History of policing in the City

Policing in the City of London has existed since Roman times. Wood Street Police Station, the current headquarters of the City Police, is built on part of the site of a Roman fortress, which may have housed some of the first police in the City.^[6]

Prior to 1839, the responsibility for policing in the City was divided between day and night, primarily under the two Sheriffs. It was these officers responsible for ensuring the Night Watch was maintained. Policing during the day eventually came under theCity Patrol, which evolved into the City Day Police, which was modelled on the Metropolitan Police. In 1838, the Day Police and Night Watch were merged into a single organisation. The passing of the City of London Police Act 1839 gave statutory approval to the force as an independent police body, heading off attempts made to merge it with the Metropolitan Police.^[7]

During 1842, the City Police moved its headquarters from Corporation's Guildhall to 26 Old Jewry, where it remained until it was relocated to Wood Street in 2002.^[6]

Organisation

The City Police is organised into five Basic Command Units:^[8]

• Economic Crime Directorate

• Counter Terrorism and Serious Crime Directorate

• Specialist Support Directorate

• Territorial Policing Directorate

• Corporate Services Directorate

Because of the City's role as a world financial centre, the City of London Police has developed a great deal of expertise in dealing with fraud and "is the acknowledged lead force within the UK for economic crime investigation."^[9] The Economic Crime Directorate includes the Fraud Squad, the Cheque and Credit Card Unit, the Money Laundering Investigation Unit, the Dedicated Cheque and Plastic Crime Unit, the Fraud Intelligence Development Team and the Overseas Corruption Unit.^[10]

Uniform

Where the majority of British police forces have white metal badges and buttons, those of the City Police are brass. The force also have a unique red and white chequered sleeve and cap bands (red and white being the colours of the City of London), which in most other British police forces are black and white. Women officers wear a red and white cravat.^[11]

Their helmet has altered little since its introduction in 1865 and has a crest instead of the white metal boss worn on the Metropolitan Police helmet. The "helmet plate" or badge is the City of London coat of arms; this is unique for a UK police force in that it does not include the Royal Crown, neither does it have the Brunswick Star, which is used on most other police helmets in England and Wales.^[12]

On State and ceremonial occasions the Commissioner and his deputy wear a special full-dress uniform and hat; other than on these occasions, they wear standard uniform.

Geographical survey of the usa (composition of the country). Geographical Regionalism.

On every coin issued by the government of the USA there are 3 Latin words: A pluribus unium – one out of many. It’s an Am. motto, indicating that there is one country made of many parts. And it’s not accidentally that many people attach 2 metaphors to the USA: America is called either the Melting Pot or the pizza.

The framework of the geographical regions starts with a huge lowland in the middle of the country which is called “Middle America”. This area is made up of huge plains drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries. It shows how the country is divided into such parts as the Canadian Shield - the north, the gulf of Mexico - the south, the Appalachian Mountains- the east, the Rockies and the Cordilleras – west.

Topographical Zones:

1. the coastal plains – from Maryland to …(?). Off-shore waters are shallow, therefore the harbors were pretty dangerous for the sailors and there weren’t many towns there. The Atlantic part of the country is called the Tide Water Country.

2. the Appalachian Mountains – the oldest mountain chain in the US characterized by rich vegetation and damp climate. The district between the Alabama and Northern Vermont is called the Ridge-and-Valley Terrain (the word terrain has Latin origin and this fact proves that more Latin words are used in the Am. English). The westernmost belt of the Appalachians is called the Appalachian Plateau which is the transition zone between the mountains and the plain.

3. the interior lowlands and their upland fringes

4. the Western Cordillera and its intermountain basin represents the ensemble of mountains and plateaus. They are formed by 2 mountain systems – the Rockies and the Sierra Cascade Mountains. They represent the most spectacular country in the US.

The western ranges are bigger and they go along the Pacific with coast ranges in California. The Rockies + the Sierra Cascade + the Sierra Nevada – Basin and Range Region.

Climate Zones:

1. the humid east (densely populated)

2. humid-arid transition – these are territories which experience both rain and draughts.

3. semi-arid west famous for its developed cattle breeding

4. mountain climate

5. desert climate

6. the humid Pacific coast. Tornado are frequent here.

The Flora and Fauna

Compared to Europe the USA is a dangerous place to live in due to diverse climate and exotic dangerous animals: snakes, Grisly bears, hazardous insects called crippy-crawlers (about cockroaches), raccoons (енот), groundhogs (ам. сурок), marmots (тоже сурок), prairie dogs (суслики), and even alligators in southern states. There is also a number of poisonous plants there like poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumach.