- •Contents
- •Передмова
- •We are students at donetsk national university
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •2. Key words
- •Student Dima Loboda
- •Student Dasha Klimova
- •Student Nastya Savchuk
- •Student profile
- •L earn mathematics in English Cardinal and ordinal numbers
- •1. Read the text about two arithmetical operations and do the exercises that follow it Basic arithmetical operations. (Addition & subtraction)
- •What’s your best friend like?
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •2. Key words
- •Who’s their ideal partner?
- •L earn mathematics in English
- •1. Read the text and do the exercises below it Basic arithmetical operations (Multiplication & division)
- •A day in the life of a student
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •2. Key words
- •I. Look through the text and do the tasks
- •Learn mathematics in English
- •I. Read the text and do the exercises below it. Advanced arithmetical operations
- •What’s your university like?
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •2. Key words:
- •Donetsk national university
- •The University of Sheffield
- •1. Find a partner from the other group. Tell each other the information you read about one of the universities
- •Fractions
- •The city I live and study in
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •2. Key words:
- •Learn mathematics in English
- •Mixed numbers
- •Mathematics is the queen of scienses
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •Key words:
- •“`A mathematician is a machine for converting coffee into theorems”. /Paul Erdos/
- •L earn mathematics in English
- •Equivalent fractions
- •Reciprocals and the "invisible denominator"
- •The language of mathematics
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •Key words
- •L earn mathematics in English
- •Statistics is very serious!
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •Key words:
- •Statistics is very serious!
- •Get to know a typical computer
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •2. Key words:
- •Get to know a typical computer
- •Computer without a program is just a heap of metal!
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary.
- •2. Key words
- •We can’t imagine modern computing without them
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary
- •2. Key words
- •I. Read the following texts and do the tasks Alan Turing
- •Tim Berners-Lee
- •He has left mathematicians enough to keep them busy for five hundred years
- •Vocabulary
- •1. Guess the meaning of these international words. Check with your teacher or a dictionary.
- •2. Key words
- •I. Read the text and do the tasks niels henric abel
- •Getting to know each other better
- •II. Swap charts with b. Ask a to explain the information in his/her chart. Ask for more information
- •III. Explain your answers to b
- •Mood graph
- •A time for everything
- •Expert opinion
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •What’s your body age?
- •I. Read the questionnaire and answer the questions below, adding or subtracting the numbers after your answer from your actual age
- •How many friends can you share problems with?
- •15. Have you taken antibiotics in the past five years?
- •II. Check your score
- •If you're younger than your years
- •I. Look at your partner’s answers. Ask for more information, for example: What is your worst diet habit? How much time do you have for yourself?
- •II. Some ways to lower our body age are given below. Read it and give your partner some good advice starting with the following words: I think you should…
- •Donetsk national university
- •Inspires students’ enthusiasm for learning
- •An ideal teacher
- •Is a well-educated person has a good sense of humor is a polite and a punctual person delivers interesting lectures
- •Numbers
- •I. Mind–map’ numbers’. When you read this ‘mind-map’, you’ll meet words that are new to you. First try to guess their meaning and then look them up in a dictionary.
- •II. Answering and explaining
- •III. Playing a trick with numbers
- •IV. The ‘Terribly Stressed‘ game
- •I. Use this mind-map ‘Four basic operations in Mathematics’ as a topic activator to speak about the basic operations in Arithmetic
- •III. Reading, writing and saying numerical expressions
- •3. Look at each numerical expression written in symbols and signs. Then say it in words. Your partner will listen to see if you repeat correctly and correct your incorrect answers
- •I. Use this mind-map ‘Algebra’ as a topic activator to speak about Algebra (its origin and some facts from its history)
- •II. Match each numerical expression in the left column with the equivalent expression in the right column
- •Look at the expressions written in words and write them in mathematical notation (in symbols)
- •III. Read the following inequalities aloud. Your partner will check your answers
- •I. Mind-map ‘Geometry’. Use this map to speak about geometry (its meaning, the history of its development, its application). Add more information you know
- •II. Working with geometric terms. Demonstrate your knowledge of geometric terms. Work in pairs (a/b)
- •The language of mathematics
- •Practice set 12
- •III. Draw your mood graph or graph with your marks showing changes during the week or a month (semester). Explain it to your partner
- •Some facts from the history of mathematics education
- •I. Read the article and mark the sentences t (true), f (false) or ng (not given)
- •Do you know that…
- •II. Search for some information about one of these mathematics teachers and share it with other students. Make a table of the most important facts of his/her biography
- •Ancient sources of information
- •I. Choose from (a-j) the one which best fits each of (1-7). There are two choices you do not need to use.
- •II. Tell your partner about these famous papyri
- •III. Find some information about Mathematics of ancient civilizations and share it with other students (e.G. The Maya calendar, the ancient numeration systems)
- •The history of the symbols for plus and minus
- •I. Read the article. Guess the meaning of the highlighted words. Check with the teacher or your dictionary
- •II. Read the article again. Say what events the following years refer to:
- •III. Tick (√) the things the article says
- •IV. Read the facts listed below. In pairs, discuss which one is the most surprising do you know that...
- •V. Find some information on the history of the mathematical symbols. Give a presentation to the students of your group
- •Statistics
- •I. Match the words with their definitions:
- •II. Decide if the given statements are true (t) or false (f) according to the text
- •III. Search for information about one of the scientists listed below and then give a presentation
- •Important contributors to statistics
- •Degrees and diplomas in statistics
- •III. Do you know anything about awards in Statistics in your country or abroad?
- •Why is there no nobel prize in mathematics?
- •I. Read the text. Seven sentences have been removed from it. Choose from the choices (a- I) the one which fits each gap (1-7). There are two choices you do not need to use
- •III. Work in pairs. Tell your partner why Nobel decided against a Nobel Prize in mathematics
- •Major awards in mathematics
- •The obverse of the Fields Medal
- •The reverse of the Fields Medal
- •A. Fields medal
- •III. Look at these words. Why are they important in this text?
- •B. Abel prize
- •IV. Focus on these words. Why are they important in the text?
- •VI. Compare the major awards in Mathematics with the Nobel Prize by using like (similar to) or unlike (different from) in the sentences
- •V. Search for more information on the following topics on the Internet and share it with other students
- •Abel Prize Laureates
- •Fields medalist
- •I. Decide if the given statement is true (t) according to the text, if it is false (f) or if the information is not given (ng) in the text (Work in pairs)
- •II. Number these events in the order they happened. Look at the Reading
- •III. Interview your partner about this great mathematician (Work in pairs)
- •IV. Ask and answer the following questions in pairs
- •II. Match the number with its symbolic meaning:
- •III. Answer the questions below and then ask for more information (Work in pairs)
- •Do you know that…
- •IV. Find information on the Internet and give a presentation of the number you are interested in (brings you good or bad luck)
- •Text 10
- •Reading and Speaking
- •Number and reality
- •I. Match the word with its meaning:
- •II. Work in pairs. Decide if the sentences 1- 7 are t (true) or f (false)
- •A strong mathematical component
- •I. Choose from (a-j) the one which best fits each of (1-6). There is one choice you do not need to use
- •II. Match choices (a-d) to (1-4)
- •III. In pairs, find and then say what events the following years refer to:
- •IV. Do you know an artist (a writer) having a strong mathematical component in his/her creative work? Search for information on the Internet and give a presentation on the subject
- •Reading and Speaking fractal
- •I. Match the words with their meanings:
- •II. Choose from (a-f) the one which best fits each of (1-5). There is one choice you do not need to use
- •III. Work in pairs. Tell your partner about fractal
- •IV. On the Internet search for information about applications of fractals and then share your information with other students
- •Healthy computer work
- •Match the words with their meanings:
- •I I. Read the article once and then decide if the following guidelines are true, false or are not mentioned in the text above
- •III. Team work. Work out the main rules for operating the computer. The winner is to give clear recommendations for young people working on the computer. The first one is given for you
- •IV. Ask and answer the questions (Work in pairs)
- •Computers can do wonders
- •I. Match the words with their meanings
- •II. Decide if the following statements are true or false (t/f) by referring to the information in the text
- •III. Work in pairs. Tell your partner about the most surprising facts from the article
- •IV. Search for information about ‘computer wonders’ on the Internet and give a presentation about new computer developments (e.G. Robots)
- •Watching ‘how did mathematics begin? (a cartoon)
- •I. Answer the following questions:
- •II. Tell the class about the most interesting facts you have learned from the cartoon. Do you agree with the information mentioned in the cartoon? Add more information about the development of numbers
- •Recommendations and some useful phrases for giving presentations
- •Introduction
- •Introducing your subject
- •If you make a mistake, start your sentence again.
- •If you can’t remember a word, use another one.
- •Conclusion
- •Inviting questions
- •Questions
- •Wording mathematical signs, symbols and formulae
- •Answer keys
- •References
I. Decide if the given statement is true (t) according to the text, if it is false (f) or if the information is not given (ng) in the text (Work in pairs)
1. Vladimir Drinfel’d was a representative of Ukraine at the first International Mathematics Olympiad.
2. In 1974 Drinfel’d gave birth to Drinfel’d modules.
3. Firstly he was interested in algebraic geometry, but later he worked in the field of mathematical physics.
4. He was the first to discover a quantum group in collaboration with Michio Jimbo.
5. The introduction of Drinfel’d twists made it possible to factorize the R-matrix.
6. He was awarded Fields Medal due to his great contributions into mathematical physics.
7. He is known to be elected an honorable member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
8. At present he delivers lectures at some universities in Canada.
9. In order to rebuild the theory of vertex algebras Drinfel’d began working with Alexander Beilinson.
10. Finally, in 2004 his new work was published.
II. Number these events in the order they happened. Look at the Reading
(text 1) and check your answers
a. Drinfel’d was elected a corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
b. He was born February 14, 1954 in Kharkov
c. He announced a proof of the Langland’s conjectures
d. Drinfel’d is the Harry Pratt Judson Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago
e. Drinfel’d was awarded the Fields Medal
f. His new work appeared in a book form
g. He represented the Soviet Union at the International Mathematics Olympiad in Bucharest, Romania
h. He was awarded the Candidate of Sciences degree and Doctor of Sciences degree from the Steklov Mathematical Institute
i. The same year he entered Moscow State University
j. He graduated from the university in 1974
III. Interview your partner about this great mathematician (Work in pairs)
IV. Ask and answer the following questions in pairs
1. What kind of school establishment (secondary school, lyceum) did you finish last summer?
2. Which subjects were you good at?
3. Which was your best subject?
4. Have you ever solved the problem in Mathematics that only few people from your class could solve? What problem was it?
5. Have you ever participated in the Olympiad in Mathematics (English)? When and where was it held?
6. Have you ever won? Were you awarded or not? When?
7. Would you like to be a representative of your group in the Olympiad in Mathematics (English) held in Donetsk National University? Why?
Text 9
Reading and Speaking
CULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF SOME NUMBERS
Vocabulary
-
dual
[´dj(:)əl]
двойственный
fruition
[fru(:)´∫ən]
oсуществление
pentagon
[ ´pentəgən]
пятиугольник
pentagram
[´pentəgræm]
пентограмма
dodecahedron
[´dəudikə´hedrən]
двенадцатигранник
octahedron
[΄oktə´hedrən]
восьмигранник
tetrahedron
[ ´tetrə´hedrən]
четырехугольный
abyss
[ə´bis]
хаос; бездна
I. Choose the number and read the text about it
A. (book closed) Tell your partner what you have read about this number
B. (book open) Listen to your partner and help him/her to tell about the chosen number
Not surprisingly, the number 1 is generally treated as a symbol of unity. Therefore, in monotheistic religions, it often symbolizes God or the universe. The Pythagoreans did not consider 1 to be a number at all because number means plurality and 1 is singular. However, they considered it to be the source of all numbers because adding many 1s together can create any other (positive whole) number. In their system, where odd numbers were male and even numbers female, the number 1 was neither; instead, it changed each to the other. If 1 is added to an even number, it becomes odd; similarly, if 1 is added to an odd number, it becomes even
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The number 2 symbolizes many of the basic dualities: me/you, male/female, yes/no, alive/dead, left/right, yin/yang, and so on. Dualities are common in human approaches to the world, probably because of our preference for two-valued logic—yet another duality, true/false. Although 2 was female to the Pythagoreans, other numerological schemes viewed it as male. In Agrippa von Nettesheim’s De occulta philosophia (1533; “On the Philosophy of the Occult”), 2 is the symbol for man, sex, and evil. One reason that some have associated 2 with evil is that the biblical book of Genesis does not use the formula “and it was good” when referring to the second day of Creation. Religions are dualistic, with two gods in place of the one God of monotheism. Examples include Zoroastrianism, where Ahura Mazdā (the god of light and goodness) battles with Ahriman (the god of darkness and evil). The number 2 is often associated with negatives, as in the words duplicity and two-faced. Northwest Coast Indians required the parents of twins to observe various taboos because they believed that supernatural powers would bring the wishes of twins to fruition |
The number 3 is a very mystical and spiritual number featured in many folktales (three wishes, three guesses, three little pigs, three bears). In ancient Babylon the three primary gods were Anu, Bel (Baal), and Ea, representing Heaven, Earth, and the Abyss. Similarly, there were three aspects to the Egyptian sun god: Khepri (rising), Re (midday), and Atum (setting). In Christianity there is the Trinity of God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit. Plato saw 3 as being symbolic of the triangle, the simplest spatial shape, and considered the world to have been built from triangles. In German folklore a paper triangle with a cross in each corner and a prayer in the middle was thought to act as protection against gout, as well as protecting a cradle from witches. Three black animals were often sacrificed when attempting to conjure up demons. On the other hand, a three-coloured cat was a protective spirit. In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth (1606–07) there are three witches, and their spell begins, “Thrice the brindled cat hath mewed,” reflecting such superstitions. Also, 3 is the dimension of the smallest magic square in which every row, column, and diagonal sums to 15 |
The number of order in the universe is 4—the four elements of earth, air, fire, and water; the four seasons; the four points of the compass; the four phases of the Moon (new, half-moon waxing, full, half-moon waning). The Four Noble Truths epitomize Buddhism. To the Pythagoreans 4 was the source of the tetracts 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10, the most perfect number. In medieval times there were thought to be four humours (phlegm, blood, choler, and black bile—hence the adjectives phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, and melancholic), and the body was bled at various places to bring these humours into balance. The number 4 is central in the world view of the Sioux, with four groups of gods (superior, ally, subordinate, and spirit), four types of animal (creeping, flying, four-legged, and two-legged), and four ages of humans (infant, child, mature, and elderly). Their medicine men instructed them to carry out all activities in groups of four. Because 4 is generally a practical, material number, few superstitions are associated with it. An exception is in China, where 4 is unlucky because she (“four”) and shi (“death”) sound similar. In the biblical Revelation to John the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse wreak destruction upon humanity |
The sum of the first even and odd numbers (2 + 3) is 5. (To the Pythagoreans 1 was not a number and was not odd.) It therefore symbolizes human life and—in the Platonic and Pythagorean traditions—marriage, as the sum of the female 2 and the male 3. The Pythagoreans discovered the five regular solids (tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron; now known as the Platonic solids). Early Pythagoreans acknowledged only four of these, so the discovery of the fifth (the dodecahedron, with 12 pentagonal faces) was something of an embarrassment. Perhaps for this reason 5 was often considered exotic and rebellious. The number 5 was associated with the Babylonian goddess Ishtar and her Roman parallel, Venus, and the symbol for both was the five-pointed star, or pentagram. In England a knot tied in the form of the pentagram is called a lover’s knot because of this association with the goddess of love. In Manichaeism 5 has a central position: the first man had five sons; there are five elements of light (ether, wind, water, light, and fire) and a further five of darkness. The body has five parts; there are five virtues and five vices. The number 5 was also important to the Maya, who placed a fifth point at the centre of the four points of the compass. The five fingers of the human hand lent a certain mystery to 5, as did the five extremities of the body (two arms, two legs, head). A human placed in a circle with outspread arms and legs approximates the five points of a pentagon, and if each point is joined to its second-nearest neighbour a pentagram results. This geometric figure is central to occultism, and it plays a prominent role in summoning spells whereby it is supposed to trap a demon, or devil, who can then be compelled to do the sorcerer’s bidding. The belief that 5 was sacred led to an extra element, augmenting the traditional four that made a human being. This fifth essence, or quintessence, is the origin of the word quintessential. In Islam 5 is a sacred number. Foremost are the five Pillars of Islam: declaration of faith (shahādah), prayer (ṣalāt), fasting during Ramadan, giving alms (zakāt), and making the pilgrimage to Mecca (the hajj). Prayers are said five times every day. There are five categories of Islamic law and five law-giving prophets (Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad).
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By a wonderful conjunction of mathematical coincidences, 6 is both the sum (1 + 2 + 3) and the product (1 × 2 × 3) of the first three numbers. It is therefore considered “perfect.” In mathematics, a perfect number is one that equals the sum of its divisors (excluding itself). and 6 is the first perfect number in this sense because its divisors are 1, 2, and 3. No odd perfect numbers are known, but it has not been proved that none exists. The perfection of 6 shows up in the six days of Creation in Genesis, with God resting on the seventh day. The structure of the Creation parallels the sum 1 + 2 + 3: on day 1 light is created; on days 2 and 3 Heaven and Earth appear; finally on days 4, 5, and 6 all living creatures are created. The sum of the spiritual 3 and the material 4 is 7. In medieval education, students pursued the trivium (grammar, rhetoric, and logic) and the quadrivium (music, arithmetic, geometry, and astronomy), a total of seven subjects, collectively known as the liberal arts. Pythagorean interest in the mathematical patterns in music gives 7 a privileged role, for there are seven distinct notes in the musical scale—corresponding roughly to the white notes on a piano. Counting from 1, the eighth note up the scale is the exceedingly harmonious octave, which is how the name arose. The number 7 is often considered lucky, and it has a definite mystique, perhaps because it is a prime number—that is, it cannot be obtained by multiplying two smaller numbers together. There are seven days of the week, named after various ancient gods and planets (Sun-day, Moon-day, Tiw’s-day, Woden’s-day, Thor’s-day, Frigg’s-day, Saturn-day). Tiw was a Norse god of war, parallel to Mars in role but to Zeus in etymology, and Frigg was the Old English version of Frea (or Freya), wife of Woden (= Odin). Shakespeare wrote of the seven ages of man, an idea that goes back much earlier. In China 7 determines the stages of female life: a girl gets her “milk teeth” at seven months, loses them at seven years, reaches puberty at 2 × 7 = 14 years, and reaches menopause at 7 × 7 = 49. The phases of the Moon last approximately seven days, with 4 × 7 = 28 days in a month and also in a female menstrual period. Many cultures recognized seven planets (Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) in the sense of “wandering bodies,” unlike the “fixed stars,” which retain the same relative position in the night sky. The seven candles of the Jewish menorah that burned in the Tabernacle symbolized the Creation and, according to the English scholar Robert Graves, may be connected to the seven planets of antiquity. In ancient Egypt there were seven paths to heaven and seven heavenly cows; Osiris led his father through seven halls of the underworld. The seven deadly sins are well-known in Christian tradition. The number 7 was the fundamental number of the Rosicrucians, who used it as an organizational basis for their text Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosenkreutz (1459; Alchemical Wedding of Christian Rosycross). The number was also central to the cult of Mithra, which believed the soul rose to paradise through seven planetary spheres. The Christian idea of seven layers of purgatory may be related. The number 7 features prominently in folk sayings. Breaking a mirror leads to seven years of bad luck. In Iran a cat has seven lives, not the nine of Western myth. The most common numbers in the Indian Vedas are 3 and 7. Agni, the god of fire, has seven wives, mothers, or sisters and can produce seven flames. The sun god has seven horses to pull his heavenly chariot. In the Rigveda there are seven parts of the world, seven seasons, and seven heavenly fortresses. The cow has 21 = 3 × 7 names. In the Hippocratic tradition of medicine, the number7 rules the illnesses of the body, with painful illnesses lasting 7, 14 or 21 days. In Germany it was believed that pigs would not contract hog cholera if they were treated for seven days with water containing asphodel. In Jewish magic a fever can be cured by taking seven prickles from seven palm trees, seven chips from seven beams, seven nails from seven bridges, seven ashes from seven ovens…terminating in seven hairs from the beard of an old dog |