English for Economist and managers-1

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3.The product (design) by the R&D department.

4.The model (test) first in 2009.

5.The product (sell) all over the world.

6.The manual (translate) into 3 languages.

7.The production (decrease) dramatically by 2015.

8.Unfortunately smoking (not/allow) here.

9.English (speak) all over the world.

10.Renault cars (make) in France.

11.Diet Coke (make) since 1982.

12.My car (service) regularly.

13.We (please) to accept your invitation.

14.The design of the product (improve) constantly.

15.We assure you that the problem (resolve) promptly to your satisfaction.

16.(at the hotel) ―breakfast (include)?‖

17.(at the hotel) ―you fully (book) next week?‖

18.(at the hotel) ―I am sorry but every single room (book)‖.

7.Make the sentences Passive with the same meaning.

1.They open the new trade center in 2015.

2.The secretary will type your contract soon.

3.His boss pays him 200$ a week.

4.We sent you a contract yesterday.

5.The directors are still considering your application.

6.They offered me a new job.

7.They make computers in China.

8.He has already told Mary about the reservations.

9.We speak English here.

10.I put off the meeting.

11.The bill includes service.

12.They cancelled all flights because of fog.

13.They are building a new trade center.

14.They have changed the date of the meeting.

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8.Rewrite the sentences using passive voice

1.People should send their complaints to the head office.

Complaints ….

2.They have to postpone the meeting because of illness.

The meeting …

3.They are going to hold next year‘s congress in London. Next year‘s congress …

4.They should leave all the papers on the reception on your name. All the papers …

5.The storm could have caused the delay of the flight.

The delay of the flight …

9. Find the verbs in the Passive Voice and

1.The forest research problems are more often biological and ecological rather than economic or technical in nature.

2.Farm woodlands are located close to markets and centers of wood utilization.

3.These composite wood fuel products are generally marketed as home fuel.

4.Loans from foreign banks denominated in dollars are called Eurodollar loans.

5.The tourism industry has been expanded and more furniture is required for hotels.

6.These firms were established before the period of economic reform.

7.For each year there were recorded the amounts cut by species, the costs involved and the incomes received.

8.Commercial products including crossties, poles, piling, and construction timbers have for many years been impregnated with wood preservatives.

9.When a sale is made on an area basis, the owner commonly sells all the merchantable material in his woods for a specified sum.

10.Price quotations are furnished for the various grades of the numerous species that will be purchased.

11.A network of dealers all over the country is linked by computer display terminals, telephones, and teletypes.

12.Traditionally, softwood lumber was produced in stock and the sales department had to sell whatever was produced.

13.The country's forest industry is supplied by domestic raw material inputs to a greater extend than the other branches of the export industries.

14.The predominance of small-scale private ownership strongly influences the way and intensity in which the forests are managed and utilized.

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EVERYDAY ENGLISH

When parting (При прощании)

Good-bye. — До свидания.

Bye! (или Bye-Bye!) — До свидания (в неформальной обстановке) See you later. — Еще увидимся. (Я прощаюсь.)

See you soon. — До скорой встречи.

All the best! (неформальное) — Всего наилучшего!

I must be going. (I must be off.) — Я должен идти.

I really must (have to) go now. — Мне сейчас действительно необходимо идти.

I have an appointment (a date) in a few minutes (in half an hour, in an hour). — У меня назначена встреча (свидание) через несколько минут (через полчаса, через час).

It has been nice meeting you. — Приятно было познакомиться с Вами ( увидеть Вас).

Hope to see you again. — Надеюсь еще с Вами увидеться.

See you tomorrow (next year). — До завтра (следующего года).

Give my love to your parents. — Передайте от меня наилучшие пожелания своим родителям.

Please, remember me to your mother. — Пожалуйста, передай от меня привет своей маме.

Thank you for coming. — Спасибо, что пришли.

Thank you for enjoyable evening. — Спасибо за приятный вечер.

I'm sorry to part with you. — Мне жаль расставаться с вами. So long. (разговорное) — Пока.

Good luck to you! — Желаю удачи!

1. Make a conversation A.

Good bye, Bianca. Have a nice day. Yes, at 7 in the cinema

Thanks, Mark. See you this evening! Goodbye, Mark.

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B.

I am fine. And how are you?

I‘m OK. Thanks.

Hello, Mary. How are you?

Hello, Edward.

C.

Not bad, thanks. And you?

Very well. How are the children?

Hi, Flora! How are you?

They are fine.

Hello, David!

UNIT 7

READING

Text 11

Monopolies in the UK and USA

In a perfectly competitive market, there are many firms, none of them is large in size. Perfect competition has many sellers of the same product and exists when there are many buyers and sellers, none of whom control prices. In contrast, in a monopolistic market there is only one firm. This one provides all of the market supply and prevents any other firm from entering the market.

When it is important not to destroy the advantages of a monopoly, the problem may best be solved by the state's taking it over completely. The public then appears to be effectively protected. Moreover, if the monopoly is detrimental to customers it can be prohibited by legislation.

Monopolies in the United Kingdom are strictly regulated by the state. Very often the decision as to whether a monopoly is useful or anti-social depends on circumstances and therefore varies from one period to another.

The state could reduce the period for which patents are granted or make their renewal more difficult. Alternatively the state could outlaw attempts to eliminate competition, whether by unfair practices, the formation of cartels or restrictive agreements.

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The United States government has determined that four types of monopolies are beneficial to the entire economy, and thus, are legal enterprises. These monopolies include natural, technological, government, and geographical monopolies.

Perfect competition and pure monopoly represent two extreme possibilities for a market structure. The structure of almost all markets, however, falls somewhere between these two extremes.

1. Find English equivalents in the text:

1.конкурентный рынок

2.монополистический рынок

3.препятствовать вступлению в рынок

4.преимущества монополии

5.запретить законодательством

6.зависеть от обстоятельств

7.объявить вне закона

2. Choose the correct word:

1.There are many firms in a perfectly (compete / competitive) market.

2.Perfect competition has many sellers of the same (produce / product).

3.There is only one firm in a (monopolistic / monopoly) market.

4.Very often the (decide / decision) depends on circumstances.

5.The state could (reduce / reduction) the period for which patents are granted.

6.The state could outlaw attempts to (eliminate / elimination) competition.

7.The government has (determined / determination) that monopolies are beneficial to the economy.

8.Perfect competition and pure monopoly represent two extreme (possible / possibilities).

3. Say if the statements are true or false.

1.In a perfectly competitive market, there are many large firms.

2.Perfect competition has few sellers of the same product.

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3.Monopoly prevents any other firm from entering the market.

4.The public is never effectively protected.

5.A monopoly can be prohibited by legislation.

6.There are no monopolies in the United Kingdom.

7.The state could control the monopolies.

8.Pure monopoly represents the only possibility for a market structure.

4.Read these words and make the sentences of your own:

1.large in size

2.the same product

3.many buyers and sellers

4.the market supply

5.the problem may best be solved by

6.useful or anti-social

7.from one period to another

8.four types of monopolies

5.Fill the gaps in the sentences below with the words or expressions from the text:

1.The problem may best be solved by the state's ____________ completely.

2.There are many buyers and sellers, none of whom ___________ prices.

3.The state could make the renewal of patents ____________.

4.Very often the decision varies from __________ to another.

5.These four types of monopolies are __________ enterprises.

6.Answer the questions:

1.How many firms are there in a perfectly competitive market?

2.How many sellers of the same product do perfect competition have?

3.What provides all of the market supply in a monopolistic market?

4.Is it important to destroy the advantages of a monopoly?

5.When does the public appear to be effectively protected?

6.When can a monopoly be prohibited by legislation?

7.Where are monopolies strictly regulated by the state?

8.What could a state do to protect its customers?

9.What types of monopolies are beneficial to the US economy?

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7. Explain the meanings of the following economic terms:

1.perfect competition

2.pure monopoly

Read and translate the text. Learn the unknown words.

GRAMMAR

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES. QUESTION TYPES.

ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ. ТИПЫ ВОПРОСОВ

В английском языке, задавая вопрос, недостаточно просто сделать интонацию вопросительной, как в русском языке,- для этого следует изменить порядок слов. Сперва следует найти в предложении подлежащее и сказуемое. Английское утвердительное предложение имеет следующую схему:

Подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + обстоятельство

С точки зрения построения вопроса все глаголы делятся на две группы:

Таблица 3

1.Глаголы, образующие вопрос путем простого изменения порядка слов

–выдвижения глагола на место перед подлежащим.

Глагол have в значении иметь, вынужден, придется и в составе устойчивых сочетаний типа have dinner, have a rest и т. д. oбразует вопрос с помощью вспомогательных глаголов do, does, did.

Do you have any questions?

Does he have a business?

Did you have any meetings yesterday?

Типы вопросов

1. Общий вопрос требует ответа «да» или «нет».

Is he studying at the Academy? – Yes, he is./ No, he is not. Do you work for Nestle? – Yes, I do.

2.Альтернативный вопрос образуется из 2 частей, соединенных союзом or, первая часть образуется точно так же, как общий вопрос, после or

дается выбор.

Is he studying at the Academy or in the Institute? Do you work for Nestle or Johnson& Johnson ?

Альтернативный вопрос = Общий вопрос +or…?

3.Специальный вопрос образуется путем постановки на 1-е место вопросительного слова, которое показывает к какому члену предложения относится вопрос.

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Специальный вопрос = Вопросительное слово +Общий вопрос?

Вопросительные слова:

Where-где

When- когда Why-почему

How-как

How many-сколько(исчисл.) How much-сколько(неисчисл.)

What for - за что

What - что и т. д.

Where is he studying?

What company do you work for?

4.Разделительный вопрос (хвостовой) состоит из 2-х частей, разделенных запятой. 1-я часть представляет собой повествовательное предложение, во 2-й части ставится краткий вопрос( подлежащее, выраженное существительным, заменяется соответствующим по смыслу личным местоимением ). Если 1-я часть утвердительная, то 2-я отрицательная и наоборот.

He is studying at the Academy, isn’t he? You work for Nestle, don’t you?

5.Вопрос к подлежащему является исключением: для его образования не нужно изменять порядок слов в предложении, следует лишь заменить подлежащее Who?(Кто?) What? ( Что?)

Who is studying at the Academy? Who works for Nestle?

ТЕСТ 11

1.Ask question to the words in bold.

1.Janita is from Finland.

2.She was born 150 kilometres north of Helsinki.

3.She studied in Helsinki University from 2001 to 2004.