Lehrer, Jonahan. How We Decided
.pdf268 / Notes
3. F O O L E D BY A F E E L I N G
57"I lost control": Ann Klinestiver, telephone interview with the au thor, July 10, 2007.
58"You can feel": Ibid., July 21, 2007.
59Since slot machines: Cooper, "Sit and Spin."
60 According to Wolfram: Wolfram Schultz, telephone interview with the author, August 14, 2007.
63There was absolutely: Gilovich, Vallone, and Tversky, "The Hot Hand."
66 |
"We |
made |
it": Mlodinow, Drunkard's |
Walk, 175. |
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"So he makes": Gilovich, How |
We Know, |
17. |
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67 |
Fama |
looked |
at: Fama, "Random Walks." |
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One |
of Montague's: |
Lohrenz et al., "Neural Signature." |
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70 |
The investor |
who does: Zweig, Your Money |
and |
Your Brain, 226. |
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72 |
Take |
Nondumiso |
Sainsbury: Deal or |
No Deal, |
N B C , air date Sep |
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tember |
18, 2006. |
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74 |
An exhaustive |
analysis: Post et al., "Deal or N o Deal?" |
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76 |
This |
mental |
defect: Kahneman and Tversky, "Prospect Theory." |
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77 |
"confused |
about |
the": |
T. M a C u r d y |
and |
J . Shoven, |
"Accumulat |
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ing Pension Wealth with Stocks and Bonds," working paper, Stan |
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ford University, cited in Benartzi and Thaler, "Myopic Loss Aver |
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sion." |
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78 |
Markowitz |
was so: Zweig, Your |
Money |
and |
Your |
Brain, |
4. |
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|
Loss |
aversion |
also: Odean, "Are Investors |
Reluctant." |
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79 |
Consider |
this experiment: |
Shiv et al., "Investment Behavior." |
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82"Every day, I see": Herman Palmer, telephone interview with the author, October 19, 2007, and personal interview with the author, Bronx, N Y , January 1 1 , 2008.
86They no longer: Prelec and Simester, "Always Leave Home With out It."
88 |
In fact, subprime: |
Brooks and Simon, "Subprime Debacle." |
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89 |
Jonathan |
Cohen, |
a neuroscientist: |
McClure et al., "Separate Neural |
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Systems." |
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90 |
This |
also |
helps: |
Wilson and Daly, "Do Pretty Women." |
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"Our |
emotional |
brain": Bradt, "Brain Takes Itself On." |
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Lawrence |
Ausubel, an economist: |
Ausubel, "Adverse Selection." |
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91"Our emotions are like": George Loewenstein, telephone interview with the author, March 10, 2007.
Shlomo Benartzi and Richard Thaler: Benartzi and Thaler, "Save More Tomorrow."
Notes \ 269
4. TH E U S E S OF R E A S O N
94 "It sounds like": Maclean, Young Men and Fire, 35.
98"To hell with ": Ibid., 9 5.
99Although the people: Weltman, "Perceptual Narrowing."
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"It just seemed": Maclean, Young |
Men and Fire, |
100. |
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100 |
Pressed |
tight against: Schoenemann, "Prefrontal White Matter." |
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But he still: Wynn and Coolidge, "The Expert Neandertal Mind." |
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102 |
Consider |
the |
case: Heilman, Matter |
of Mind, |
81. |
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104 |
"You see this": Kenneth Heilman, interview with the author, June |
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28, 2007. |
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106 |
When neuroscientists used: De Martino et al., "Frames, Biases." |
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108 |
"Anyone |
can become": |
Aristotle, Nicomachean |
Ethics, 48. |
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The CBS method: Napoli, Audience |
Economics, |
41. |
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1 0 9 |
"Quantitative |
data": Brian Graden, interview on |
Frontline. |
||||
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"The shows |
weren't": |
Television |
executive |
(who asked to remain |
||
|
anonymous), telephone interview, November |
12, 2007. |
|||||
112 Mischel's |
results were: |
Shoda, Mischel, and Peake, "Predicting Ado |
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|
lescent Cognitive." |
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113In November zoo7: Shaw et al., "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder."
114A recent study: Galvan et al., "Earlier Development of the Accumbens."
115The most important: MacDonald et al., "Dissociating the Role."
116"No other brain": Earl Miller, interview with the author, April 1,
2008.
117In zooj, in a paper: Buschman and Miller, "Top-Down versus Bot tom-Up."
The end result: Wood and Grafman, "Human Prefrontal Cortex."
118Less than zo percent: Fleck and Weisberg, "The Use of Verbal Proto cols."
The subject |
repeats: Davidson and Sternberg, eds., Psychology of |
||
Problem |
Solving, |
151 . |
|
Instead |
of |
trying: |
Colvin et al., "The Effects of Frontal Lobe Le |
sions." |
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119 The first brain: Kounios et al., "The Prepared Mind." |
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"You're |
getting rid": Mark Jung-Beeman, interview with the author, |
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February 15, 2008. |
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120 He'd flown |
this: Captain Al Haynes, interview with the author, Janu |
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ary 21, 2008. |
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122 "It was an": Dennis Fitch, interview, Seconds from Disaster, N a tional Geographic Channel.
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270 |
/ |
Notes |
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127 |
"The performance |
was": |
http://amelia.db.erau.edu/reports/ntsb/aar/ |
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AAR90-06.pdf. |
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128 |
By analyzing |
the: |
as cited |
in |
Homer-Dixon, |
The |
Ingenuity |
Gap, |
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18-20. |
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129 |
According |
to |
Predmore: |
Predmore, |
"Dynamics of |
Group Perfor |
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|
mance"; Helmreich, "Managing Human Error in Aviation." |
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130 |
For instance, |
studies: Kandel |
et al., |
Principles |
of |
Neural |
Science, |
||||
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359- |
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Scientists |
refer to: |
Sandkuhler and |
Bhattacharya, |
"Deconstructing |
||||||
|
Insight." |
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131 |
Numerous |
studies |
have: Colom et al., "Working Memory." |
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5 . CHOKIN G ON THOUGHT
134"It caught me": Fleming, The Inner Voice, 100.
135"I had been ": Ibid., 80.
138 |
By concentrating |
on: Beilock and Carr, "On the Fragility"; Beilock |
|
|
et al., "When Paying Attention." |
||
139 |
Choking |
is merely: |
Gucciardi and Dimmock, "Choking under Pres |
|
sure." |
|
|
|
Claude |
Steele, a professor: Steele and Aronson, "Stereotype Threat"; |
|
Steele, "Thin Ice."
140"What you tend": Gladwell, "The Art of Failure."
141A few years: Wilson and Schooler, "Thinking Too Much."
143So Wilson came: Wilson et al., "Introspecting About Reasons."
144As Ap Dijksterhuis: Dijksterhuis et al., "The Rational Uncon scious."
146 Because people expected: Wager et al., "Placebo-Induced Changes."
Look, for example: Shiv, Carmon, and Ariely, "Placebo Effects of Marketing Actions."
147"We have these": Baba Shiv, telephone interview with the author, February 20, 2008.
Researchers at Caltech: Plassmann et al., "Marketing Actions."
148"We don't realize": Antonio Rangel, telephone interview with the author, February 20, 2008.
150 "There seems to": Miller, "The Magical Number Seven."
Consider this experiment: Shiv and Fedorikhin, "Heart and Mind."
152A bad mood: Gailliot et al., "Self-Control Relies on Glucose."
153But just as: Geier, Rozin, and Doros, "Unit Bias."
The |
group with: |
Wansink, Mindless Eating. |
|
Richard |
Thaler, |
an: Thaler, The Winner's Curse, 107-22. |
|
155 As |
Thaler |
notes: |
Bennett, "When Shove Comes to Push." |
Notes \ 271
156A few years: Ariely, Loewenstein, and Prelec, "Coherent Arbitrari ness"; "Tom Sawyer and the Construction of Value."
158 "You know you're": Dan Ariely, interview with the author, M a y 29,
2008.
159While the extra: Grove et al., "Clinical versus Mechanical Predic tion."
160Back pain is: Lehrer, "Psychology of Back Pain."
162 In a 1994 study: Jensen et al., "Magnetic Resonance Imaging." 163 "A lot of": Sean Mackey, interview with the author, June 1, 2007.
A large study: Jarvik et al., "Rapid Magnetic Resonance Imaging."
165They wanted to: Deyo, Nachemson, and Mirza, "Spinal-Fusion Sur gery."
"What's |
going on": John Sarno, interview with the author, June 1, |
2007. |
|
|
6. T H E M O R A L M I N D |
167 Sadism |
was entertaining: Sullivan and Maiken, Killer Clown. |
169"[Gacy] appears to have": Wilkinson, "Conversations with a Killer."
170The acts of: Levenson, Carstensen, and Gottman, "The Influence of Age and Gender."
"You know when": James Blair, telephone interview with the author,
April 4, 2007.
171 |
The |
emotional |
areas: Deeley et al., "Facial Emotion Processing." |
||
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The |
main problem: |
Blair, Mitchell, and Blair, The |
Psychopath. |
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Brain-imaging |
studies: Berthoz et al., "Affective Response." |
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172 |
"Moral judgment |
is": Haidt, Happiness Hypothesis, |
22. |
||
173Consider this moral: Haidt, "The Emotional Dog."
174"What happens in": Sommers, "Jonathan Haidt."
176 Consider this elegant: Greene et al., "An f M R I Investigation."
178"Our primate ancestors": Joshua Greene, telephone interview with the author, June 25, 2007.
179 "It is fear": Marshall, Men Against Fire, |
78. |
"At the most": Ibid., 79. |
|
"What is being": Grossman, On Combat, |
254. |
181However, the researchers: Oosterbeek, Sloof, and van de Kuilen, "Differences in Ultimatum Game Experiments"; Henrich et al.,
Foundations |
of Human |
Sociality." |
|
182 "Seen through |
the": Frank, Passions Within Reason, |
ix. |
|
"As we have": Smith, Theory of Moral Sentiments, |
3-4. |
||
The reason a proposer: |
Sanfey et al., "The Neural Basis." |
||
2.7 z |
I |
Notes |
183Because they intensely: Tankersley, Stowe, and Huettel, "Altruism Is Associated."
184When they chose: Moll et al., "Human Fronto-mesolimbic Net works."
185It now appears: Dapretto et al., "Understanding Emotions."
"They allow us": Blakeslee, "Cells That Read Minds."
186A face generated: Schultz et al., "The Role of the Fusiform Face Area."
187 |
Instead of giving: |
Hoffman, M c C a b e , and Smith, "Social Distance |
||||
|
and Other-Regarding Behavior." |
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"The |
experience |
of": Keltner, "Power Paradox." |
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|
Paul |
Slovic, |
a: Small, Loewenstein, |
and Slovic, "Sympathy and Cal |
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lousness." |
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191 |
"If monkeys |
have": |
Blum, Love at |
Goon Park, 231. |
||
192 |
One |
Canadian |
couple: Stout, The Sociopath Next Door, 132. |
|||
193When neuroscientists imaged: Chugani et al., "Local Brain Func tional Activity."
The orphans also: Parker et al., "The Impact of Early Institutional Rearing."
Finally, the neglected: Carter, "The Chemistry of Child Neglect."
In the early 1980s: George and Main, "Social Interactions"; Main and George, "Responses of Abused and Disadvantaged Toddlers."
194They were simply: Taylor et al., "Neural Bases of Regulatory Defi cits."
195 |
Consider |
this poignant: Masserman, Wechkin, and Terris, "Altruis |
|
tic Behavior in Rhesus Monkeys." |
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7. TH E BRAIN IS AN A R G U M E N T |
196 |
"There |
were a": Ralph Jimenez, at Monitor editors' interview with |
|
the author, March 25, 2008. |
|
197"I was still": Felice Belman, ibid.
"The candidates are": Mike Pride, ibid.
199 "The point is": Antoine Bechara, interview, Radio Lab, M a y 12,
2008.
200 Consider this clever: Knutson et al., "Neural Predictors."
202In fact, researchers: Inman, McAlister, and Hoyer, "Promotion Sig nal."
204 |
Although it |
was: Green, Palmquist, |
and Schickler, Partisan Hearts, |
|
2. |
|
|
|
Drew Westen, a: Westen et al., "The Neural Basis of Motivated Rea |
||
|
soning." |
|
|
205 |
"Essentially, |
it appears": Westen, The |
Political Brain, 17. |
Notes \ 273
206"Voters think that": Achen and Bartels, "It Feels Like We're Think ing."
|
Let's |
look |
at: Brock and Balloun, "Behavioral Receptivity." |
|||||||
207 |
In 1984, |
the: Tetlock, Expert Political |
Judgment. |
|
||||||
209 |
"The |
dominant |
danger": Ibid., |
23. |
|
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|
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211 |
"Oh, |
that's easy": Gazzaniga, The |
Social Brain, |
|
72. |
|||||
|
During the last: Rabinovich, The |
Yom Kippur |
War. |
|||||||
212 |
He persuasively |
argued: |
Black |
and |
Morris, |
Israel's Secret Wars, |
||||
|
280-99; Raviv and Melman, Every Spy a Prince, |
110-25. |
||||||||
216 |
"The |
need for": |
Bar-Joseph and Kruglanski, "Intelligence Failure"; |
|||||||
|
Bar-Joseph, The |
Watchman |
Fell |
Asleep. |
|
|
||||
218 |
He intentionally |
filled: Goodwin, Team of Rivals, |
126. |
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8. TH E POKER |
H A N D |
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|
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220 |
"You get |
so wired": Michael Binger, interviews with the author, M a y |
||||||||
|
12, 2007; July |
1, 2007; September 22, 2007. |
|
|
||||||
232To answer these: Dijksterhuis et al., "On Making the Right Choice."
236"Imagine being at": Dijksterhuis and van Olden, "On the Benefits of Thinking Unconsciously."
"The moral of": Dijksterhuis, "Breakthrough Ideas."
237The hardest calls: Dijksterhuis and Nordgren, " A Theory of Uncon scious Thought,"
That's why the: Klein, "In the Digital Age."
239A few years: Lo and Repin, "The Psychophysiology of Real-Time Financial Risk Processing."
240"One of the": See http://alum.mit.edu/ne/opendoor/200509/lo.html.
243 |
"We need to cultivate": Tetlock, Expert Political Judgment, |
24. |
C O D A
251But then, starting: Baker et al., "Pilot Error in Air Carrier Mis haps."
252"The old way": Jeff Roberts, telephone interview with the author,
July 12, 2007.
254 "For most of": Al Haynes, interview with the author, January 21,
2008.
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