- •Contents
- •От авторов
- •Section II etymological survey of the english word-stock
- •Section III morphological structure of the english word. Word-formation
- •Section IV lexical meaning as a linguistic category. Semantic analysis of words. Polysemy and homonymy
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section V semantic classification of words. Synonymy
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section VI lexical-phraseological combinability of words. Phraseological units
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section VII stylistic layers of the english vocabulary. Terminology
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section VIII regional varieties of the vocabulary.
- •Vocabulary of american english
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Section IX lexicography
- •Working Definitions of Principal Concepts
- •Part II. Word analysis Section II
- •1. Group the following words according to their origin and state the degree of their assimilation.
- •2. Study the following doublets and explain how they differ in origin and meaning.
- •3. Study examples of borrowings to explain how adopting words from other languages depends on socio-cultural factors.
- •2. Discuss these words in terms of item and arrangement. How do these words demonstrate productive patterns of affixation in Modern English?
- •6. Write the words from which the following shortenings were formed.
- •7. Comment on the formation of these words.
- •8. Study the underlined words and identify the type of word-building.
- •9. Explain how the following units were formed.
- •1. Which of the underlined words is realized in a) nominative meaning, b) nominative-derivative meaning?
- •2. Analyze the word “rich” in terms of different types of meaning.
- •3. Read the text aloud. Provide lexicological explanation of the humorous effect produced by the poem. Spell checker
- •Section V
- •“Daddy, can I have a chocolate?” said the girl to her father.
- •2. These synonymic series are adduced in the English-Russian Dictionary of Synonyms (Moscow, 1979). Do these words satisfy the definition of synonyms?
- •1) Cold, cool, chilly, chil, frosty, frigid, freezing, icy, arctic;
- •2) Impatient, nervous, nervy, unquiet, uneasy, restless, restive, fidgety, feverish, jumpy, jittery.
- •1. Study the following examples of phraseological units and use them to describe V.V.Vinogradov’s classification. Phraseological combinations:
- •Phraseological unities:
- •Phraseological fusions:
- •2. Identify free and idiomatic word-combinations and give their Russian equivalents.
- •3. Match the following adjectives and nouns to give English equivalents of the following Russian word-combinations. Can the English phrases be described as free word-combinations? Why (why not)?
- •Section VII
- •1. Study the following words and their definitions. Say what peculiarities of these words make it possible to describe them as slang words.
- •2. Read the following sentences paying attention to the words and word combinations in italics. Say whether these words are literary colloquial or low colloquial.
- •4. Study the advertisement below; find 1) colloquial words, 2) neutral words, 3) terms, 4) learned words.
- •1. Use the material below to discuss the vocabulary of American English.
- •Americanisms Proper
- •Lexical analogues
- •4. Give lexicological analysis of the following humorous poem.
- •1. Choose one of the dictionaries from the given list.
- •3. The following text contains numerous vocabulary errors. Correct them and explain how (and what kind of) dictionaries can help students of English to avoid such mistakes. Expensive Mary
- •Topics for discussion
- •References
Section V
1. Read the sentences. Can the underlined words be described as synonyms? Which of the words, as compared to its synonym, is: 1) more intense, 2) more emotive, 3) more professional, 4) more literary, 5) belongs to child-talk?
“Daddy, can I have a chocolate?” said the girl to her father.
Surprised, was I? Astound would rather have been the word.
Alexander had made his first mistake in broaching the suggestion when Pearson had not wanted to hear. Now he made a second error. He mistook Pearson’s statement as an invitation to continue the discussion.
Mastery then of the “words”, the vocabulary, the lexicon, of even our native language is always limited, never complete.
“He is the parent of my children! He is the father of my twins! He is the husband of my affections”, cried Mrs.Micawber, struggling, “and I never will desert Mr.Micawber!”
2. These synonymic series are adduced in the English-Russian Dictionary of Synonyms (Moscow, 1979). Do these words satisfy the definition of synonyms?
1) Cold, cool, chilly, chil, frosty, frigid, freezing, icy, arctic;
2) Impatient, nervous, nervy, unquiet, uneasy, restless, restive, fidgety, feverish, jumpy, jittery.
3. The following words are of different origin: the first word in each line is native, while the other word (s) - borrowed. How do native words differ from their synonyms in emotional-expressive connotations?
Foreword – preface (F), introduction (L), prolegomenon (Gr)
Charity – love (L)
Happiness – felicity (Fr-L)
Friendly – amiable (L)
Lonely – solitary (L)
Fellow-feeling – compassion (Fr-L), sympathy (Gr)
House – mansion (Fr-L)
Section VI
1. Study the following examples of phraseological units and use them to describe V.V.Vinogradov’s classification. Phraseological combinations:
To be good at something |
быть способным к чему-либо |
To fall in love |
влюбиться |
To go to bed |
ложиться спать |
To pay a call |
нанести визит |
To stick to one’s word |
стоять на своем |
Phraseological unities:
To sit on the fence (in discussion, politics, etc. refrain from taking sides) |
выжидать, занимать нейтральную позицию |
To lose one’s head (to be at a loss what to do) |
потерять голову |
To look a gift horse in the mouth (to examine the present too critically; to find fault with something one gained without effort) |
смотреть дареному коню в зубы |
The last drop/straw (the final circumstance that makes the situation unendurable) |
последняя капля |
Phraseological fusions:
At sixes and sevens (in confusion or in disagreement) |
все вверх дном |
To dance attendance on somebody (to try and please or attract somebody) |
ходить перед кем-либо на задних лапках; увиваться вокруг кого либо |
To set one’s cap at somebody (to try and attract a man; spoken about girls and women. The image may have been either that of a child trying to catch a butterfly with his cap or of a girl putting on a pretty cap to attract a certain person) |
завлекать кого либо; расставлять кому-либо сети |
To show the white feather (to betray one’s cowardice. The allusion was originally to cock fighting. A white feather in a cock’s plumage denoted a bad fighter) |
струсить, смалодушничать |