe all contributed to the shaping of the time period. Yet the Renaissance was more than a "rebirth." It was also an age of new discoveries, both geographical (exploration of the New World) and intellectual.

forms of literature in the Renaissance

1. Classical Antiquity:

There was an increased interest in the grand literatures of the Greek and Romans. Allusions to Greek and Roman characters in Shakespeare's dramas and revival of the theatres along with promotion of the epic are examples.

2. Humanism:

Renaissance held the Human being as the SUpreme Being and distinguished him from the other beings for his faculty of reason. The speeches of Hamlet and Macduff are considerable here.

3. Political reformation:

The concept of hierarchy came into being and intruding in other's spaces became a trend. It resulted in a number of political upheavals. Macbeth and his queen's design to kill Banquo and ascend the throne is a suitable example here.

4. Imitation:

Literature as an imitation of reality, as a 'mirror to life' than mere imitation of the classical masters was promoted. Shakespeare's dramas speak volumes about it.

5. Religious Reformation:

People began to question the Pope and the natural phenomena as believed earlier. Copernican theory brought about a revolution and the people peeped into the deeper secrets of life and existence. Marlowe's Faustus is a considerable figure here.

12.) American Renaissance (Emerson Hawthorne Melville)

American Renaissance, also called New England Renaissance , period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American Civil War in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit.

Content:

writing that can be interpreted 2 ways, on the surface for common folk or in depth for

philosophical readers

sense of idealism

focus on the individual's inner feelings

emphasis on the imagination over reason and intuition over facts

urbanization versus nostalgia for nature

burden of the Puritan past

Genre/Style:

literary tale

character sketch

slave narratives,

political novels

poetry

transcendentalism

Effect:

helps instill proper gender behavior for men and women

fuels the abolitionist movement

allow people to re-imagine the American past

Historical Context:

expansion of magazines, newspapers, and book publishing

slavery debates

Major works from those years include Ralph Waldo Emerson's Representative Men (1850, though most of Emerson's best-known texts were published earlier), Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851), Herman Melville's Moby-Dick (1851)

Ralph Waldo Emerson (May 25, 1803-April 27, 1882) began his career as a Unitarian minister but went on, as an independent man of letters, to become the preeminent lecturer, essayist and philosopher of 19th century America. Emerson was a key figure in the "New England Renaissance’’ Much of Emerson's poetry has been highly esteemed. His poems display tenderness, affection and love of nature. Of special note are "Concord Hymn," written for the completion of the Minuteman Monument in 1837; "Threnody" which expressed his grief at the loss of his first-born son. Individual essays - Circles - first published in 1841. The essay consists of a philosophical view of the vast array of circles one may find throughout nature. In the opening line of the essay Emerson states "The eye is the first circle; the horizon which it forms is the second; and throughout nature this primary figure is repeated without end"

The work of American fiction writer Nathaniel Hawthorne was based on the history of his Puritan ancestors and the New England of his own day. Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables are classics of American literature. The Scarlet Letter is an 1850 romantic work of fiction in a historical setting, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It is considered to be his magnum opus. Set in 17th-century Puritan Boston during the years 1642 to 1649, it tells the story of Hester Prynne, who conceives a daughter through an adulterous affair and struggles to create a new life of repentance and dignity. Throughout the book, Hawthorne explores themes of legalism, sin, and guilt.

Herman Melville (August 1, 1819 – September 28, 1891) was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. He is best known for his novel Moby-Dick. His first three books gained much contemporary attention (the first, Typee, becoming a bestseller), and after a fast-blooming literary success in the late 1840s, his popularity declined precipitously in the mid-1850s and never recovered during his lifetime. When he died in 1891, he was almost completely forgotten. It was not until the "Melville Revival" in the early 20th century that his work won recognition, especially Moby-Dick, which was hailed as one of the literary masterpieces of both American and world literature. He was the first writer to have his works collected and published by the Library of America.