- •Белорусский государственный университет Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных факультетов
- •Абрамчик е.Ф., Поваляева в.Н., Турляй л.П., Козел л.А.
- •History as a Science
- •Preview
- •Text 1. Understanding History
- •Text 2. How do We Know?
- •Text 3. Examining Archaeology
- •Text 4. Museum – Source of Knowledge and Impressions
- •Polydialogue. The University-wide Open Days
- •The usefulness of archives
- •Video. Dartmoor National Park
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Follow-up
- •Vocabulary
- •Before you view
- •Vocabulary
- •Comprehension tasks
- •Follow-up
- •Writing tasks
- •Finally …
- •Unit 2 first steps toward civilization
- •Text 1. The Early Accomplishments of Homo sapiens
- •Text 2. Setting the Stage for Civilization: The Origins of Food Production
- •Text 3. The Gradual Transition From Food Gathering To Food Production
- •Text 4. The Transition to a Sedentary Way of Life
- •Ex. 1. Translate the text into English.
- •Unit III classical civilization. Ancient greek culture
- •Text 1. The ancient Greeks
- •Text 2. The Evolution of Democracy
- •Text 3. Sparta and Athens
- •Text 4. The Age of Pericles
- •The economy of Athens
- •Text 5. Religions and sports festivals
- •Text 6. Greek Drama
- •Text 7. The Spread of Greek Culture
- •The Golden age of Greek Theatre
- •The tragedy form
- •Александрия
- •Unit IV ancient rome and its socio-political development. The roman empire
- •Text 1. The Rise Of The Republic
- •Text 2. Overseas Expansion
- •Text 3. The Fall Of The Roman Republic
- •Text 4. Greece and Rome
- •The Birth of Rome
- •Text 5. The Early Empire
- •Text 6. Social Rank in the Empire
- •Text 7. The Roman Economy
- •Rich and Poor
- •Золотой век
- •Unit V rome and the christians
- •Text 1. The Early Christians
- •Text 2. Rome and the Christians
- •Text 3. The Decline of Rome
- •Text 4. The Fall Of Rome
- •The Causes of the Fall
- •Христианство
- •Unit VI the middle ages
- •Text 1. The Middle Ages. Their Classification and General Characteristics.
- •Text 2. Byzantine and Its Influence on Neighboring Countries
- •In the Field of Learning and Religion
- •Text 3. Medieval Europe
- •Text 4. The Spirit of the Renaissance
- •Features of Renaissance Art
- •Ex. 2. Translate the text into English. Феодальная система в Западной и Центральной Европе
- •Discussion
- •Text 1. Primordial Belarus – From Forest Tribes to the Decline of Polatsk
- •Text 2. The Development and Flourishing of Great Lithuania
- •Text 3. Belarus after Vitaut: its Golden Age and Decline
- •Text 4. Belarus after the Third Division of Rech Paspalitaya
- •Dialogue Travelling Broadens the Mind
- •B. Some old and Rare Books in the Francisk Skaryna Library in London
- •Part III
- •Britain
- •Preview
- •Reading Text 1. Primitive Society on the territory of the British Isles
- •The Earliest Men
- •The Celts
- •The Primitive Communal System
- •Word Check
- •Comprehension
- •Text 2. The British Empire
- •Text 3. Economic and Social Changes
- •In England in the 18th and 19th Centuries
- •Text 4. Modern Britain. Stability and Change.
- •Rich and Poor
- •Unit II american continet:
- •Its first civilizations and colonies.
- •Text 1. From Early People to Colonies.
- •Text 2. Colonization of America. War For Independence
- •Discussion
- •Text 3. Constitution. Bill of Rights.
- •Comprehension
- •Word Check
- •Ex. 2. Discuss which of them one can find in a) democratic society
- •Text 2. The European Union Read the text and say in a few words the main points of the text
- •Text 3. United Nations Read the text and assimilate its information
- •Security Council.
- •Translation
- •Unit II outstanding people
- •Text 1. The “Father of History”
- •Text 2. Alexander the Great and his Influence
- •Text 3. Elizabeth I.
- •Text 4. John Fitzerald Kennedy.
- •Contents
Finally …
Watch the whole sequence again. Enjoy watching it. Now you can understand everything much more easily than you could before – you’ll feel that you have made progress.
This relaxed viewing (with no questions to answer or tasks to worry about) is also an excellent way of assimilating vocabulary and useful expressions.
Unit 2 first steps toward civilization
Preview
What kinds of specialized work did people do in the early human hunting societies?
About how long was the process that took the humans from hunting and gathering to civilization”?
What were some of the negative consequences of a sedentary lifestyle?
What steps accelerated evolution of human societies toward civilization?
Reading
Text 1. The Early Accomplishments of Homo sapiens
Read the text and do the tasks that follow
Between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago the Eastern Hemisphere was populated by human beings anatomically just like us. Concurrently the newly evolved human species migrated into the Western Hemisphere, needing no boats for this because there was then a land connection between Siberia and Alaska. Since Australia was colonized (in still mysterious ways) before 30,000 years ago, the entire globe then knew human habitation more oк less as it does today.
Early Human Art
One of the first things modern humans accomplished was the creation of some of the most stunning paintings known in the entire history of human art – the famous cave murals of southern France and northern Spain executed between 30,000 and 12,000 years ago. In over 200 caves so far discovered (the most famous of which are the cave of Lascaux in southern France and that of Altamira in Spain), the earliest known artists painted breathtaking murals of prancing animals – bison, bulls, horses, ponies, and stags. The emphasis in this cave art was unquestionably on movement. Almost all of the murals depict proud game species running, leaping, or facing the hunter at bay.
Early Human Hunting Society
It is certain that the early human hunting society that produced the cave paintings was one that had arrived at extensive specialization and differentiation of labour. Handicraft workers in the same societies concurrently developed extraordinary facility in fashioning tools, not just from stones and bones but also from antlers and ivory. Examples of the implements they added to the ancient human tool kit include fishhooks, harpoons, bows and arrows, and needles for sewing together animal skins.
Hunting in the period between 30,000 and 12,000 years ago would have called for specialized training since artful new techniques were being added to the hunting repertoire. Specifically, with darts and arrows hunters of that time learned how to bring down birds, with harpoons and fishhooks they learned how to catch fish, and by studying the instinctive movements of game animals they learned how to stampede and trap herds. Since they relied on game most of all, they migrated with game herds and there is some evidence that they followed preservation rules by not killing everything that they could. Nonetheless, masses of charred bones found regularly at archeological sites dating from this period indicate that huge quantities of game were killed and then roasted in community feasts, proving that the peoples in question not only knew how to paint and how to hunt, but also how to share.
Around 12,000 years ago (10,000 B.C.E.), hunting feasts occurred rarely or not at all for a simple reason – the herds were vanishing. The era between 35,000 and 12,000 years ago had been an “Ice Age”: daytime temperatures in the Mediterranean regions of Europe and western Asia averaged about 690 А (-10С) in the winter. Accordingly, herds of cold-loving game species such as reindeer, elk, wild boar, European bison, and various kinds of mountain goats roamed the hills and valleys. But as the last glaciers receded northwards such species retreated with them. Some humans may have moved north with the game but others stayed behind, creating an extremely different sort of world in comparatively short order.
Vocabulary extension
to be colonized – to be populated, settled
habitat – natural environment of an animal or a plant
to accomplish – to succeed in doing smth.
stunning – splendid, impressive
game animals – animals that hunted and killed for food
to fashion – to make or design smth.
repertoire – the total number of things that someone is able to do
at bay – of a hunted animal forced to face its attackers and show defiance because unable to escape
to recede – to move away, disappear
Ex. 1. Match the words in column A with their definitions in column B.
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Ex. 2. Complete the sentences, use the words and expressions from the text.
Between 40.000 and 30.000 years ago the Eastern Hemisphere was populated …
Since Australia was colonized before 30.000 years ago the entire globe then knew … … more or less as it does today.
One of the first things modern humans … was the creation of the most stunning paintings known in the entire history of human art.
It is certain that the early hunting society that produced the cave paintings was one that had arrived at …
Examples of the implements handicraft workers added to the ancient human tool kit included … … .
Since the early human beings relied on game most of all, they migrated …
But as the last glaciers receded northwards such species as reindeer, elk, wild boar and European bison …
Words for reference: extensive specializations and differention of labour; accomplished; retreated with them; with game herds; human beings anatomically just like us; habitation; fish hooks, harpoons, bows and arrows, and needles.
Ex. 3. Fill in the following prepositions: at, in, on, by, between, over, for, of.
There was then a land connection … Siberia and Alaska.
In … 200 caves so far discovered, the ealiest known artists painted breathtaking murals … prancing animals.
The emphasis … this care art was unquestionably … movement.
Handicraft workers … the same societies concurrently developed extraordinary facility … fashioning tools.
Hunting … the period between 30.000 and 12.000 years ago would have called … specialized training.
Hunters of that time followed preservation rules … not killing everything they could.
Nonetheless, masses of charred bones are found regularly … archeological sites.
Comprehension
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences, use the information from the text.
Between 40.000 and 30.000 years ago the Eastern Hemisphere was populated …
The entire globe then knew human …
One of the first things modern humans accomplished was …
Hunting in the period between 30.000 and 12.000 years ago would have called for specialized training since …
Since they relied on game most of all, they …
Around 12.000 years ago, hunting feasts occurred rarely or not at all for a simple reason …
Some humans may have moved north with the game but others stayed behind, …
Ex. 2. Say if the statements are true or false.
The entire globe 30.000 years ago knew human habitation more or less as it does today.
One of the first things modern humans accomplished was the invention of writing.
It is certain that the early human society that produced the cave paintings was one that had arrived at extensive specialization and differentiation.
Examples of the implements the earliest humans used include not only fishhooks, harpoons but also ploughs.
The earliest humans didn’t not rely only on game, they know how to till the land.
Ex. 3. Answer the following question.
What is the most significant information about modern human beings?
Did early human hunting societies have division and specialization of labour. What kind of specialized work did people do in these societies?
What were some of the accomplishments of Homo sapiens at that time?
How might the climate during the Ice Age have affected the way people lived during that tine?
When may some humans have moved north with the game? Did they remain hunters?
In what ways do you think the humans who stayed behind and became sedentary created an extremely different sort of world in comparatively short order?