English for Economist and managers-1
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2.Для обозначения действия, которое завершилось до другого действия, длящегося в прошлом:
Не had read the book and was watching TV when I came.
Когда я пришел, он уже прочитал книгу и смотрел телевизор.
Формы глагола в Future Perfect
Чис |
Утвердительная |
Вопросительная форма |
Oтpицательная форма |
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I shall have asked. |
Shall I have asked? |
I shall not have asked. |
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ед. |
He (she, it) will |
Will he (she, it) |
He (she, it) will not |
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have asked. |
have asked? |
have asked. |
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I |
Wе shall have asked. |
Shall we have asked? |
We shall not have asked. |
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мн. |
Yоu (they) will |
Will уоu (they) |
Yоu (they) will not |
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have asked. |
hаvе asked? |
have asked. |
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Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет происходить до определенного момента или другого действия в будущем и завершится или прекратится до него.
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ТЕСТ 8 |
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1. Choose the correct verb form. |
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1) |
They__________ the company two years ago. |
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a) started |
b) have started |
2) |
He__________ the Managing Director of the company since 1990. |
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a) was |
b) has been |
3) |
We________ the project yet. |
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a) didn't finish |
b) haven't finished |
4) |
Our company_______ a big profit last year. |
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a) made |
b) have made |
5) |
My car_________. I won't be able to drive to the countryside at the weekend. |
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a) broke down |
b) has broken down |
6) |
He___________ a new car two weeks ago. |
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a) bought |
b) has bought |
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7) |
I_________ of petrol. I must have my car filled. |
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a) ran out |
b) have run out |
8) |
Last year we________ to manufacture new items of office equipment. |
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a) began |
b) has begun |
9) |
He and his wife, Helena,_________ for over 30 years. |
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a) were married |
b) have been married |
10) I_________ them since December. |
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a) didn't see |
b) haven't seen |
11) I_________such a strange dream last night, said Jane. |
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a) had |
b) have had |
2. Choose the correct verb form. |
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1) |
Since then I__________ my job several time. |
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a) changed |
b) have changed |
2) |
"You_________ your hair," he cried. |
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a) dyed |
b) have dyed |
3) |
Jane________ suddenly that there was a letter attached to the painting. |
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a) found |
b) has found |
4) |
I_________ that point yet. |
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a) didn't consider |
b) haven't considered |
5) |
Mary isn't at home. She_________ to work. |
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a) went |
b) has gone |
6) |
Last year they_________ their production greatly. |
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a) increased |
b) have increased |
7) |
They_________ in construction business for 5 years. |
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a) were |
b) have been |
8) |
We__________ a few contracts last month. |
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a) signed |
b) have signed |
9) |
_________you ever_________ the Queen of Great Britain? |
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a) Did ... see |
b) have ... seen |
10) He can't find a job. He_________ unemployed for half a year. |
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a) was |
b) has been |
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3. Choose the correct verb form. |
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1) |
___________ you ever_________ to Africa? |
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a) Did ... travel |
b) Have...traveled |
2) |
I______________ them that we would go down there immediately. |
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a) told |
b) have told |
3) |
Just out of curiosity I__________ Andover last night. |
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a) rang up |
b) has rung up |
4)_______you___________ about Miss Carol's marriage? |
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a) Did ... hear |
b) Have ... heard |
5) |
"It____________ foolish to take the matter so seriously,"- she said. |
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a) was |
b) have been |
6) |
What____ you____ to find the way out? |
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a) did... do |
b) have ... done |
7) |
He_____________ to answer the telephone. |
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a) rose |
b) has risen |
8) |
Nick and Sally_________ each other since their school years. |
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a) knew |
b) have known |
9) |
"I_________ something fantastic," he said. |
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a) expected |
b) have expected |
10) His spirits ___________a little. He's all right now. |
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a) revived |
b) has revived |
4. Choose the correct verb form. |
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1) |
So far we__________ to find any one who saw that man. |
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a) weren't able |
b) haven't been able |
2) |
They___________ some years ago. |
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a) separated |
b) have separated |
3) |
"_________anything________ from the flat?" asked the policeman. |
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a) Did ...disappear |
b) Has ... disappeared |
4) |
There__________ any sign of robbery. Nothing was stolen from the shop. |
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a) wasn't |
b) hasn't been |
5) |
"I ________ the letter you asked about, sir," said the butler. |
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a) brought |
b) have brought |
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6) |
The doctor_______ us a careful description of the position of the victim. |
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a) gave |
b) has given |
7) |
She__________ he door of a small morning-room. |
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a) opened |
b) has opened |
8)_________you__________ dinner already? |
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a) Did ... have |
b) Have ... had |
9) |
When we came in the boy__________. He didn't seem to notice us at all. |
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a) didn't move |
b) hasn't moved |
10) The clock___________midnight. Holmes stood up and came up to the window. a) struck b) has struck
5. Choose the correct verb form. |
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1) |
I_______ back on Monday afternoon. |
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a) arrived |
b) have arrived |
2) |
I'm sure you'll be surprised when you get to know who______ the game yesterday. |
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a) won |
b) has won |
3) |
He_____ his driving test. He is so happy. He hasn't been able to pass it for three |
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years. |
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a) just passed |
b) has just passed |
4) |
I ____________my keys. I can't get in. |
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a) lost |
b) have lost |
5) |
The taxi___________ a few minutes ago. |
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a) arrived |
b) has arrived |
6) |
The taxi___________. Hurry up! |
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a) arrived |
b) has arrived |
7) |
We__________ lunch already. |
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a) had |
b) have had |
8) |
_____ you________ writing your book yet? |
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a) Did ... finish |
b) Have ... finished |
9) |
My aunt_______ me a nice puppy for my birthday. It's a fox-terrier. |
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a) gave |
b) has given |
10) I ________on holidays for the last two years. |
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a) wasn't |
b) haven't been |
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EVERYDAY ENGLISH
Arresting someone's attention. (Чтобы привлечь чье-то внимание)
Excuse me...— Извините... (Простите...)
Pardon me...— Извините...
I say...— Послушайте...
Look here!— Послушайте! (Минутку!) Reply. (Ответ) Yes?—Да? (Я вас слушаю.)
Thanks. (Выражение благодарности)
Thank you.— Спасибо
(если кто-то сделал что-нибудь малозначительное: придержали для вас дверь, ответили на вопрос или оказали мелкую услугу).
Thank you very much.— Большое спасибо
(если кто-то сделал что-нибудь очень важное для вас).
Thanks. Thanks very much. — Спасибо
(в общении с друзьями или хорошо знакомыми людьми).
Thank you for doing it. — Спасибо, что вы это сделали. Thank you for coming. — Спасибо, что вы пришли.
That is (was) very kind of you. — Это очень мило с вашей стороны. Вы очень любезны.
Replies for thanks. (Ответы на благодарности)
You're welcome. — Пожалуйста. (Не стоит благодарности ). Don't mention it.— He за что. (Не стоит благодарности.).
Not at all.— He за что.
No trouble at all.— Да что вы, какое это беспокойство. That was a pleasure.— Мне было приятно (это сделать).
1. What do you say?
A.Here‘s your tea.
B.________
A.Thank you.
B.________
A.That‘s very kind
B.________
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2.What do you say? Choose the best phrase.
1.Your friend buys you a drink.
2.Your friend spoke too quickly. You don‘t understand.
3.You are a sales assistant. You want to help the customer.
4.You are a student. You want your fellow student to look at the chart.
UNIT 5
READING
Text 9
Retailers and wholesalers
All the firms can be grouped into "wholesalers" and "retailers".
A retailer is а tradesman who sells by retail. He sells goods direct to the public. The price at which a retailer sells to the final customer is called a retail price.
The wholesaler buys goods in bulk from producers at a wholesale discount. Then he sells them in small quantities to retailers. In doing so he helps production. He also relieves manufacturers and retailers of the risk of a fall in demand, e. g. fashion changes.
Stock is a quantity of goods for sale. The holding of stocks is in itself a valuable economic function. This function evens out prices resulting from temporary changes in demand and supply.
The main purpose of any trade is to meet a demand or to supply what is needed.
Do you know these words? |
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retailer |
розничный торговец |
wholesaler |
оптовый торговец |
production |
производство |
to buy (bought, bought) |
покупать |
in bulk |
гуртом, навалом, в массе |
wholesale discount |
оптовая скидка |
to sell (sold, sold) |
продавать |
quantity |
количество |
to relieve somebody of something |
освобождать кого-либо от чего-либо |
fall in something |
сокращение, падение чего-либо |
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demand |
спрос |
to meet a demand |
удовлетворить спрос |
supply |
предложение |
to supply |
поставлять, снабжать |
to hold (held, held) |
держать |
stock |
товарно-материальный запас |
in itself |
сам по себе |
valuable |
ценный |
function |
функция |
to even out |
выравнивать |
to result from some thing |
быть результатом чего-либо |
temporary |
временный |
to change |
изменять, переменять, обменивать |
change |
изменение |
1. Match the English and the Russian equivalents:
1. to sell by retail |
оптовая скидка |
2. in bulk |
товары на продажу |
3. a fall in demand |
временные изменения |
4. a wholesale discount |
в большом количестве |
5. in small quantities |
падение спроса |
6. goods for sale |
продавать в розницу |
7. temporary changes |
удовлетворять спрос |
8. to meet a demand |
в малых количествах |
2. Name the parts of sentences that words in italic are and put general questions:
1.All the firms can be grouped into "wholesalers" and "retailers".
2.The holding of stocks is in itself a valuable economic function.
3.The main purpose of any trade is to meet a demand.
4.Stock is a quantity of goods for sale.
5.The price at which a retailer sells to the final customer is called a retail price.
3. Say if the statements are true or false.
1.A retailer is а tradesman who sells by wholesale.
2.The wholesaler buys goods in bulk.
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3.Manufacturers and retailers are producers.
4.There are no temporary changes in demand and supply.
5.The main purpose of any trade is to supply what is needed.
4. Read these word combinations and make a few sentences of your own:
1.to sell at the price of
2.to buy goods at a wholesale discount
3.to result from temporary changes
4.to supply what is needed
5.to be a valuable economic function
5. Answer the questions:
1.Can all the firms be grouped into "wholesalers" and "retailers"?
2.Who sells by retail?
3.What is called a retail price?
4.Who sells goods direct to the public?
5.Who sells goods in small quantities to retailers?
6.How does a wholesaler help production?
7.What results from temporary changes in demand and supply?
Read and translate the text. Learn the unknown words.
GRAMMAR
English tenses (Active Voice). Revision
Времена английского глагола в действительном залоге. Повторение
ТЕСТ 9
1.Complete the sentences
1.I _________ about six times last night.
a.ring
b.rang
c.have rung
d.is ringing
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2.How much _________ to make a local call in your country?
a.do it cost
b.does it cost
3.I _________ trying to contact Mr Peterson.
a.am
b.is
c.are
d.have
4.I _________ the phone to my brother for about an hour and then someone rang me about the meeting.
a.is trying
b.tried
c.was trying
d.were trying
5.OK, I _________you a ring tomorrow.
a.was giving
b.gives
c.give
d.‗ll give
6.―Yes. Who _________, please?‖
a.is calling
b.am calling
c.are calling
d.have called
7.He _________ his wife every day.
a.phoned
b.‗ll phone
c.phones
d.was phoning
8.He _________you twice.
a.has called
b.have called
c.called
d.was calling
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9.They _________already _________ their meeting when he called.
a.have begun
b.has begun
c.had began
d.began
10.I _________to contact you the whole day yesterday.
a.is trying
b.was trying
c.try
d.tried
11.―I _________you some facts and figures. Ready? – OK . Go ahead‖.
a.gave
b.was giving
c.‗ll give
d.has given
12.I‘m sorry. I _________ that.
a.didn‘t catch
b.didn‘t caught
c.hadn‘t catch
d.hasn‘t catch
2.Open the brackets. Choose the right tense.
1.Yesterday by 8 o‘clock he (finish) all his work, and when I (come) at 9, he (read).
2.―What (do) now?‖ –― I (prepare) the presentation for tomorrow‖. ―How long you (prepare) for it?‖ – ―For two hours already‖
3.By the end of the month we (translate) ten articles.
4.When I (come back) to the office yesterday my boss (not return).
5.I usually (work) 8 hours a day.
6.I just (see) Mr Nickolson.
7.(at the hotel) ―I (leave) in a few minutes. Can I pay my bill?‖
8.I (think) he is away.
9.This time tomorrow the manager (make) presentation.
10.We are optimistic that the company (continue) to do well in the next quarter.