Computer_Engineering_print_new2
.pdfSPECIALIST READING A: Telecommunication
13. Scan the text and write out the names of the OSI layers.
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layers |
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data |
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a_________n |
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data |
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p__________n |
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Host |
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data |
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s_____n |
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segments |
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t_______t |
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Media |
layers |
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packets |
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n_____k |
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frames |
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d__a l—k |
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bits |
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p______l |
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Telecommunication |
– the word was adapted from |
French. It is a compound of the Greek prefix tele- (τηλε-), meaning 'far off', and the Latin communicare, meaning 'to share'. The word was coined in 1904 by French engineer and novelist Édouard Estaunié.
Heliograph – an instrument with mirrors and a shutter used for sending messages in Morse code by reflecting the sun's rays.
APRANET – Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (USA).
VOCABULARY IN USE
14. Match the following word combinations:
port |
medium |
web |
switching |
network |
number |
file |
value |
Internet |
messaging |
layered |
administrator |
instant |
browsing |
packet |
sharing |
transmission |
approach |
discrete |
chat |
Computer Engineering 81
Telecommunication is the assisted transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In earlier times, this may have involved the use of smoke signals, drums, semaphore, flags or heliograph. In modern times, telecommunication typically involves the use of electronic devices such as the telephone, television, radio or computer. A basic telecommunication system consists of three
elements:
•a transmitter that takes information and converts it to a signal;
•a transmission medium that carries the
signal;
•a receiver that receives the signal and converts it back into usable information.
Often telecommunication systems are two-way with a single device acting as both a transmitter and receiver or transceiver.
Signals can be either analogue or digital. In an analogue signal, the signal is varied continuously with respect to the information. In a digital signal, the information is encoded as a set of discrete values (ones and zeros). Noise resistance represents a key advantage of digital signals over analogue signals.
A network is a collection of transmitters, receivers and transceivers that communicate with each other. Digital networks consist of one or more routers that work together to transmit information to the correct user.
A channel is a division in a transmission medium so that it can be used to send multiple streams of information. One could allocate each channel a recurring segment of time over which to broadcast
–this is known as time-division multiplexing and is sometimes used in digital communication.
In 1960s the researchers started to investigate packet switching – a technology that would allow chunks of data to be sent to different computers. This network would become ARPANET which would eventually merge with other networks to form the Internet.
English for Special Purposes
82 Computer Engineering
The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that can communicate with each other using the Internet Protocol. Any computer on the Internet has a unique IP address that can be used by other computers to route information to it. In this way, the Internet can be seen as an exchange of messages between computers.
The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lowerlevel protocols to be customized for the network
situation while not changing the way higher-level
protocols operate.
At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for logical addressing. For the world wide web, these
“IP addresses” are derived from the human readable form using the Domain Name System (e.g. 72.14.207.99 is derived from www.google.com).
At the transport layer, most communication adopts the Transmission Control Protocol. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. The packets carry port numbers with them to specify what application or process the packet should be handled by. Because certain applicationlevel protocols use certain ports, network administrators can restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port.
Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that the data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential and one or the other is in use when a padlock appears at the bottom of your web browser. Finally, at the application layer, there are many protocols Internet users would be familiar with such as HTTP (web browsing), POP3 (e-mail), FTP (file transfer), IRC (Internet chat), BitTorrent (file sharing) and OSCAR (instant messaging).
15.Complete the sentences with the following words: route port number devices encoded router as in the text.
1.Telecommunication involves the use of electronic __________.
2.In a digital signal information is __________
as a set of discrete values.
3.Digital networks consist of one or more
__________ that work together.
4.An IP address can be used by other computers to __________ information to it.
5.The packets carry __________ with them to specify what application the packet should be handled by.
16.Complete the sentences with the prepositions from the box. Consult the APPENDIX (p. 120):
of (in)to with for from to for
1.The traffic is destined _____ a particular port.
2.A basic telecommunication system consists
_____ three elements.
3.Receivers and transceivers communicate
_____ each other.
4.The Internet Protocol is adopted _____ logical addressing.
5.The “IP addresses” are derived _____ the human readable form.
6.A transmitter takes information and converts it _____ a signal.
7.The packets are retransmitted and presented
_____ higher layers.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering 83
COMPREHENSION CHECK
17. Give definitions to the following notions:
1. Telecommunication –
2. Network –
3. Channel –
4. Internet –
5. Layered approach –
6. Telecommunication system –
7. Transmitter –
8. Receiver –
9. Packet switching –
10. Time-division multiplexing –
18. Mark the following statements as “true” or “false”, correct the false ones.
True False
1. Mobile phone is an example of two-way communication system.
2. Any computer on the Internet has its unique IP address.
3. Low-level protocols change the operation of higher-level protocols.
4. The Domain Name System is used for the WWW.
5. SSL and TLS don’t provide confidentiality.
6. In an analogue signal the information is encoded as a set of discrete values.
7. Internet access can be restricted by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port.
19.Answer the questions:
1.What means of communication were used in earlier times?
2.What does a basic communication system consist of?
3.What is the main advantage of digital signals?
4.What does a digital network consist of?
5.What kind of investigation was started in 1960’s.
6.What was the forerunner of the Internet called?
7.Why is the layered approach so convenient?
8.What are the port numbers used for?
9.What protocols ensure confidentiality?
10.What protocol is used for Web browsing?
English for Special Purposes
84 Computer Engineering
SPECIALIST READING B: Satellite services
20.Read the text quickly and tick the points that correspond to the context:
New technologies have made us independent from other people or any events.
It is difficult to withstand dangers, but humanity has created a system of defensive or offensive actions.
Thanks to worldwide system of satellites, it is possible to transmit signals into any place on earth.
There is a convergence between telecommunication and computing technologies.
We are certain that new communication technologies won’t concern our economic and social life.
Technical standards of today’s mobile phones allow business travelers use them on international trips.
Satellite systems will provide us with the information from any part of the globe.
Our world has become an increasingly complex place in which, as individuals, we are very dependent on other people and on
organizations. An event in some distant part of the globe can rapidly and significantly affect the quality of life in our home country.
This increasing dependence on both a national and international scale, has led us to create systems that can respond immediately to dangers, enabling appropriate defensive or offensive actions to be taken. These systems are operating all around us in military, civil, commercial and industrial fields.
A worldwide system of satellites has been created, and it is possible to transmit signals around the globe by bouncing them from one satellite to an earth station and thence to another satellite.
Originally designed to carry voice traffic, they are able to carry hundreds of thousands of separate simultaneous calls. These systems are being increasingly adopted to provide for business communications, including the transmission of traffic for voice, facsimile, data and vision.
It is probable that future satellite services will enable a great variety of information services to transmit directly into the home, possibly including personalized electronic mail. The electronic computer is at the heart of many such systems, but the role of telecommunications is not less important. There will be a further convergence between the technologies of computing and telecommunications. The change will be dramatic: the database culture, the cashless society, the office at home, the gigabit-per-second data network.
We cannot doubt that the economic and social impact of these concepts will be very significant.
Already, advanced systems of communication are affecting both the layman and the technician. Complex functions are being performed by people using advanced terminals which are intended to be as easy to use as the conventional telephone.
The new global satellite-communications systems offer four kinds of service, which may overlap in many different kinds of receivers: voice, short messaging service, low-bandwidth internet access and tracking.
Voice. Satellite telephones provide similar functionality to terrestrial mobile telephones. Depending on the architecture of a particular system, coverage may include the entire Earth, or only specific regions. That makes them especially useful to remote, third-world village, explorers and disaster-relief teams.
Internet service satellite phones have notoriously poor reception indoors, though it may be possible to get a consistent signal near a window or in the top floor of a building if the roof is sufficiently thin. The phones have connectors for external antennas that are often installed in vehicles and buildings. The systems also allow for the use of repeaters, much like terrestrial mobile phone systems.
Messaging. Satellite messagers have the same global coverage as satellite telephones, but carry text alone, which could be useful for those with laptop computers. Equipped with a small screen satellite messagers also receive short messages.
Tracking. Voice and messaging systems also tell their users where they are to within a few hundred meters. Combined with the messaging service, the location service could help rescue teams to find stranded adventurers, the police to find stolen cars, exporters to follow the progress of cargoes, and haulage companies to check that drivers are not detouring to the pub. Satellite systems provide better positioning information to anyone who has a receiver for their signals.
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering 85
21. Make 10 questions to the text using the following constructions:
1.What is the nature, difference, process, role, importance, etc. of………………………………………?
2.What is referred to as………………………………………………………………………………………………………...?
3.What is used as………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….?
4.Where do we use………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..?
5.What function do the …… play…………………………………………………………………………………………….?
WRITING: Summary
22. Summarize the main ideas of the text using the following phrases:
1.The text deals with…
2.The development of satellite services has solved…
3.There exist…
4.Of prime interest to the reader will be…
5.In conclusion … is given.
SPEAKING: The Role of Telecommunication
23. Discuss the role of telecommunication in our life using viewpoint adverbs from the box. The Supplementary reading section may help you.
of course |
It is true that… |
no doubt |
It is certain that… |
without doubt |
It is beyond doubt that… |
to be sure |
to tell the truth |
to be certain |
by no means |
true |
It is likely that… |
in fact |
It appears likely that… |
in effect |
It is assumed that… |
say |
We assume that |
suppose |
as a matter of fact |
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English for Special Purposes
86 Computer Engineering
Unit 9 Virtual Reality
Adj -ed/-ing |
Noun attributes |
Virtual Reality HMD technology |
structuring/summing up |
LEAD-IN: VR components
1.Study this list of Virtual reality components. Enumerate the fields they might be applied.
a helmet mounted display
data gloves
a stereoscopic display
a haptic system
an omnidirectional treadmill
a Virtual reality visor and eye glasses
Try to name more Virtual reality components and their possible application areas.
PRONUNCIATION
2. Make sure you pronounce the following words properly: |
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breadth |
[bredθ] |
miniaturized |
['mɪnətʃ(ə)raɪz] |
simultaneously |
[sɪm,əl'teɪnɪəslɪ] |
superimposing |
[,su:pǝrɪm'pəυzɪŋ] |
immersion |
[ɪ'mɜ:ʃn] |
schematic |
[ski:'mætɪk] |
multithreading |
[,mʌltɪ'θredɪŋ] |
awareness |
[ə'weənɪs] |
innovative |
['ɪnəʋveɪtɪv] |
telemetry |
[tə'lemɪtrɪ] |
WORD STUDY
3. Translate the following definitions and memorize the terms:
simulation (n) |
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the construction of a mathematical model for some process or situation (esp. |
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using a computer) in order to estimate its characteristics or solve problems |
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about it in terms of the model; (компьютерное моделирование) |
force feedback (n) |
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the simulation of physical attributes such as weight in virtual reality, allowing |
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the user to interact directly with virtual objects using touch; |
surroundings (n, pl) |
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the conditions around a person, place, or thing; environment; |
hamper (v) |
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to prevent the progress or movement of smth.; |
response (v) |
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a verbal or written answer, the act of reply or reaction; |
involve (v) |
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to include or contain as a necessary part, to have an effect on smth.; |
demand (n) |
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an urgent or peremptory requirement or request; |
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multithreading (n) |
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a technique by which a single set of code can be used by several processors at |
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different stages of execution; |
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English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering 87
awareness (n) - the state or ability to perceive, to feel, or to be conscious of events, objects or
sensory patterns; осознание, информированность, осведомленность
extensive (adj) - covering or affecting a large area, large in amount or scale, widespread;
reflective (adj) - capable of sending back (reflecting) heat, light or other radiation, providing a
reflection;
resolution (n) - the degree of detail visible in a photographic, television or display image
wirelessly (adv) - without a wire connection, using a wireless technology: FM technology
broadcasts music wirelessly;
immersion (n) - complete and deep (mental) involvement, the act of immersing or state of
being immersed;
4. Match the following words with their synonyms:
immersion |
modeling |
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response |
established |
simulation |
show |
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screen |
over-the-air |
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surroundings |
hinder |
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wireless |
answer |
display |
at the same time |
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extensive |
connect |
demand |
environment |
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couple (v) |
vast |
simultaneously |
absorption |
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involve |
implicate |
hamper |
request |
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mounted |
monitor |
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5. Match the following words with their equivalents in Russian:
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force feedback |
измерение |
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multithreading |
отражательный |
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awareness |
накладывать (одно на другое) |
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reflective |
шлем |
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imaginary |
схематическое изображение |
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superimpose |
воображаемый (нереальный) |
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dimension |
обратная связь по усилию |
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mapping |
информированность (осознание) |
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helmet |
многопотоковость |
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schematic |
отображение |
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6. Complete the puzzle using the clues. |
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a movable part of a helmet that can be |
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pulled down to cover the face |
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to place or lay one thing over another, |
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typically so that both are still evident |
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the ability of a television or film image |
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to reproduce fine detail |
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to show information on |
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a screen |
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English for Special Purposes
88 Computer Engineering
information in response |
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to an inquiry |
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the data fed into a computer |
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n |
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from a peripheral device |
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WORD BUILDING: Participial Adjectives -ed/-ing
PRESENT PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE -ING serves as an adjective formed from an active verb.
This rod connects one moving part of the machine to another. (active verb)
This is a connecting rod. (present participial adjective )
Present participial adjectives can be used to
describe: an ongoing quality, a process or
activity as well as the function of a noun.
PAST PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE -ED serves as an adjective formed from the passive form of the verb.
This wire is insulated with a nonconductor.
(passive verb)
This is an insulated wire. (past participial adjective )
Past Participial Adjectives can be used to describe a quality or process completed by someone (state) as well as natural quality or state (no agent).
7. Circle the letter of the answer that best completes each of these sentences:
1. |
A device that has been adjusted for errors is a |
a) |
calibrating instrument |
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__________________. |
b) |
calibrated instrument |
2. |
A device that adjusts other instruments is a |
a) |
calibrating instrument |
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__________________. |
b) |
calibrated instrument |
3. |
You may choose any __________________ you |
a) |
viewing device |
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like. |
b) |
viewed device |
4. |
You can modify the _______________ to add or |
a) |
existing platform |
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remove support for a particular operating system. |
b) |
existed platform |
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5. |
This _______________ is capable of measuring |
a) |
sensing device |
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specific movements of the body with respect to the |
b) |
sensed device |
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data of acceleration. |
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6. |
A great number of HMDs display only a computer |
a) |
generated image |
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_______________. |
b) |
generating image |
7. |
A new cooling system for laptop computers has no |
a) |
moving parts |
|
_______________. |
b) |
moved parts |
8. |
A _______________ is a display device worn on the |
a) |
head mounted display |
|
head. |
b) |
head mounting display |
|
|
|
|
English for Special Purposes
Computer Engineering 89
GRAMMAR FOCUS: Noun attributes
8. Read and translate the following word combinations paying attention to nouns as attributes. If you need help use GRAMMAR FILES 9 (p. 117).
computer aided manufacturing computer simulated environment real time virtual environment sensory information
discrete sampling system entertainment application solid-state devices resolution measurement
health care professionals training three-dimensional virtual reality simulation night vision device
high speed photography industry thermal imaging data
human hand available signal sampling system medium sized objects
автоматизированное производство
…
English for Special Purposes
90 Computer Engineering
SPECIALIST READING A: Virtual Reality
9.Scan the text and match the headings (a – f) with the paragraphs (1 – 5). There is one heading you will not need to use.
a)Interactivity;
b)Implementation & Manufacturing;
c)Applications;
d)Motion tracking;
e)Immersion;
f)Virtual Reality fundamentals.
10.Now study the text to find this information.
Virtual Reality devices
Immersion components
VR computer graphics languages
VR simulation field of use
Interaction characteristics
VOCABULARY IN USE
11. Complete the following text using suitable words and word combinations.
immersion |
design telepresence |
military environment |
|
simulation |
three-dimensional |
data gloves |
haptic |
VR is the use of computer modeling and _______ that enables a person to interact with an artificial 3-D visual _______. VR applications immerse the user in a computer-generated reality through the use of headsets, _______ or body suits. The illusion of “being there” or _______ is effected by motion sensors that pick up the user’s movements and adjust the view on the screen in real time. _______ distinguishes VR from other forms of human-computer interaction. _______
computer graphics allow the shape and form of objects to be perceived. Some virtual worlds provide audio and _______
information. VR is used to create an illusion of reality for entertainment as well as _______ training. It also enables medical personnel to practice surgery simulations and provides a way to experiment with new product _______.
English for Special Purposes