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would be in near constant use. This would also allow for getting the appropriate vehicle for the particular need – a bus could come for a group of people, a limousine could come for a special night out, children could be chauffeured in supervised safety, and 41,000 lives could be saved each year in the US alone.

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells the world's motor vehicles. Last year more than 70 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were produced worldwide. A total of 71.9 million new cars were sold worldwide: 22.9 million in Europe, 21.4 million in the Asia-Pacific Region, 19.4 million in the USA and Canada, 4.4 million in Latin America, 2.4 million in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa. The markets in North America and Japan were stagnant, while those in South America and other parts of Asia grew strongly. Of the major markets, China, Russia, Brazil and India saw the most rapid growth.

About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over 260 billion US gallons (980,000,000 m3) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India. In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars. The sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems.

With rapidly rising oil prices, industries such as the automotive industry, are experiencing a combination of pricing pressures from raw material costs and changes in consumer buying habits. The industry is also facing increasing external competition from the public transport sector, as consumers re-evaluate their private vehicle usage. Roughly half of the US's fifty-one light vehicle plants are projected to permanently close in the coming years, with the loss of another 200,000 jobs in the sector, on top of the 560,000 jobs lost this decade. Combined with robust growth in China, this resulted in China becoming the largest car producer and market in the world. China sales increased to 13.6 million, a significant increase from one million of domestic car sales in 2000. Since then however, even in China and other BRIC countries, the automotive production is again falling.

Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include public transit such as buses, trolleybuses, trains, subways, tramways, light rail, cycling, and walking. Carshare arrangements and carpooling are also increasingly popular, in the US and Europe. For example, in the US, some car-sharing services have experienced doubledigit growth in revenue and membership growth. Services like car sharing offering residents to "share" a vehicle rather than own a car in already congested neighborhoods. Bike-share systems have been tried in some European cities, including Copenhagen and Amsterdam. Similar programs have been experimented with in a number of US cities. Additional individual modes of transport, such as personal rapid transit could serve as an alternative to cars if they prove to be socially accepted.

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3. Continue the sentences:

1.Fully autonomous vehicles are expected to be…

2.This would be possible if…

3.This would also allow…

4.Around the world, there were…

5.Many of these negative impacts fall on …

6.The sustainable transport movement focuses on…

7.The industry is also facing…

8.Established alternatives for some aspects of car use include …

9.Car-share arrangements and carpooling are…

4.Write down the English key words of the text and translate them into Russian.

5.Write а summary of the text in English and present it in a form of a report.

6.Define the type of the business letter below:

Electrical Supplies Ltd.

Coventry England

E.C.7.

20th May, 2015

Rossimport

Moscow, Russia

Dear Sirs,

With reference to your enquiry of May 11, we confirm that we manufacture the equipment you are interested in. Our equipment is not very expensive and it is in great demand on the world market. We are doing business with many firms in Eastern Europe and we have never received any complaints. We can supply you with the number of engines you require.

We are enclosing with the letter our latest catalogue and leaflets where you will find all the technical and commercial information. We also enclose our price-list and General Conditions of Sale including the terms of payment.

Many thanks for your enquiry and we look forward to receiving your order in the near future. If you have questions please do not hesitate to contact us.

Yours faithfully, Tom Jones

7. Write a letter to a business partner.

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Avoid driving in another driver’s blind spot; if you cannot see the inside, rearview mirror of the car ahead, he probably cannot see you. Whenever possible, avoid driving side-by-side.

It is also important to look at least one block ahead – whenever traffic allows you to see that far – and to keep your eyes moving, scanning for possible problems. By looking a block ahead, you can check the traffic signal at the next corner and «time» your approach to reach the intersection with a green light.

In city traffic, it’s generally best to travel in the right-hand lane. This avoids your being stopped behind cars turning left and reduces conflict with oncoming traffic. Stay in one lane whenever possible and plan when you need to change lanes.

On the one-way streets, your choice of lanes depends on what you plan to do. Use the center lane if you plan to travel several blocks; use the outside lanes for turning. Traffic signals are usually coordinated and timed with the speed limit.

By maintaining a constant speed, you can avoid frequent stops. Resist the urge to speed up just because there is no oncoming traffic.

Many of the hazards you will face in city driving require quick decisions. Suppose child darts into the street, chasing a ball. Alternatively, the door of a parked car suddenly opens, just as you are about to pass by. Driving defensively, you may have predicted these hazards.

Rural highways can be narrow two-lane roads or multi-lane highways. Sometimes you can drive for miles on the open road without seeing another vehicle. However, empty country roads can be just as dangerous as heavy city traffic, because drivers may relax their attention. You should be on the alert for hidden intersections, curves, hills and different road conditions.

To give you advance notice of changes in the road watch for warning signs posted along the highway. Watch for other vehicles, especially trucks, oversize and slowmoving vehicles. It is just as important that other drivers be able to see you. Turn your headlights on earlier in the day, and signal all turns and stops well in advance.

At highway speeds, a dangerous situation can develop very quickly. Speed is the critical factor in highway driving. You will have to adjust your speed to deal with each of the following highway hazards.

Oncoming vehicles are just a few feet away when you meet on undivided highways. If your escape route is limited by a narrow road shoulder or ditch, you should reduce your speed. If you are meeting a line of cars, watch out for drivers who may be attempting to pass the line. To help them to see you, turn on your headlights. Move near the edge of the pavement and look for possible escape routes, just in case.

Advance warning signs are placed before the crossing. These signs warn you to look, listen and slow down, because you may have to stop. Railroad crossing signs will be found at most crossings. If there is more than one track, the sign below the crossing will indicate the number of tracks at the crossing.

Flashing light signals are used with crossing signs at many crossings. Always stop when the light begins to flash because a train is coming. Do not proceed until you can do so safely.

If there is more than one track, make sure all tracks are clear before crossing. Gates are used with flashing light signals at some crossings. Stop when the lights begin to

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flash (before the gate lowers across your side of the road). Remain stopped until the gates are raised and the lights stop flashing.

Pavement markings may be painted on the pavement at the approach to some crossing. Slow down and be prepared to stop. Look both ways and listen. Trains can come in any time. Be ready to stop when you are following buses or trucks, which have to stop at railroad crossings.

If your car stalls on the tracks, do not hesitate. Get yourself and your passengers out and away from the car immediately. Never start across the tracks unless there is room for your car on the other side.

3. Continue the sentences:

1.City traffic conditions create…

2.You are faced with…

3.In heavy city traffic,…

4.During rush hours,…

5.Whenever possible,…

6.It is also important to…

7.It’s generally best to…

8.On the one-way streets,…

9.Traffic signals are usually coordinated…

10.Many of the hazards you will face…

11.Rural highways can be…

12.You should be on the alert for…

13.Watch for…

14.Speed is…

15.To help them to see you,…

16.If there is more than one track,…

17.Trains can come…

18.Never start…

4. Choose the right variants and fill in the gaps:

B) You __________ use pauses to slow your pace down and make your sentences

C) Did Mr. Bridges receive you on the day of your arrival? – ________________.

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E) You __________ change the meaning of a sentence by putting the stress on a different word.

а) shall be able b) has to c) might be d) can

F) How was your flight, Mr. White? – ______________________.

G) In some competitions such as the _______________, average car weights of 45 kg

5. Define the type of the business letter below:

W. Jones & Sons, Ltd.

Queen Street, 285

London, E.C.4

10th January 2014

Rossexport

Lomonosova Street, 15

Moscow

Russia

Dear Sirs,

We learn from the Russian Trade Mission that you are producing for export air conditioning and navigation systems for cars.

We are very much interested in your products. We are always looking for good air conditioning and navigation systems for cars to keep our customers happy and to attract new ones. There is a steady demand here for high-class goods of this type.

Will you please send us your catalogues and full details of your export prices and terms of payment. We look forward to hearing form you.

Yours faithfully,

W. Jones.

6.Translate the above business letter into Russian.

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SECTION 11

1. Learn the words and word combinations:

2. Read and translate the text:

DRIVER LICENSING

1. A driver license shows that you have been given permission by the state to drive on public roads. You will receive a license after you have paid the fee, correctly answered questions about the law and safety rules, shown that your physical and mental condition is satisfactory, demonstrated your ability to drive safely, and have no outstanding actions on your driver record.

If you are 18 years old, meet the requirements, and pass the tests, you may be issued a driver license. There is no upper age limit. Persons under 18 may not be employed to drive a motor vehicle. It is against the law to loan your vehicle to an unlicensed person.

If the person is caught driving, your vehicle may be impounded. No person of any age may drive on a highway or in a public parking facility unless the person has a

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license. The law also says that you must not employ, permit, or authorize any person to drive a vehicle on a public street or highway unless the person is licensed to drive that class of vehicle.

2. Your examination for a driver license includes the following:

•A vision test to measure how clearly you see. If you need glasses or corrective contact lenses to pass this test, you should wear them. Your license will be marked to show that you must wear "corrective lenses" while driving.

•A test of traffic laws, road signs, and driving safety rules to find out if you know how to handle your vehicle in keeping with the laws.

•A driving test to show that you can drive safely.

Only you and the examiner may be in the vehicle with you. No animal may be in the vehicle. The examiner will give you directions. You will not be tricked or asked to do anything illegal. At the end of the test, the examiner will give you your score sheet and discuss the results with you.

You may take driver education (classroom training) and driver training (behind- the-wheel) in a state licensed professional driving school. The teaching cars are subject to annual inspection. Instructor must pass qualifying examinations every three years to show proof of education in traffic safety.

If your driver license is lost or damaged you must pay the required fee for a duplicate. Once a duplicate license has been issued the previous license is no longer valid. You must have your driver license with you whenever you drive. You must show it to any police officer who asks to see it.

3. The driving test is your chance to show that you can drive safely. You will be asked to locate the vehicle's headlight switch, windshield wipers, and emergency flashes. You must demonstrate how to use the parking brake and wear your seat belt.

During the test, you must use the vehicle's turn signal lights. The examiner will ask you to back up in a straight line and may ask you to turn the vehicle around on a narrow two-way street, or park on a hill. During the driving test, the examiner will note:

•How you start your vehicle. When leaving the curb, do you use your mirrors, turn your head, and look back for passing cars? Do you signal, and wait until it is safe before entering traffic?

•How you control your vehicle. Do you use the gas pedal, brake, steering wheel, and other controls correctly?

•How you drive in traffic. Do you use the proper lane? Do you signal, change lanes carefully, and follow other vehicles at a safe distance? Do you signal the proper distance before turning? Is your turn too wide or too sharp?

•How you stop. Do you stop smoothly and at the right spot? Can you stop quickly and safely in an emergency?

•How you back up. Do you look over your right shoulder while backing? Do you have complete control of the car?

•How you change your speed to suit the number and speed of cars nearby, the people crossing the street, road conditions, weather, the amount of light, and the distance you can see ahead.

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•How you judge distance. Do you stay a safe distance away from other cars when following or passing? Do you stay a safe distance away from people walking or riding on the road?

•How you respect the rights of others. Are you courteous to other drivers and pedestrians?

A driving test may be required as part of any driver license examination.

3.Continue the sentences:

1.A driver license shows…

2.You will receive a license after…

3.There is no…

4.Persons under 18…

5.The law also says that…

6.Your examination for a driver license includes..

7.The examiner will give…

8.You may take…

9.You must have…

10.The driving test is…

11.You will be asked to…

12.You must demonstrate…

13.During the test,…

14.A driving test may be…

4.Put ten general questions to the text and give short answers to them.

5.Write down the key words of the text.

6.Write a summary in English on the topics below:

а) During the Driving Test

b) Basic Driver License Information

c)Examination for a Driver License

7.Choose the right variants and fill in the gaps:

A) High ____________ may provide a strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, or to not drive.

B) What ended the plague, but also destroyed much of the city in 1666?

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C) A complete understanding of all terms by both parties prior to the signing of the contract and starting of the work _______ later misunderstanding and difficulties.

9. Fill in the gap in the telephone dialogue choosing the proper reply:

A.– Reservations, may I help you?

B.– Yes, please. What do you have available for next week, from the 20th to the 25th?

A.–_________________________.

B.– Yes, I would like to make a reservation for a single room.

a)Do you have a room service?

b)I would like a non-stop flight.

c)Will this be for you?

d)Do you have any luggage?

10. Define the type of the business letter below:

We have pleasure in inviting you to our annual conference. It will take place at the Sheraton Hotel, Glasgow from 15 to 18 April. We enclose details of the conference, accommodation arrangements and a provisional program.

We would appreciate it if you could confirm your participation at a suitable time. Yours sincerely,

J. Cooper Conference Organizer

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