164 P.-J. Lopez and C. Acuña
15.2 Indications for Referral
a.Abdominal pain with urinary tract dilatation at any level.
b.Urinary tract infection diagnosed during evaluation of a patient with abdominal pain.
c.Patients with urolithiasis.
d.Renal mass, ovarian mass and/or pelvic mass which may present with abdominal pain.
e.Pelvicureteric junction obstruction ideally at an early age when prenatal diagnosis has been made. In older children it should be considered in patients with pain and/or with abdominal mass.
References
1.Gillenwater Y, Grayhack Y, Howards S, Duckett Y. Adult and Pediatric Urology, vol. 3. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1996.
2.Tekgul S, Riedmiller H, Gerharz E, Hoebeke P, Kocvara R, Nijman R,Radmayr Chr,Stein R.Guidelines on Paediatric Urology.European Society for Paediatric Urology © European Association of Urology 2008.
3.The American Urological Association Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Clinical Guidelines Panel. Report on The Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children. Copyright © 1997 American Urological Association, Inc.
4.Boccon-Gibod L. Pathological evaluation of renal tumors in children: International society of pediatric oncology approach. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 1998;1:243-248.
5.Oltmann S, Fischer A, Barber R, et al. Cannot exclude torsion, a 15 year review. J Pediatr Surg. 2009;44:1212-1217.
Part II
Pediatric Surgery
Chapter 16
External Angular Dermoid
and Pilomatrixoma
Ashish Wakhlu
Key Points
››External angular dermoids may have intracranial extension.
››Complete resection is curative.
››Pilomatrixoma usually occurs in a hair bearing area on the front of the trunk.
››Recurrence after resection of pilomatrixoma is rare.
16.1 Introduction
This is the commonest site of a dermoid swelling in children. External angular dermoids are congenital swellings occurring at the outer corner of the eye typically appearing as a mass beneath the outer end of the eyebrow. They form at the sites of the lines of embryonic fusion where ectodermal elements either get trapped beneath the skin or fail to disconnect from the developing neural tube. The swelling, despite being attached to the underlying periosteum is mobile and non tender. Untreated, the swelling grows in size, eventually impinging on opening of the eye.
The dermoid cyst occupies a shallow depression in the underlying bone and occasionally may be dumbbell shaped,
P.P. Godbole et al. (eds.), Guide to Pediatric Urology and |
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Surgery in Clinical Practice, DOI: 10.1007/978-1-84996-366-4_16,
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