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simpler through automation, for example all cars once had a manual controls for the choke valve, clutch, ignition timing, and a crank instead of an electric starter.

However new controls have also been added to vehicles, making them more complex. Examples include air conditioning, navigation systems, and in car entertainment. Another trend is the replacement of physical knob and switches for secondary controls with touch-screen controls such as BMW's iDrive and Ford's My Ford Touch.

Cars are typically fitted with multiple types of lights. These include headlights, which are used to illuminate the way ahead so that the vehicle can be used at night, brake lights to indicate when the brakes are applied, turning lights to indicate the turn intentions of the driver, white-coloured reverse lights to illuminate the area behind the car (and indicate that the driver will be or is reversing) and on some vehicles, additional lights to increase the visibility of the car. Interior lights on the ceiling of the car are usually fitted for the driver and passengers.

The weight of a car influences fuel consumption and performance, with more weight resulting in increased fuel consumption and decreased performance. According to research conducted by Julian Allwood of the University of Cambridge, global energy use could be heavily reduced by using lighter cars, and an average weight of 500 kg has been said to be well achievable.

In some competitions such as the Shell Eco Marathon, average car weights of 45 kg have also been achieved. These cars are only single-seaters (still falling within the definition of a car, although 4-seater cars are more common), but they nevertheless demonstrate the amount by which car weights could still be reduced, and the subsequent lower fuel use.

3. Continue the sentences:

1.Cars are equipped with…

2.These controls include…

3.Modern cars' controls are…

4.Since the car was first invented…

5.Examples include …

6.However new controls…

7.Another trend is…

8.Cars are typically fitted with…

9.These include …

10.The weight of a car influences…

11.According to research…

12.In some competitions…

13.But they nevertheless demonstrate…

14.An average weight of…

15.These cars are only…

4. Write the summary of the text in English.

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5. Write your resume according to the following plan:

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Emergency ambulances are required to gain access to patients as quickly as possible, and in many countries, are given dispensation from obeying certain traffic laws (for instance, they may be able to treat a red traffic light or stop sign as a yield ('give way') sign, or be permitted to break the speed limit. For these reasons, emergency ambulances are often fitted with visual and /or audible warnings to alert road users.

Visual warnings on an ambulance can be of two types – either passive or active. The passive visual warnings are usually part of the design of the vehicle, and involve the use of high contrast patterns. Modern ambulances often carry retro-reflective designs which reflect light from car headlights or torches. In addition some services now have the vehicles painted in a bright (sometimes fluorescent) yellow or orange for maximum visual impact.

Another passive marking form is the word ambulance spelled out in reverse on the front of the vehicle. This enables drivers of other vehicles to more easily identify an approaching ambulance in their rear view mirrors. Ambulances may also carry an emblem, such as a Red Cross, Red Crescent or Star of Life. The active visual warnings are usually in the form of flashing coloured lights.

The flash is used in order to attract the attention of other road users as the ambulance approaches, or to provide warning to motorists approaching a stopped ambulance in a dangerous position on the road. Common colours for ambulance warning beacons are blue and red. In addition to visual warnings, ambulances can be fitted with audible warnings, sometimes known as sirens, which can alert people and vehicles to the presence of an ambulance before they can be seen.

A more recent development is the use of the RDS system of car radios. The ambulance can be fitted with a short range FM transmitter, set to RDS code 31, which interrupts the radio of all cars within range, in the manner of a traffic broadcast, but in such a way that the user of the receiving radio is unable to opt out of the message. Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle, although emergency and disaster conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances:

1.Van. A typical ambulance is of a van construction, based on a standard chassis, usually with a maximum road weight loaded of between 3.5 and 7.5 tons. In North America, the large box type vehicles are referred to as «mods» (modular) and the smaller van type vehicle is often called a «high-top».

2.Car. Used either as a fly-car for rapid response or for patients who can sit, these are standard car models adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a stretcher with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving) hearses, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a human body in a supine position ).

3.Motorcycle. In developed areas, these are used almost exclusively for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van, although in the developing world, trailer or sidecar adaptations make these patient transporting units.

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3. Continue the sentences:

1.An ambulance is…

2.The word is most commonly associated with…

3.These are usually fitted with…

4.Other vehicles used as ambulances include…

5.Emergency ambulances are required to…

6.For these reasons,…

7.Modern ambulances often carry…

8.In addition…

9.This enables drivers of other vehicles to…

10.A more recent development is…

11.Ambulances can be based on…

4.Write down the key words of the text and the summary of the text in English.

5.Choose the right variants and fill in the gaps:

C) What is your current job title? – _______________________________. а) I am twenty years old. c) My salary is rather high.

b) I am a travel agent. d) My interests include swimming and reading.

8. Put the parts of the business letter in correct order:

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efficient, hence less polluting, car designs (e.g. hybrid vehicles) and the development of alternative fuels. High fuel taxes may provide a strong incentive for consumers to purchase lighter, smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, or to not drive.

On average, today's automobiles are about 75 percent recyclable, and using recycled steel helps reduce energy use and pollution. In the United States Congress, federally mandated fuel efficiency standards have been debated regularly, passenger car standards have not raised above the 27.5 miles per US gallon (8.6 L/100 km) standard set in 1985. Light truck standards have changed more frequently, and were set at 22.2 miles per US gallon (10.6 L/100 km) in 2007.

The manufacture of vehicles is resource intensive, and many manufacturers now report on the environmental performance of their factories, including energy usage, waste and water consumption. The growth in popularity of the car allowed cities to sprawl, therefore encouraging more travel by car resulting in inactivity and obesity, which in turn can lead to increased risk of a variety of diseases.

Transportation (of all types including trucks, buses and cars) is a major contributor to air pollution in most industrialized nations. According to the American Surface Transportation Policy Project nearly half of all Americans are breathing unhealthy air. Their study showed air quality in dozens of metropolitan areas has worsened over the last decade.

Animals and plants are often negatively impacted by cars via habitat destruction and pollution. Over the lifetime of the average car the "loss of habitat potential" may be over 50,000 square meters (540,000 sq ft) based on primary production correlations. Animals are also killed every year on roads by cars, referred to as Road kill. More recent road developments are including significant environmental mitigations in their designs such as green bridges to allow wildlife crossings, and creating wildlife corridors.

Growth in the popularity of vehicles and commuting has led to traffic congestion.

various alternative fuels.

Research into future alternative forms of power includes the development of fuel cells, and even using the stored energy of compressed air or liquid nitrogen. New materials which may replace steel car bodies include duralumin, fiberglass, carbon

1.The United States Environmental Protection Agency states that…

2.Many governments are using…

3.Fuel taxes may act as…

4.High fuel taxes may provide…

5.On average,…

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6.The manufacture of vehicles is…

7.Transportation (of all types including trucks, buses and cars) is…

8.Their study showed…

9.Animals and plants are…

10.More recent road developments are including…

11.Research into future alternative forms of power includes…

4.Write the summary of the text in English.

5.Choose the right variants and fill in the gaps:

A) Online automobile repair shops provide doorstep repair services and home delivery of ___________.

B) An owner can make decisions quickly without _______ to consult others.

C) What is your practical work experience? – ___________________________.

D) In the______________ a recent law (The EC Block Exemption Regulation 1400/2002, October 2003) allows motorists more flexibility in selecting where they can get their car serviced.

6. Put the parts of the business letter in correct order:

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1. Learn the words and word combinations:

2. Read and translate the text:

AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTION: TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT

A robotic Volkswagen Passat shown at Stanford University is a driverless car. Fully autonomous vehicles, also known as driverless cars, already exist in prototype (such as the Google driverless car), and are expected to be commercially available around 2020. According to urban designer and futurist Michael E. Arth, driverless electric vehicles – in conjunction with the increased use of virtual reality for work, travel, and pleasure – could reduce the world's 800 million vehicles to a fraction of that number within a few decades.

This would be possible if almost all private cars requiring drivers, which are not in use and parked 90% of the time, would be traded for public self-driving taxis that

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