Lehrer, Jonahan. How We Decided

298 /

Operation Desert Storm, 2.8-34, 5 5 - 5 6

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), ioon and emotion, 1 6 , 1 8 , 23 , 47 and experience of power, 1 8 7 of Romanian orphans, 193

in top-down decisions, 203 Oresteia, The (Aeschylus), 19 Orphans, in Romanian orphanages,

1 9 2 - 9 3

Overcompensation, by split-brain patient, 2 1 1

Ovid, 10 Oxytocin, 193

Pain

in back, 1 6 0 - 6 5 , 2 3 5

and placebo effect, 1 4 6 - 4 7 Palmer, Herman, 82 - 86, 87 - 88, 90,

92

Panic

as perceptual narrowing, 98-99 and prairie fire, 98

prevention of (airliner crisis), 12 8 Parker, Robert, 149

Parkinson's disease, 5 7 - 5 8 , 6 1 , 184 and dopamine, 36

Pasteur, Louis, 1 1 9 Paternalism, asymmetric, 9 1 - 9 2 Pattern recognition

by dopamine neurons, 48 by emotions, 1 2 7 - 2 8 illusory instances of, 65 in poker, 225

Perceptual narrowing, 98-99 Performance anxiety, experiment on,

1 3 9 - 4 0

Persian Gulf War, 2 8 - 3 4 , 5 5 - 5 6 Personality, and brain damage, 1 6 - 1 7 Personal moral situation, 1 7 7 , 1 7 8 ,

1 7 9

Philadelphia 76ers (early 1980s), 62 - 64

Physics, and card-playing (Binger), 2 2 1

Placebo effect, 1 4 5 - 4 7 Plato, xv, 9 - 1 0 , 1 3

Index

on emotion, 10, 3 5 , 89 and Freud, 1 1

vs. William James, 26 as nonexperimental, 1 3 4

and OF C (orbitofrontal cortex), 18 and rationality (reason), xv, 9, 1 3 ,

H 5 , 1 3 4

on rationality as logic, 100 Pluralism, neural, 2 1 0

Poker, 2 2 9 - 3 1 , 2 3 8 - 3 9 as mystery, 230

rational analysis plus emotion in, 2 3 1 - 3 2

allegiance in, 204 Post, Thierry, 74

Posterior cingulate, 1 7 7 - 7 8 Poster-rating experiment, 1 4 3 - 4 4 ,

2 3 5 - 3 6 Powell, Colin, 248 Prediction

in AI temporal-difference learning, 4 5 - 4 6 , 50

and decision-making, 3 9 - 4 1

and dopamine neurons, 42, 4 7 - 4 8 , 60

pundits' record on, 2 0 7 - 1 0 , 2 4 1 - 4 2

of students' success (study), 1 5 9 - 6 0 Prediction-error signal, 37

Prediction neurons, 3 6 - 3 7 Predmore, Steven, 12 8 Preferences

explanation of, 1 4 2 , 143

and price (wine-tasting experi­ ment), 148

Prefrontal cortex, 9 9 - 1 0 1 , n 6 - 1 7 , 1 3 3 , 2 4 1

and A D H D , 1 1 3 and argument, 199

cases of damage to, 105 , i05n and "choking," 1 3 8

Index

and consumer preferences, 149 dangerous reliance on, 140 emotions monitored by, n i , 1 1 5 and framing effect, 10 7

in impulse control, 1 1 3 as information filter, 206 as late-maturing, 1 1 4 leucotomy, 1 0 1 , 102 and mood, 1 5 2 , 246

in partisan political judgments, 205

placebo effect in, 14 6 in poker, 240

prefrontal lobotomy, 1 0 1 - 2 and price (wine-judging experi­

ment), 148

in problem-solving, 1 1 9 - 2 0 , 1 3 0 ,

in airliner crisis,i32 recognition of insight by, 1 3 0

Pride, Mike, 197 , 198, 203 - 4 Primary endorsement in New

Hampshire (2008), 196 - 9 8

Principles of Psychology, The (James), 26

Problem-solving, 1 1 9

in airliner crisis, 1 2 9 - 3 1 and mood, 246

and prefrontal cortex, 1 3 1 in puzzles, 1 1 7 - 1 9 restructuring phase of, 1 3 0 See also Decision-making

Psychopath, The: Emotion and the

\ 299

Brain (Blair, Mitchell, and

Blair), 1 7 0

Psychopaths, 1 6 8 - 7 1

and autism, i85n

and emotions, 1 6 9 - 7 1 , 1 7 5

and study of moral emotions,

in 2002 Super Bowl, 1 - 4 , 7 - 8 , 27

Randomness

and dopamine neurons, 64 of stock market, 6 7 - 7 0

Rangel, Antonio, 14 8 Rationality (reason), 100

Aristotle on, 1 0 7 - 8 assumption of, xv

and brain anatomy, 1 7

in car-shopping experiment, 2 3 3 - 3 4

and complexity, 244 - 4 6 oversimplification through, 23 5

and consumer choice, 201

in decision-making (airliner crisis), 1 3 1

Descartes on, 1 0 - 1 1

and emotion, 9, 1 3 , 26, 243

and cognitive psychology, 1 2 - 1 3 in concert with one another, 1 3 ,

influential thinkers' applications

executive, i n , 1 1 5

and simplicity vs. complexity, 2-37-38

300 /

Rationality (cont.)

in temptation, 90 faith in, 1 3 3 - 3 4 Hume on, 1 7 - 1 8

as justification for preformed beliefs, 205, 206, 2 0 9 - 1 0

and math, 230

mishaps of, 1 3 2 , 1 3 4 , 1 3 9 , 140, 1 4 2 - 4 3 , 1 5 5

and anchoring effect, 1 5 6 - 5 8 "choking," 1 3 5 - 4 0

and disadvantageous informa­

1 7 7 , 18 6 myth of, xvii and novelty, 246

Plato on, xv, 9, 1 3 , 1 1 5 , 1 3 4 and power of brain, 1 5 0 praise of, 1 5 5

and prefrontal cortex, 1 0 0 - 1 0 1 ,

1 5 1 (see also Prefrontal cortex)

Romania, orphaned children in, 1 9 2 Rumsey, Walter, 98

Sadat, Anwar, 2 1 2 , 2 1 4 Sadism

of John Wayne Gacy, 1 6 7 , 168 See also Psychopaths

Sainsbury, Nondumiso, 7 2 - 7 3

Index

St. Louis Rams, in 2002 Super Bowl, 1 - 4 , 7 - 8 , 27

Sallee, Robert, 97

Sarno, John, 165

Save More Tomorrow plan, 92 Schizophrenia

and dopamine neurons, 42 and prefrontal leucotomy, 1 0 1

Schultz, Wolfram, 3 5 - 3 6 , 4 1 , 60 Science

Science (publication), car-shopping experiment in, 2 3 2

Scissors, as metaphor for brain, xvii

Seinfeld, 109, i n Self-analysis

in jam-tasting experiment, 1 4 2 - 4 3 and self-awareness (poster-judging experiment), 1 4 3 - 4 4 , 2.3 5—36

and wisdom, 143 Self-consciousness, and "choking,"

1 3 6 Self-control

and memory-task experiment,

stores' manipulation of, 2 0 1 - 2 Shoven, John, 7 7

Index

Sibling-sex scenario, 1 7 3 - 7 4 Simester, Duncan, 86 Simon, Herbert, xvii, 1 5 9 Simon-Tov, Benjamin, 2 1 5

Simple problems, reason required for, 244

Six-Day War (1967), 2 1 5 Sloan, Alfred P., 2 1 8 Slot machines, 59 - 6 1 Slovic, Paul, 1 8 7 - 8 8 Smith, Adam, 1 8 2 Smith, Alex, 7

Soap opera, 1 9 - 2 3 , 54

Social isolation, in Harlow's monkey experiments, 1 9 1 - 9 2

Socrates, 14 3 Sorensen, Ted, 19 7

Spindle neurons, 40, 5 5 Split-brain patients, 2 1 0 - n Stanton, Frank, 108

Statistics, and moral emotions, 188 Steele, Claude, 1 3 9 - 4 0

Stein, Herb, 1 9 - 2 3 , 54 Stereotype threat, 1 3 9 - 4 0 Stock market

and mutual funds, 69

and premium equity puzzle, 7 7 - 78

randomness of, 67

See also Investment experiments Strand, Kathleen, 198

Strawberry jam, taste test(s) for, 1 4 1 - 4 3 , 1 4 5 , 1 6 5 , 2 3 5

Stroop task, 1 1 5 - 1 6 Subprime mortgages, 87-89

Super Bowl (2002), 1 - 4 , 7 - 8 , 27 Superior temporal sulcus, 1 7 7 - 7 8 ,

1 8 3 Surprise

and dopamine neurons, 60, 61 and slot machines, 61

Sutton, Rich, 45n Sympathy, 1 8 0 - 8 1 , 1 9 4 - 9 5

and altruism, 1 8 3 - 8 4 and isolation, 18 7 among monkeys, 195

morality based on, 180, 1 8 1 - 8 3

\ 301

and statistics vs. knowledge of particular case, 1 8 7 - 8 8

Taste test, on strawberry jam, 1 4 1 - 4 3 , 1 4 5 , 1 6 5 , 2 3 5

T D (temporal difference) learning, 4 4 - 4 6 , 4 9 - 5 0 , 5 1

Team of Rivals (Goodwin), 2 1 8 Television, focus groups on programs

of, 1 0 8 - n Temptation, 89-90, 92

cognition skills against (delayedgratification experiment), 1 1 3

and memory task, 1 5 1

and subprime mortgages, 88 Teresa, Mother, 188

Tesauro, Gerald, 4 3 , 45n, 49

Thalamus, 38

and frontal lobe lobotomy, 1 0 1 Thaler, Richard, 77 , 9 1 , 1 5 3 - 5 5 Theory of mind

extended to computers, 18 3 and sympathy, 180

Theory of Moral Sentiments, The

Ultimatum game, 1 8 1 , 1 8 2 - 8 3 , 1 8 6

and dictator game, 1 8 7 Uncertainty

from conflicting inclinations in brain, 203

need to embrace, 203, 247 in poker, 2 2 7 - 2 8 , 229, 2 3 1 resolution of, 76

Unconscious decision-making, 2 3 7 of Binger in poker game, 240

in car-shopping experiment, 23 3 and emotions, 248

in evaluation of radar signal, 34 in moral choice, 1 7 2

in poster-choosing experiment, 23 6 in shopping for groceries, 199

as subliminal calculations, 23 United Nations game, i 5 7 n Unpredictable events, 247

Van de Velde, Jean, 1 3 6 - 3 7 , 1 3 9 , 1 4 0 Vasopressin, 19 3

Ventral caudate, 68 Ventral striatum, 243 Vinatieri, Adam, 4

Wager, Tor, 14 6

Wall Street, 2 3 9 - 4 0 . See also Investment experiments; Stock market

Wansink, Brian, 1 5 3

Warfare, soldiers desensitized to killing in, 1 7 9 - 8 0

Warner, Kurt, 1

Wasicka, Paul, 2 2 8 - 2 9 , 230 Watts, James, 1 0 1

Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 1 8 2 Weighting mistake, in real-estate

purchase, 1 4 4 - 4 5

Weis, Charlie, 2

Westen, Drew, 204

West Virginia, reward program for

2 3 5 - 3 6

Wine-tasting experiment, 1 4 7 - 4 9 in absence of price information,

1 4 9 - 5 0

Wonderlic intelligence test, 6, 7, 9 Working memory, 1 3 0

in case example of brain tumor, 103

and prefrontal cortex, 1 5 1 problem-solving abilities of, 1 3 1

World Series of Poker, 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 , 226, 243

and Binger, 2 1 9 , 2 2 3 , 226 - 29, 230, 2 4 0 - 4 1 , 243

World War II

London blitz in, 66n weapons unfired in, 17 9

Yom Kippur War, 2 1 1 - 1 8

Young, Vince, 7

Young Men and Fire (Maclean), 94 Zeira, Eli, 2 1 2 , 2 1 3 , 2 1 6 - 1 7