Oil refining
Terminology
treated crude oil – подготовленная сырая нефть
refinery –нефтеперерабатывающий завод
lamp oil – осветительное масло, керосин
solvent – растворитель
fraction-фракция
run - погон
distillation - перегонка
fraction boiling boundary - граница кипения фракции
boil-off limit – предел выкипания
treat - очищаться
temperature distillation chart – кривая разгонки нефти
evaporated oil volume – испаряющийся объем нефти
fractionator – ректификационная колонна
motor gasoline – автомобильный бензин
compounding- компаундирование
gasoil – газойль
straight-run residue – прямогонный остаток
naphta – нафта
disintegration - разложение
vat residue – кубовый остаток
gas fractionating plant – газофракционирующая установка (ГФУ)
gasoline – прямогонный бензин
ligroin – лигроин
feedstock - сырье
straight-run residue – прямогонный остаток
vacuum distillation residue – остаток прямогонной перегонки
residual fuel- остаточное топливо
catalyst cracking – каталитический крекинг
stream - поток
lube oil – смазочное масло
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Treated crude oil through pipelines comes to refineries, where it is used for production of fuels, petroleum oils, paraffins, vaselines, oil bitumens, lamp oils, solvents and other oil products in the process of distillation.
Crude oil is a mixture of several thousand simple and complex compounds. Each of its compounds has its own boiling temperature.
On the basis of boiling temperature specific oil components can be combined in groups called fractions. A fraction or a run combines all compounds, which boil in specific temperature interval, and boiling temperature is called fraction boiling boundary or boil-off limit. In the process of oil distillation compounds boil off and then condense when cooled down, and treated to receive commercial product. Temperature distillation chart is developed in order to determine boiling points of crude oil components. Temperature distillation chart is a curve showing dependency of evaporated oil volume upon temperature.
Methods of oil refining are classified as primary and secondary. Primary methods comprise initial crude oil distillation. Fractionator plays an important role in the process of crude oil distillation and allows to continuously perform operations to separate oil into 5-6 components. Crude oil comes inside the fractionator, which produces hydrocarbon gases, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, light gasoil, heavy gasoil and vat residue. Light fractions are supplied to gas fractionation plant. Straight-run gasoline is directed for compounding to receive motor gasoline. Naphtha or ligroin is supplied to the reformer, kerosene goes to hydro treatment unit, light gasoil is used to produce diesel fuel, heavy gasoil is used as feedstock for catalyst cracking, and straight-run residue is supplied for vacuum distillation.
When crude oil is heated to the temperature of 4800C and above, a phenomenon takes place, which is called cracking. The process of vacuum distillation was developed for correct application of cracking. In the process of cracking heavy molecules crack creating light molecules, which can combine generating lighter hydrocarbons.
Several streams come out of the vacuum distillation unit. Light vacuum distillate and heavy vacuum distillate sometimes are produced as separate products. Both fractions can be used as feedstock to produce lube oils. In many cases they are not separated. Heavy product left on the bottom of the unit is called vacuum distillation residue and used as feedstock to produce bitumen, and also as a component to produce residual fuel.
Methods of secondary oil refining are classified as catalyst and thermal methods. Catalyst methods mean presence of catalysts initiating or speeding cracking reaction. Thermal methods mean disintegration of heavy high-molecular hydrocarbons to lighter fractions at hig
1. What products are made of crude oil in the process of distillation at refineries?
2. What is crude oil fraction?
3. What is temperature distillation chart developed for?
4. What methods of oil refining do you know?
5. What procedures do primary methods of oil refining include?
6. What is fractionator used for?
7. What is cracking?
8. What products are produced in the process of vacuum distillation?
9. What methods of secondary oil refining do you know?
10. What role do catalysts play in the process of cracking?