- •Белорусский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов
- •Абрамчик е.Ф., Поваляева в.Н., Турляй л.П., Козел л.А.
- •History as a Science
- •Preview
- •Text 1. Understanding History
- •Text 2. How do We Know?
- •Text 3. Examining Archaeology
- •Text 4. Museum – Source of Knowledge and Impressions
- •Polydialogue. The University-wide Open Days
- •The usefulness of archives
- •Video. Dartmoor National Park
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Before you view
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension tasks
- •Follow-up
- •Writing tasks
- •Finally …
- •Unit 2 first steps toward civilization
- •Text 1. The Early Accomplishments of Homo sapiens
- •Text 2. Setting the Stage for Civilization: The Origins of Food Production
- •Text 3. The Gradual Transition From Food Gathering To Food Production
- •Text 4. The Transition to a Sedentary Way of Life
- •Ex. 1. Translate the text into English.
- •Unit III classical civilization. Ancient greek culture
- •Text 1. The ancient Greeks
- •Text 2. The Evolution of Democracy
- •Text 3. Sparta and Athens
- •Text 4. The Age of Pericles
- •The economy of Athens
- •Text 5. Religions and sports festivals
- •Text 6. Greek Drama
- •Text 7. The Spread of Greek Culture
- •The Golden age of Greek Theatre
- •The tragedy form
- •Александрия
- •Unit IV ancient rome and its socio-political development. The roman empire
- •Text 1. The Rise Of The Republic
- •Text 2. Overseas Expansion
- •Text 3. The Fall Of The Roman Republic
- •Text 4. Greece and Rome
- •The Birth of Rome
- •Text 5. The Early Empire
- •Text 6. Social Rank in the Empire
- •Text 7. The Roman Economy
- •Rich and Poor
- •Золотой век
- •Unit V rome and the christians
- •Text 1. The Early Christians
- •Text 2. Rome and the Christians
- •Text 3. The Decline of Rome
- •Text 4. The Fall Of Rome
- •The Causes of the Fall
- •Христианство
- •Unit VI the middle ages
- •Text 1. The Middle Ages. Their Classification and General Characteristics.
- •Text 2. Byzantine and Its Influence on Neighboring Countries
- •In the Field of Learning and Religion
- •Text 3. Medieval Europe
- •Text 4. The Spirit of the Renaissance
- •Features of Renaissance Art
- •Ex. 2. Translate the text into English. Феодальная система в Западной и Центральной Европе
- •Discussion
- •Text 1. Primordial Belarus – From Forest Tribes to the Decline of Polatsk
- •Text 2. The Development and Flourishing of Great Lithuania
- •Text 3. Belarus after Vitaut: its Golden Age and Decline
- •Text 4. Belarus after the Third Division of Rech Paspalitaya
- •Dialogue Travelling Broadens the Mind
- •B. Some old and Rare Books in the Francisk Skaryna Library in London
- •Part III
- •Britain
- •Preview
- •Reading Text 1. Primitive Society on the territory of the British Isles
- •The Earliest Men
- •The Celts
- •The Primitive Communal System
- •Word Check
- •Comprehension
- •Text 2. The British Empire
- •Text 3. Economic and Social Changes
- •In England in the 18th and 19th Centuries
- •Text 4. Modern Britain. Stability and Change.
- •Rich and Poor
- •Unit II american continet:
- •Its first civilizations and colonies.
- •Text 1. From Early People to Colonies.
- •Text 2. Colonization of America. War For Independence
- •Discussion
- •Text 3. Constitution. Bill of Rights.
- •Comprehension
- •Word Check
- •Ex. 2. Discuss which of them one can find in a) democratic society
- •Text 2. The European Union Read the text and say in a few words the main points of the text
- •Text 3. United Nations Read the text and assimilate its information
- •Security Council.
- •Translation
- •Unit II outstanding people
- •Text 1. The “Father of History”
- •Text 2. Alexander the Great and his Influence
- •Text 3. Elizabeth I.
- •Text 4. John Fitzerald Kennedy.
- •Contents
The Causes of the Fall
Why did empire fall? Historians do not have one answer. Still, these factors played an important part:
Christianity Christians were more devoted to their faith and to the church than to the Roman state.
Economic decline In the last century of the empire, both the army and the government kept growing. In addition, Romans continued to import luxury items from distant lands. The Roman economy was not strong enough to support such activities.
Growth of government The large government kept demanding more of the people. Eventually, people saw no reason to support the emperor over the barbarians. In fact, some Romans, particularly poor Romans, would rather have barbarian rulers because they were not as harsh as Roman rulers.
Decline in the work force A high death rate among Romans and a decrease in the number of slaves meant that the empire had fewer workers and fewer soldiers.
Moral decline For centuries, the Romans had been proud of their military strength. During the Pax Romana period, though, many Romans took more interest in leisure activities than they did in protecting the empire from invaders. When the empire needed the Romans’ military skills again, these skills were no longer sharp. The Romans didn’t want to join the army.
Military defeat The Roman army was no longer strong enough to defeat the barbarians and lost battle after battle.
Ex. 2. Translate the text into English.
Христианство
Христианство (от греч. christos – помазанник) – религия, возникшая в I в. до н.э. в восточных провинциях Римской империи. Христианство сложилось на основе иудейских радикальных сект и течений (зелотов, эссенов и пр.), ставших промежуточными между иудаизмом и ранним христианством. Важную роль в формировании учения христиан сыграла греко-римская философия и религия Востока. Христианство возникло как религиозный протест угнетенных слоев населения против существующих порядков и против рабовладения в целом. Провозгласив абстрактное равенство всех людей (в виде равенство всех перед богом), христианство обещало им спасение от всех бед в потустороннем мире. Успеху христианства способствовало учение о бессмертии души и загробной расплате. Первые общины, признавшие мессией и сыном божьим проповедника из Галилеи Иисуса, появились в Палестине, Эфесе, Смирне, Пергаме, Сардах, а также в Александрии. Все они отличались простотой организации. До начала II в. н.э. единого вероучения еще не было.
Изменение в христианской идеологии наступили во II – III вв., когда в результате кризиса рабовладельчества в общины христиан стали вступать и богатые люди. В середине II в. из числа зажиточных христиан избирались (позже назначались) епископы и дьяконы (диаконы), в обязанности которых входил присмотр за общественным имуществом и всеми хозяйственными делами общины. Постепенно из этого демократического института образовался монарший епископат. Церковная организация стала четко делиться на клир (духовенство) и мирян. Тогда же возникло и монашество. Поскольку христианская церковь стала представлять значительную политическую силу в Римской империи, императоры рассматривали ее как возможную соперницу и жестоко преследовали христиан. Гонения на них зафиксированы в годы правления императоров Деция, Валериана и Диоклетиана. Император Константин провозгласил христианство разрешенной религией. В 325 году был созван первый Вселенский собор представителей христианского духовенства в Никее (Никейский собор), на котором был выработан «символ веры» и оформлен союз между властью императора и церковью. Император Феодосий II (2-я половина VI в.) издал приказ о закрытии всех языческих храмов. Так христианство из преследуемой религии превратилось в государственную, освятив те социальные порядки и обычаи, которые вызывали негодование и ненависть у первых христиан.
Discussion
How were Judaism and early Christianity alike and how were they different?
How did the Jewish and Christian religion beliefs differ from the Romans?
Why did tension grow between Jews and Christians?
How did Christianity grow between A.D. 64 and A.D. 400?
What was the attitude of Romans towards the early Christians?
How did Constantine help Christianity become the main religion in the empire?
Why did the Roman Empire begin to decline?
What were the major accomplish meant of Christianity?
Who were the barbarians?
Summary
Summarize the information from Unit 5 and be ready to speak on the following points.
The early Christians.
Rome’s early response.
The rise of Christianity.
The decline of Rome.
The fall of Rome.