English for Economist and managers-1
.pdf
|
80 |
|
|
EVERYDAY ENGLISH |
|
1. Match a line in A with a line in B |
||
|
|
|
А |
|
В |
|
|
|
Hello, Jane! |
|
Sleep well! |
How are you? |
|
Yes. Can I help you? |
See you tomorrow! |
|
Good morning! |
Good night! |
|
Fine, thanks. |
Good morning! |
|
Not at all. Don‘t mention it. |
Cheers! |
|
Thanks. |
Excuse me! |
|
Thanks! Same to you! |
Bless you! |
|
That‘s very kind. Thank you. |
Have a nice weekend! |
|
Bye |
Thank you very much indeed. |
|
Hi, Peter! |
Make yourself at home. |
|
Good health! |
|
|
|
Special days
Good luck! – Удачи!
Congratulations! – Мои поздравления! ( Не с днем рождения) Happy birthday! – С днем рождения!
Merry Christmas! – Счастливого рождества!
Happy New Year! – С новым годом!
1. Choose the phrase to fit the dialogues.
1.A: It‘s my birthday today.
B:________
2.A: I passed my driving test!
B:________
3.A: I am taking my driving test today.
B:________
4.A:(sneezes) Atchoo!
B:________
81
2.Choose the best word to complete these sentences.
1.How are you? I‘m_________ , thanks. fine| bad| sorry
2._________, could you repeat what you said? Sorry| Cheers| Excuse me
3._________ ! You were fantastic!
Well done| Sorry| Good luck
3. Correct the mistakes.
A.Good evening.
B.Good day.
A.How are you?
B.Terrible. I‘ve got a bad cold and…
A.It‘s my birthday today.
B.Congratulations.
UNIT 6
READING
Text 10
The discoverers of the laws of demand and supply
The law of demand was discovered by A. Cournot (1801-1877), a professor of mathematics at the University of Lyon, France. It was he who drew the first demand curve in the 1830s.
The first practical application of demand theory was done by J. Dupuit (18041866), a French engineer and economist. He calculated the benefits from building a bridge and the correct toll to charge for its use.
The laws of demand and supply and the connection between the costs of production and supply were first worked out by D. Lardner (1793-1859), an Irish professor of philosophy at the University of London.
D. Lardner showed railway companies how they could increase their profits by cutting rates on long-distance business, where competition was fiercest. At the same
82
time according to D. Lardner those companies could raise rates on short-haul business, where they had less to fear from other suppliers.
The principles first worked out by D. Lardner in the 1850s are widely used by economists working for the major airline companies today. Assuming those principles as a basis modern companies work out their freight rates and passenger fares. And the rates that result have a lot in common with those of the nineteenth century in principle.
The law of supply and demand reads as follows: the amount of a product which is available is related to the needs of the possible customer. The scientific approach to the business can bring the producers and suppliers of goods the largest possible profits.
Do you know these words? |
|
demand |
спрос |
discoverer |
первооткрыватель |
to draw (drew, drawn) |
рисовать, чертить |
curve |
кривая |
application |
применение |
benefit |
прибыль, польза |
bridge |
мост |
toll |
плата за проезд по дороге |
to charge |
взимать |
connection |
соединение, связь |
to cut |
резать, сокращать |
competition |
конкуренция |
fierce |
сильный, жесткий |
short-haul business |
перевозки на короткие расстояния |
to fear |
бояться |
freight rates |
тарифы на перевозку грузов |
passenger fares |
пассажирские тарифы |
to have a lot in common |
иметь много общего |
to be available |
быть в наличии, в распоряжении |
to be related |
быть связанным, иметь отношение |
approach |
подход |
83
1. Match the English and the Russian equivalents:
1. law of demand |
а. железнодорожные компании |
2. practical application |
б. много общего |
3. demand curve |
в. закон спроса |
4. the benefits from building a bridge |
г. авиакомпании |
5. the costs of production |
д. практическое применение |
6. railway companies |
е. кривая спроса |
7. a lot in common |
ж. выгода от строительства моста |
8. airline companies |
з. производственные расходы |
2. Translate these word combinations:
1.to discover a law
2.to draw a demand curve
3.to do the application of demand theory
4.to work out the laws
5.to increase the profits
6.to be widely used
7.to bring the largest possible profits
3. Agree or disagree:
1.The law of demand was discovered by Adam Smith.
2.J. Dupuit was a French engineer and economist.
3.D. Lardner worked as a professor of philosophy at the University of London.
4.The competition in the long-distance business was fiercest.
5.The amount of a product which is available is not related to the needs of the possible customer.
4. Complete the sentences from the text and translate then into Russian:
1.The law of demand was …
2.The first practical application of demand theory was …
84
3.The connection between the costs of production and supply was ...
4.The principles first worked out by D. Lardner are …
5.The law of supply and demand reads …
Read and translate the text. Learn the unknown words.
GRAMMAR
Passive Voice
Времена английского глагола в страдательном залоге
В английском языке могут быть 2 залога (Active и Passive). Глаголы в действительном залоге показывают, что действие совершается лицом или предметом, обозначающим подлежащее. Глагол в страдательном залоге показывает, что лицо или предмет, обозначаемый подлежащим, подвергается действию другого лица или предмета.
Active |
Passive |
We sighed a contract. |
The contract was sighed by us. |
Мы подписали контракт. |
Нами был подписан контракт. |
Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующей форме и Participle II (III форма) смыслового глагола.
На русский язык глаголы в страдательном залоге переводятся несколькими способами:
1)глаголами, оканчивающимися на –ся, -сь:
Many trade centers are being built in Voronezh.
Много торговых центров строятся в Воронеже.
2)глаголом «быть» в сочетании с краткой формой причастия:
Nestle was founded in 1905 in Switzerland.
Компания «Нестле» была основана в 1905 году в Швейцарии.
3)неопределенно-личными предложениями с глаголами в действительном залоге в 3-м лице множественного лица:
He was fired last year.
Его уволили в прошлом году.
85
English tenses (Passive Voice)
|
|
|
|
|
Таблица 2 |
|
Времена английского глагола в пассивном (страдательном) залоге |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Simple |
Continuous |
Perfect |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Present |
Am |
|
Am |
|
Have |
|
|
Is |
asked |
Is |
being asked |
been asked |
|
|
Are |
|
Are |
|
Has |
|
|
|
|
*Длительное действие |
*Действие |
|
|
|
*Регулярное |
(процесс), протекающий |
закончилось к |
|
||
|
повторяющееся |
в данный момент |
определенному |
|
||
|
действие ( usually, |
Now ,at the moment |
моменту в |
|
||
|
always, often, |
|
|
прошлом и |
|
|
|
sometimes, every |
|
|
имеется его |
|
|
|
day) |
|
|
|
результат |
|
|
*Факт |
|
|
Already, yet, ever, |
|
|
|
*Будущее время |
|
|
never,lately, |
|
|
|
(по расписанию, |
|
|
recently, this week, |
|
|
|
графику |
|
|
today, since |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
Simple |
Continuous |
Perfect |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Past |
Was |
|
Was |
|
Had been asked |
|
|
|
asked (eaten) |
|
being asked |
*Действие |
|
|
were |
|
Were |
|
закончилось до |
|
|
*Действие в |
*Длительное действие |
начала другого |
|
||
|
прошлом |
(процесс), |
действия в |
|
||
|
Yesterday |
совершавшееся в момент |
прошлом |
|
||
|
Last week (year) |
или период в прошлом |
By 5 o’clock |
|
||
|
3 days ago |
At 5 yesterday |
yesterday |
|
||
|
|
|
From 5 to 6 yesterday |
Before he came |
|
|
|
|
|
For 3 days last week |
By the end of the |
|
|
|
|
|
All the day long/the whole |
last year |
|
|
|
|
|
day |
|
*При |
|
|
|
|
When he came |
согласовании |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
времен |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
86
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Окончание табл. 2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Simple |
|
Continuous |
|
Perfect |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Future |
Will be asked |
|
|
|
|
Shall |
|
|
|
|
|
*Действие в |
|
|
|
|
have been |
|
|
|
|
будущем |
|
|
|
|
asked |
|
|
|
|
Tomorrow |
|
|
|
|
Will |
|
|
|
|
Next week |
|
|
|
|
* Действие |
|
|
|
|
In 3 days |
|
|
|
|
закончится к |
|
|
|
|
In 2020 |
|
|
|
|
определенному |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
моменту в |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
будущем |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
By 5 o’clock |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
tomorrow |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ТЕСТ 10 |
|
|
||
1. Choose the correct verb form. |
|
|
|
|
|
||||
1) |
Why______ he____ to the party? |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
a) didn't... invite |
b) wasn't... invited |
|||||
2) |
The painting by Rembrandt___________ from the museum yesterday. |
||||||||
|
|
|
a) stole |
|
b) was stolen |
|
|
||
3) |
The first sputnik__________ by the Soviet Union in 1956. |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
a) launched |
|
b) was launched |
|
|
||
4) |
When_______ Jury Gagarin______ into cosmos? |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
a) did ... fly |
|
b) was ... flown |
|
|
||
5) |
A new car design__________ at the plant. |
|
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
a) developed |
|
b) was developed |
|
|
||
6) |
Somebody __________ the door from inside. |
|
|
||||||
|
|
|
a) closed |
|
b) was closed |
|
|
||
7) |
Marilyn Monroe's dress _________at the auction at the price of $ 20 000. |
||||||||
|
|
|
a) sold |
|
b) was sold |
|
|
||
8) |
What______ Greece_______? |
|
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
a) does ... export |
b) is ... exported |
|
|
|||
|
87 |
|
9) |
Both the driver and the passenger ________in the car accident. |
|
|
a) injured |
b) were injured |
10) ________ credit cards________ in your shop? |
||
|
a)Do ... accept |
b) Are ... accepted |
2. Choose the correct verb form. |
|
|
1)_________ his words__________ you? |
|
|
|
a) Did ... hurt |
b) were ... hurt |
2) |
Nylon_________ in the 1930s by an American chemist, Julian Hill. |
|
|
a) invented |
b) was invented |
3) |
In Japan marriages of young people__________ by their parents. |
|
|
a) usually arrange |
b) are usually arranged |
4) |
We________ a telephone call from them a few days ago. |
|
|
a) received |
b) were received |
5) |
The first Volkswagen cars_________ in Germany just before the World War II. |
|
|
a) made |
b) were made |
6) |
I__________ them a fax yesterday. |
|
|
a) sent |
b) was sent |
7) |
She_________ a well-paid job. I think she'll take it. |
|
|
a) offered |
b) was offered |
8) |
Our parent company________ in Sweden. |
|
|
a) located |
b) is located |
9) |
Mary Poppins_______ them steadily, looking from one to the other. |
|
|
a) regarded |
b) was regarded |
10) Our factory________ last year. |
|
|
|
a) reconstructed |
b) was reconstructed |
3. Choose the correct verb form. |
|
|
1) |
I__________ my car last week. |
|
|
a) sold |
b) was sold |
2) |
English________ all over the world. |
|
|
a) speak |
b) is spoken |
3) |
We__________ a lot of money on advertising campaign. |
|
|
a) spent |
b) were spent |
|
88 |
|
4) |
The storm________ on Monday afternoon. |
|
|
a) began |
b) was begun |
5) |
During the storm a lot of trees _________ |
|
|
a) blew down |
b) were blown down |
6) |
The roofs of some houses ___________. |
|
|
a) blew away |
b) were blown away |
7) |
Windows in some houses____________ . |
|
|
a) broke |
b) were broken |
8)_____ the film________ Oscar? |
|
|
|
a) Did ... won |
b) Was ... won |
9) |
His film___________ for Oscar. |
|
|
a) nominated |
b) was nominated |
4. Choose the correct verb form from those in brackets.
1)The jumper (is / has been ) washed several times, and it ( wasn't / hasn't) shrunk.
2)Nylon (has / has been) produced since 1938 and today it (is / is being) found in many things.
3)The Houses of Parliament (were / have been) built between 1840 and 1857.
4)Scientists hope that a cure for cancer will soon (be / have been) found.
5)Each Concord (was / had been ) built at a cost of 55 million pounds.
6)Boss says I will (be / have been) given a pay-rise next month.
7)By next year, everybody in the company will (be / have been) given a pay-rise.
8)She will (be / have been) informed about the results of the research as soon as it (is / will be) finished.
9)Wait for a while. He (is / is being) interviewed now.
10)He (is being / has been) interviewed for 40 minutes already.
5. Choose the correct verb form. |
|
|
1) |
The contract___________ at the board meeting now. |
|
|
a) is discussed |
b) was discussed |
|
c) is being discussed |
d) was being discussed |
2) |
Wait a minute! The document_______ by the secretary at the moment. |
|
|
a) is typed |
b) has been typed |
|
c) was typed |
d) is being typed |
|
|
89 |
3) |
The papers___________ by the Managing Director yet. He is on business trip. |
|
|
a) weren't signed |
b) aren't signed |
|
c) haven't been signed |
b) weren't being signed |
4) |
She_________ the Head of the Information Systems Department two months ago. |
|
|
a) is appointed |
b) is being appointed |
|
c) was appointed |
d) has been appointed |
5) |
Recently a new generation of TV sets_________ in Japan. |
|
|
a) is being launched |
b) has been launched |
|
c) was being launched |
d) had been launched |
6) |
At present our company __________. |
|
|
a) is reorganised |
b) is being reorganised |
|
c) has reorganised |
d) has been reorganised |
7) |
The mail________ yet. |
|
|
a) isn't received |
b) isn't being received |
|
c) wasn't received |
d) hasn't been received |
8) |
From Monday English classes________ in the Training Centre. |
|
|
a) are held |
b) are being held |
|
c) will be held |
d) have been held. |
9) |
We__________ to send the documents by Friday. |
|
|
a) were asked |
b) were being asked |
|
c) have been asked |
d) had been asked |
10) At last a new government__________ after a long governmental crisis. |
||
|
a) is formed |
b) is being formed |
|
c) was formed |
d) has been formed |
11) My car________ at the moment. Sorry, 1 can't give you a lift to the station. |
||
|
a) is serviced |
b) is being serviced |
|
c) has been serviced |
d) has being serviced |
12) All the teaching material___________ after the classes start. |
||
|
a) are provided |
b) will be provided |
|
c) provided have been |
d) will have been provided |
6. Make the sentences Passive.
1.The production of mobile phones (increase) since 2000.
2.The phone (invent) by Bell.