36-1

41

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What is pruning?

2.What two types of pruning do you know?

3.Why is the pruning process essential to the production of clear saw logs?

4.How is the selling price of lumber connected with pruning?

5.What is the aim of artificial pruning?

Упражнение 3. Выпишите из текста 4-е предложение, найдите в нем причастие, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите форму и функцию причастия в предложении.

Упражнение 4. Выпишите из текста любое предложение в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое и переведите предложение на русский язык. Укажите, какое время употреблено в предложении.

Упражнение 5. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление времен в страдательном залоге.

1.This house was built last year.

2.Have all these books been read?

3.Her dress was washed and ironed.

4.I shan’t be allowed to go there.

5.All the questions must be answered.

6.No woman has ever been elected President of the USA.

7.I was frightened about losing my job, but I don’t worry about it now.

8.It was announced that my train would be late.

Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки и употребите глагол в нужном залоге

(Active или Passive).

1.Lectured which (to take) place at our club always (to attend) by a lot of people.

2.After the dictionaries (to bring) we (to begin) translating the book.

3.We (to show) the historical monuments of the capital to the delegation.

4.St. Petersburg (to found) in 1703.

5.She (to show) him the way to the metro station.

6.Your report (to divide) into two chapters.

7.This new dictionary (to sell) everywhere now.

8.Soon he (to send) to a sanatorium.

Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски глаголами must, may, can, need, to have to, to be able to.

42

1.You … not come to help them tomorrow: the work is done.

2.I am afraid I … not help you now. Come to my place at about eight, and I … help you.

3.John … not tell us the rules of the game: we know them.

4.Ann … to return home as she … not stay in the sun for such a long time.

5.It is already six o’clock. We … hurry if we don’t want to be late.

6.You … stay here if you want.

7.My brother … not speak English.

Упражнение 8. Кратко изложите содержание текста на языке обучения.

Вариант 5

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите данный текст.

Thinnings

Thinnings are cuttings made in immature stands beyond the sapling stage for the purpose of increasing the rate of growth on the trees that are left. A light thinning is one in which only the dead and dying trees are taken out; a moderate thinning removes in addition all the suppressed trees and the poorest intermediate trees; a heavy thinning removes, in addition to those cut in a moderate thinning, the rest of the trees in the intermediate crown class. A very heavy thinning will, in addition, cut many of the codominant trees.

The fundamental principle involved is that of making cuttings in stands of approximately the same age class, so that the energy of the growing site will be focused on a limited number of remaining trees, selected on the basis of quality, form, spacing, and vigor.

There is a constant struggle among the various trees for light, plant food and moisture. As the age of trees increases, the competition for light and food becomes severe and there comes a period when the trees grow rapidly in height in order to gain a favored position in the crown. The severity of thinnings is, of course, important, for it involves the number of trees that can make maximum use of soil and other site factors and, at the same time, the extent to which the soil can be exposed without deterioration taking place.

Пояснения к тексту: Thinning – прореживание

Cuttings – зд. рубки

Sapling stage – стадия возобновления Suppressed tree – угнетенное дерево

Crown – крона

Codominant tree – содоминирующее дерево

Site – 1. место, участок; 2. местообитание, местонахождение Deterioration – ухудшение, вырождение

43

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What is the aim of thinnings made in immature stands?

2.What are the main types of thinnings?

3.What is the fundamental principle of thinning?

4.What struggle among the trees takes place in each forest?

5.How does a tree which has little light and food grow?

6.What is the influence of thinning on the soil?

Упражнение 3. Выпишите из текста 1-е предложение, найдите в нем причастия, подчеркните их, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите формы причастий и их функции в предложении.

Упражнение 4. Выпишите из текста любое предложение в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое и переведите предложение на русский язык. Укажите, какое время употреблено в предложении.

Упражнение 5. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление времен в страдательном залоге.

1.The work wasn’t finished in time.

2.Who are these letters written by?

3.He’s been told everything.

4.The room was cleaned and aired.

5.A new underground station is being constructed in our street.

6.Ruth is disappointed: the job she applied for has been given to someone with more experience.

7.You are asked on the telephone.

8.The letters had been posted before you rang up.

Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки и употребите глагол в нужном залоге

(Active или Passive).

1.Many houses (to build) in our town every year.

2.My invitation (to accept) with pleasure by them today.

3.I (to bring) you the dictionary. Here it is.

4.A new stadium (to build) now quite near my house.

5.This journal (to be) in great demand.

6.They can (to leave) the key with the clerk downstairs.

7.The experimental laboratory (to build) by 1990.

8.Tomorrow he (to take) them to the Russian Museum.

44

Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски модальными глаголами may, must, have to, need.

1.However complex the work we … do it on time.

2.They … not consider these processes in detail.

3.In this museum you … see some interesting things.

4.Her English is very poor, she … study very hard.

5.As the manager was out we … to wait.

6.Little children don’t … to go to school, do they?

7.If we are to remain friends, you … tell me the truth.

Упражнение 8. Кратко изложите содержание текста на языке обучения.

Контрольная работа № 5.

К выполнению контрольной работы № 5 следует приступить после того, как будет освоен раздел грамматики «Неличные формы глагола»:

1.Инфинитив. Употребление форм инфинитива. Инфинитивные обороты. Способы перевода инфинитива на русский язык.

2.Причастие. Образование форм причастия. Функции причастия в предложении и основные способы перевода причастий на русский язык. Причастные обороты.

3.Герундий. Употребление форм герундия. Функции герундия в предложении и основные способы перевода герундия на русский язык. Сложный герундиальный оборот.

Вариант 1

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите данный текст.

Forest type

“Forest type” is a descriptive term used to group stands of similar character, as regards composition and development due to given physical and biological factors by which they may be differentiated from other groups of stands. Forest types result principally from varied combinations, soil, drainage, slope exposure, storm damage, logging and fires. The term suggests repetition of the same character of forest growth under similar conditions. The type is therefore a community of tree life, a distinctive association of tree species growing together under forest conditions and ecologically similar. Types are usually characterized by certain definite species of trees or by physical conditions that bring about their local occurrence.

45

Types are described in numerous ways. A temporary type is one that results from some sudden influence, such as fire, logging, or storm damage, and is expected to change as time goes on. It will gradually be converted into a permanent type in which no material change in composition is to be expected later. A climax type is one in which the ultimate stage of composition is reached.

Types are frequently designated by both cover and physiography. A cover type is designated by species that occupy the growing space, without regard to their temporary or permanent character. In describing physiographic types both physiography and species are sometimes used.

Пояснения к тексту: Soil – почва

Drainage – осушение, дренаж Slope – наклон, склон Logging – лесозаготовки

Temporary – временный Permanent – постоянный

Climax – кульминационный

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What is forest type?

2.What do forest types result from?

3.What forest types are mentioned in this text?

4.What trees form temporary types?

5.What is the characteristic feature of a permanent type?

6.What is a cover type designated by?

Упражнение 3. Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее инфинитив, подчеркните его, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите форму и функцию инфинитива в предложении.

Упражнение 4. Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее Participle I, подчеркните причастие, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите функцию причастия в предложении.

Упражнение 5. Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее Participle II, подчеркните причастие, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите функцию причастия в предложении.

46

Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.

1.He seems (to read) a lot.

2.He seems (to read) now.

3.He seems (to read) since morning.

4.He seems (to read) all the books in the library.

5.I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday.

6.I am sorry (to break) your pen.

7.They seemed (to wait) for ages.

Упражнение 7. Выберите из скобок требующуюся форму причастия

(Participle I or Participle II).

1.The wall (surrounding, surrounded) the house was very high.

2.Everything (writing, written) here is quite right.

3.The girl (washing, washed) the floor is my sister.

4.The exercises (doing, done) by the students were easy.

5.(Going, gone) along the street, I met Mary and Ann.

6.We listened to the Russian folk songs (singing, sung) be the choir.

7.It was not easy to find the (losing, lost) stamp.

Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки, употребляя герундий в активной или пассивной форме.

1.Why do you avoid (to speak) to me?

2.I was angry at (to interrupt) every other moment.

3.The doctor insisted on (to send) the sick man to hospital.

4.He was very glad of (to help) in his difficulty.

5.He showed no sign of (to recognize) me.

6.In (to make) this experiment they came across some very interesting phenomena.

7.He had a strange habit of (to interfere) in other people’s business.

Упражнение 9. Кратко изложите содержание текста на языке обучения.

Вариант 2

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите данный текст.

Even-aged and uneven-aged woods

An even-aged stand is one in which only small age differences appear, differences varying with the average age of the stand. In young stands, age

47

differences should not be more than 10 or 20 years; in mature stands, not more than 30 or 40 years. An uneven-aged is one in which all age classes are represented.

Even-aged stands result from forest plantations and natural seeding following fires, logging, and storm damage. They may be of one species or a mixture of many.

Probably many of the uneven-aged stands started as even-aged, but through long periods of time have changed gradually to the all-aged form. The even-aged woods are relatively simple to manage silviculturally, but the all-aged stands require considerable technical skill for their proper handling.

There are many good features to be found in each form of stand, but, if a choice could be made, the most satisfactory type of farm woodland would be that which includes trees of a variety of species of all ages. Such a property yields annually, or at short intervals, a continuous supply of products suited to various uses and at the same time reacts to the best interests of the productive site.

Пояснения к тексту:

Even-aged wood – одновозрастный лес Uneven-aged wood – разновозрастный лес Mature stand – зрелый древостой Natural seeding – естественный посев Hardwoods – лиственные леса

Farm woodland – лесное хозяйство To yield – давать урожай

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What age differences appear in an even-aged stand?

2.What age classes are represented in an uneven-aged wood?

3.What forms the foundation of even-aged stands?

4.Does it take a long time or a short time for an even-aged stand to change into an all-aged form?

5.What woods are relatively simple to manage silviculturally?

6.What is the most satisfactory type of farm woodland?

Упражнение 3. Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее инфинитив, подчеркните его, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите форму и функцию инфинитива в предложении.

Упражнение 4. Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее Participle I, подчеркните причастие, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите функцию причастия в предложении.

48

Упражнение 5. Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее Participle II, подчеркните причастие, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите функцию причастия в предложении.

Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.

1.I am always glad (to speak) with you.

2.I am glad (to speak) with you now.

3.I want (to take) you to the concert.

4.I want (to take) to the concert by my father.

5.She hoped (to help) by her friends.

6.I hope (to see) you soon.

7.The children seem (to play) since morning.

Упражнение 7. Выберите из скобок требующуюся форму причастия

(Participle I or Participle II).

1.The girl (writing, written) on the blackboard is our best student.

2.The house (surrounding, surrounded) by tall trees is very beautiful.

3.Who is that boy (doing, done) his homework at that table?

4.The floor (washing, washed) by Helen looked very clean.

5.We listened to the girls (singing, sung) Russian folk songs.

6.The book (writing, written) by this scientist is very interesting.

7.We could not see the sun (covering, covered) by dark clouds.

Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки, поставив герундий в нужную форму, добавив предлог, где необходимо.

1.I prefer (to drive).

2.I have no excuse (to be) late.

3.It’s no use (to cry) over spilt milk.

4.Why do you avoid (to see) me?

5.Alice isn’t interested (to look) for a new job.

6.You are capable (to do) better work.

7.I’m accustomed (to have) a big breakfast.

Упражнение 9. Кратко изложите содержание текста на языке обучения.

49

Вариант 3

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите данный текст.

Pure and mixed woods

When one species makes up 80 per cent or more of the trees in a woodland, it is said to be a pure stand; if two or more species are present, no one of which makes up as much as 80 per cent of the total number, it is termed as a mixed stand.

Pure stands are not uncommon, though the great majority of existing woods are composed of a considerable variety of species. Forest plantations are frequently, though not always, composed of one kind of tree. Naturally seeded coniferous woods consisting of Jack pine, white pine, cedar, spruce often occur in pure stands. With the broad-leaved trees pure stands are less common, although large areas are often covered with pure stands of aspen and gray birch. Heavy-seeded hardwoods are found in mixtures of varying compositions. Even when stands are of one species, it is usually only a matter of time before additional tree species will penetrate and gradually transform them to mixed woods.

Pure forests are easier than mixed ones to establish and manage. Nevertheless, mixed forests are less subject to damage by insects, disease and storms, and in the long run make for better soil conditions. For farm woodlands the mixed stand is preferable to the pure because it provides a more varied supply of materials for use and sale.

Пояснения к тексту: Pure wood – чистый лес

Mixed wood – смешанный лес

Woodland – лесистая местность, лесной массив, лес

Coniferous wood – хвойный лес

Jack pine – черная сосна

White pine – белая сосна Cedar – кедр

Pure stand – чистое насаждение

Broad-leaved trees – широколиственные деревья

Aspen – осина Birch – береза Beech – бук Oak – дуб

Chestnut – каштан

Heavy-seeded hardwoods – семенные лиственные породы

50

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту.

1.What is the difference between pure and mixed woods?

2.How are woods usually formed?

3.How many kinds of trees are grown on forest plantations?

4.What species grow in pure stands?

5.What forests are easier to establish and manage?

6.What are the advantages of mixed forests?

Упражнение 3. Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее инфинитив, подчеркните его, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите форму и функцию инфинитива в предложении.

Упражнение 4. Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее Participle I, подчеркните причастие, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите функцию причастия в предложении.

Упражнение 5. Выпишите из текста предложение, содержащее Participle II, подчеркните причастие, переведите предложение на русский язык. Определите функцию причастия в предложении.

Упражнение 6. Раскройте скобки, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.

1.We expect (to be) back in two days.

2.He expected (to help) by the teacher.

3.I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday.

4.She seems (to work) at this problem ever since she came here.

5.I hate (to bother) you, but the students are still waiting (to give) books for their work.

6.I think she deserves (to know) the state of her sick brother.

7.He seems (to know) French very well: he is said (to spend) his youth in Paris.

Упражнение 7. Выберите из скобок требующуюся форму причастия

(Participle I or Participle II).

1.Name some places (visiting, visited) by you last year.

2.I think that the boy (standing, stood) there is his brother.

3.She was reading the book (buying, bought) the day before.

4.(Taking, taken) a dictionary, he began to translate the text.

5.A teacher (seeing, seen) a mistake in a student’s dictation always corrects it.

6.His hat (blowing, blown) off by the wind was lying in the middle of the street.

7.A word (speaking, spoken) in time may have very important results.