26.3. Читання

Прочитайте текст та поставте п’ять запитань до його змісту.

The Black Sea Pollution

The story about the Black Sea pollution starts like almost any other pollution story. Once, about half a decade ago, the Black Sea had very rich and diverse marine ecosystems. It also had major economic benefits in the form of millions of tourists coming from all over the world, not to mention the abundant fisheries.

But in the 1990s, this important natural resource has been brought at the brink of destruction. Once rich biodiversity became only a fond memory, and foreign tourists are no longer coming to enjoy the natural beauties that this area once offered. There is also no more fish, and tragically the Black Sea has become an area to dump all forms of solid and liquid waste.

The Black Sea is full of different pollutants such as toxic metals and agrochemicals. These substances have caused an overproduction of phyto-plankton which prevents light from reaching the sea grasses and algae, thus making a huge damage to marine life.

Many tanker accidents caused oil pollution, while coastal industries continue to discharge waste products directly, with little or no treatment. This, along with huge industrial activity in the area, shipping and offshore oil exploration have created critical environmental situation.

In order to fight this pollution, the six surrounding countries signed the Bucharest convention in 1992 but this convention has so far had very little impact because several governments have not yet released the funds needed to fulfill their commitments in fight against the Black Sea pollution.

And so the pollution still continues.

26.4. Граматика. Узгодження часів

Запам’ятайте! Якщо у головному реченні використовується присудок у минулому часі, то й у підрядному реченні присудок повинен бути в одній з форм минулого часу, а саме:

Головне речення в минулому часі		Підрядне речення
Past Simple	1. для одночасної дії (в укр. мові – теперішній час)	Past Simple V-ed / V-II Past Continuous was / were + V-ing
	2. для дії, яка мала місце раніше (в укр. мові – минулий час)	Past Perfect had + V-ed / V-III
	3. для майбутньої дії (в укр. мові – майбутній час)	Future-in-the-Past would (might / could) + V

Приклади.

He said that	he often went to the skating rink.
	he had gone the skating rink the last week.
	he would go to the skating rink the next week.
Він сказав, що	він часто ходить на каток.
	він ходив на каток минулого тижня.
	він піде на каток наступного тижня.

Вправа 2. Перекладіть речення, звертаючи увагу на узгодження часів.

1. Nobody expected that he would ever be able to do it. 2. It seemed that everything was quite all right. 3. He told them what had happened to him in Paris. 4. We knew that he was writing a new novel. 5. He declared that he would defend his rights. 6. She said that similar questions might be asked at the examinations. 7. We heard that she had become a champion. 8. He saw that the ship was leaving.

Вправа 3. Поставте дієслова у дужках у необхідній формі.

1. I knew that John currently (to work) at a new project. 2. Mike hoped that his friend (to help) him with his technical drawing. 3. We didn’t know the score, but we were sure their team (to lose) the game. 4. Yesterday Tom learned that his aunt (to be) ill for two months. 5. The children were afraid of making any noise because Mom (to sleep). 6. He said that he (to trust) me. 7. We were told that Andrew (to go) to enter that college. 8. My parents decided that we (to celebrate) my birthday on Saturday. 9. The student wasn’t able to do the translation because he (not / to know) some special terms. 10. Ann wasn’t informed that the lecture (to take place) the next Friday.

Вправа 4. Передайте речення непрямою мовою, починаючи їх словами у дужках.

1. The children are playing in the yard. (She thought) 2. Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped) 3. Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought) 4. She knows English very well. (I supposed) 5. Our sportsmen will win the game. (We were sure) 6. She made no mistakes in her dictation. (She was glad) 7. He works at his English hard. (I knew) 8. She dances better than anybody else. (I was told) 9. My cousin has received a very interesting offer from his company. (I learnt) 10. She will come to stay with us. (My aunt wrote in her letter) 11. He is painting a new picture. (We heard) 12. His new picture will be a masterpiece. (We were sure) 13. You will fall and break your leg. (I was afraid) 14. My friend has never been to Washington. (I knew) 15. She never drinks milk. (I was told) 16. He is a very talented singer. (We were told) 17. They live a happy life. (We knew) 18. He does not know German at all. (I found out)